Architectural Issues Research Articles

Sustainable Building Policies in Central Europe: Insights and Future Perspectives

Achieving carbon neutrality by 2050 is one of the European Union’s key priorities. Yet, the attitude of numerous politicians, of the professional community, and of society in general towards the threat posed by climate change is ambivalent. Arguments are frequently heard about the transition to a low-carbon economy that will be very costly, with increased unemployment, and that in reality climate change may not even be that severe. Added to this, there are human rights and freedoms, and in the case of architects and designers, the right to freedom of creation, to choice of materials, etc. The present article seeks to show that the issue of sustainable architecture and construction is not a whim, but an absolute necessity, and that true freedom lies in recognizing this fact and adapting our actions accordingly. However, even if we have the good intentions to adapt the needed actions, there is still the question of how to react in the right way, without causing myriad unwanted side-effects or being completely counterproductive. As there is not yet any comprehensive account of the history of energy-efficient and sustainable building and architecture, this paper has attempted to give a brief overview of developments in this field from a Central European perspective. Furthermore, the aim was to point out some conceptual mistakes that have been made in the past and that should be avoided.

Understanding software architecture erosion: A systematic mapping study

AbstractArchitecture erosion (AEr) can adversely affect software development and has received significant attention in the last decade. However, there is an absence of a comprehensive understanding of the state of research about the reasons and consequences of AEr, and the countermeasures to address AEr. This work aims at systematically investigating, identifying, and analyzing the reasons, consequences, and ways of detecting and handling AEr. With 73 studies included, the main results are as follows: (1) AEr manifests not only through architectural violations and structural issues but also causing problems in software quality and during software evolution; (2) non‐technical reasons that cause AEr should receive the same attention as technical reasons, and practitioners should raise awareness of the grave consequences of AEr, thereby taking actions to tackle AEr‐related issues; (3) a spectrum of approaches, tools, and measures has been proposed and employed to detect and tackle AEr; and (4) three categories of difficulties and five categories of lessons learned on tackling AEr were identified. The results can provide researchers a comprehensive understanding of AEr and help practitioners handle AEr and improve the sustainability of their architecture. More empirical studies are required to investigate the practices of detecting and addressing AEr in industrial settings.

A Comprehensive and Unified Approach to Web Service Trust Evaluation Based on Uncertainty Methodology.

Web services have the advantage of being able to generate new value-added services based on existing services. To effectively compose Web services, the composition process necessitates that the services that will participate in a given composite service are more trustworthy than those that provide similar functionality. The trust mechanism appears to be a promising way for determining service selection and composition. Existing trust evaluation approaches do not take into account customer expectations. Based on fuzzy set theory and probability theory, this work proposes a unique Web service trust evaluation approach that is notable for its ability to provide personalized service selection based on customer expectations and preferences. The proposed approach defines trust as a fuzzy notion that is related to prior experiences and ratings, and expresses trust in two different forms. This work mainly solves two key issues in Web service trust architectures, bootstrapping trust for the newcomer services and deriving trust for composite services. The proposed approach combines the solutions to numerous issues in a natural way. The case study and approaches comparison demonstrate that the proposed approach is feasible.

Rethinking Modern Hospital Architecture Through COVID-19

Lately, the premier ateliers of contemporary architecture -- such as Herzog & de Meuron, or the Office of Metropolitan Architecture -- are showing increasing interest in hospital design, once the realm of highly specialized architectural firms. This trend towards reevaluating hospital design and architecture is most opportune, as the COVID-19 pandemic urges us all to rethink the ways in which our healthcare institutions can be better designed. This commentary is a discussion on the emerging issues of contemporary hospital architecture, especially as reinforced by the pandemic. For instance, while hospital architecture today focuses on individualized care, providing each patient with hotel-like rooms, the pandemic has reminded us of the issue of capacity and inequality in these limited and costly spaces. To what extent should hospitals be centralized or decentralized? Specialized or despecialized? This commentary discusses how COVID-19 has provided insight into some of contemporary hospital architecture’s greatest problems; specifically, it argues that the hospital of the future must exist on a more decentralized platform, both physically and digitally, and be more flexible in function.

Rethinking CNN Architecture for Enhancing Decoding Performance of Motor Imagery-Based EEG Signals

Brain–computer interface (BCI) is a technology that allows users to control computers by reflecting their intentions. Electroencephalogram (EEG)–based BCI has been developed because of its potential, however, its decoding performance is still insufficient to apply in the real–world environment. As deep learning methods achieve the significant performance in various domains, it has been applied in the EEG–based BCI domain. In particular, ShallowConvNet is one of the most widely used methods because of its robust decoding performance in multiple datasets. However, the model’s parameters have to be optimized to apply this model to various datasets each time, and we have also found some issues in architecture that disturb the stable training. In this paper, we highlight potential problems that might arise in ShallowConvNet and investigate the potential solutions. In addition, we propose a novel model, called M–ShallowConvNet, which solves the existing problems. The proposed model achieves the accuracies of 0.8164 and 0.8647 in datasets 2a and 2b of BCI Competition IV, respectively. Hence, we demonstrate that performance improvement can be achieved with only a few small modifications that resolve the problems of the conventional model.

Energy Efficient UAV-Based Service Offloading Over Cloud-Fog Architectures

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are poised to play a central role in revolutionizing future services offered by the envisioned smart cities, thanks to their agility, flexibility, and cost-efficiency. UAVs are being widely deployed in different verticals including surveillance, search and rescue missions, delivery of items, and as an infrastructure for aerial communications in future wireless networks. UAVs can be used to survey target locations, collect raw data from the ground (i.e., video streams), generate computing task(s) and offload it to the available servers for processing. In this work, we formulate a multi-objective optimization framework for both the network resource allocation and the UAV trajectory planning problem using Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) optimization model. In consideration of the different stake holders that may exist in a Cloud-Fog environment, we minimize the sum of a weighted objective function, which allows network operators to tune the weights to emphasize/de-emphasize different cost functions such as the end-to-end network power consumption (EENPC), processing power consumption (PPC), UAV’s total flight distance (UAVTFD), and UAV’s total power consumption (UAVTPC). Our optimization models and results enable the optimum offloading decisions to be made under different constraints relating to EENPC, PPC, UAVTFD and UAVTPC which we explore in detail. For example, when the UAV’s propulsion efficiency (UPE) is at its worst (10% considered), offloading via the macro base station is the best choice and a maximum power saving of 34% can be achieved. Extensive studies on the UAV’s coverage path planning (CPP) and computation offloading have been conducted, but none has tackled the issue in a practical Cloud-Fog architecture in which all the elements of the access, metro and core layers are considered when evaluating the service offloading in a distributed architecture like the Cloud-Fog.

Producer mobility support in information-centric networks: research background and open issues

In recent times, an interesting innovation of information-centric networking (ICN) architecture has been introduced to replace the old fashion host-centric communication architecture with content-centric architecture. With the instant growth of mobile devices and mobile data traffic, the mobility issue in the current IP-based network is growing rapidly and is facing many inefficiencies such as unsupported mobility and data delivery. The unsupported mobility causes failure of the communication system and inaccessibility in the network services. The unsupported mobility stimulates several complications and issues in the network such as unavailability of content, denial of service, interest packets loss, and excessive burden in the network. Further, unsupported mobility affects the routing and forwarding plane in the network and terminates the content transmission to its consumers. Thus, this paper will critically explore this issue. It will present a strong foundation of the producer mobility support architecture, research challenges, previous solutions, and open research issues. Along with this discussion, a research roadmap will be delineated.

The Sources and Meaning of the Term Decency in the Writings of Prince Dmitry Golitsyn on Fine Arts

The author focuses on one of the most important terms of normative aesthetics and art, decency, which occupies a prominent place in the writings of Prince Dmitry Golitsyn (1734–1803), devoted to the issues of architecture and fine arts. A detailed study of the origins of decency and the meaning of this concept leads to the identification of three stages in its development, consistently considered with the involvement of both source texts and the works of modern scholars. The first stage was the flourishing of classical ancient Greek art, which corresponds to the concept of τὸ πρέπον, formed in the consciousness and rhetorical culture of Athens. In relation to the fine arts, its importance cannot be overestimated, since decency was not conceived without an adequate and eye-catching external expression of typical images, including their social status and ethical content. Under its influence, a system of canons of European art was born in ancient Greece. The second stage is associated with the Renaissance, when the idea of convenevolezza arises. It was focused on the Classical Antiquity and the appropriate iconographic tradition and therefore had a pronounced retrospective character. Finally, the classicism of the Enlightenment era, or neoclassicism, the time of Golitsyn’s life and work, picks up the baton of the norm in art and the deviations from it made by nature itself. Golitsyn’s interpretation of decency in his treatises and its correct understanding by art historians are important, since these works formed the basis of the Russian doctrine of normative, primarily academic art. Decency in the understanding of the ancient Greeks, Italians of the Renaissance and enlighteners of the 18th century did not completely dissolve in the works of the great and ordinary masters of those distant times. It is invariably revived when it comes to the visualization of traditions, proprieties and various norms within artistic culture, about the artist’s service to the model, the canon.

Gdańsk: Specificity of Its Architecture in the Modern Era. The Question of National and Regional Identity

The architectural heritage and the mode of its analysis and interpretation, especially in the perspective of the national and regional question, can and often does become an issue prone to manipulation. The attempts to define national and regional identity by means of cultural legacy have accompanied research into art and also the creation of modern architecture in the spirit of national Historicism since the 19th century. The place where the phenomena can be observed in a particularly acute way is Gdańsk, a city of extremely complicated identity, multicultural structure, and a rich architectural output, the latter having been on a number of occasions subject to national interpretations or over‑interpretations. The architecture of Gdańsk has for years been the subject of a heated debate of both German and Polish architects, historians of architecture, and conservators. In recent years politicians have also joined in the debate, and so have writers. Discussed have been the general attempts to define factors and means of visual identification, definitions of cultural belonging, and definitions of the historical‑architectural affiliation of the cultural heritage of the city. Another debate issue has been the need to apply all this heritage or its elements to the creation of the urban landscape (both as new districts and filling in the architectural substance in the old ones) as clear signs of regional identification. At the same time, the majority of monuments have become the subject of scholarly abuse and interpretative manipulation, used for the sake of propaganda or merely rhetoric, often with no understanding of architectural issues or the specificity of the history of architecture on this territory.

What is Populism?

The editorial introduction to this issue of Footprint questions the complex concept of populism, explaining how, in recent debates, it has more and more often been related to architectural issues. Partly based on the analysis of political philosopher and historian Jan-Werner Müller, our understanding of the term reaches to both ends of the political spectrum. Yet rather than simply aiming to provide a clear definition of populism, this editorial sheds more light on a debated concept, showing its multi-facetted aspects in relation to space and aesthetics. Through the categories of media, politics and aesthetics, this introduction also shows the logical progression between the different pieces included in the issue. Acknowledging the complex nature of the word populism is essential for the understanding of the variety of takes included in this issue.

Жилища средневекового города Ани. Историография и результаты исследований

The settlement of Ani is one of the most significant monuments of Eastern Christian medieval architecture, which were developing at the crossroads of cultural traditions for five centuries. Deserted at the end of the 14th–15th centuries, this large city, once the capital of the Armenian kingdom, has preserved archaeological evidence of several cultural layers. This determined the considerable interest of the researchers in the comprehensive study of the settlement of Ani, which was initiated by excavations led by N. Y. Marr, conducted in the late 19th – early decades of the 20th centuries. Residential buildings were also in the field of attention of the expedition participants. Emphasizing certain successes achieved by pre-revolutionary and Soviet historiography, the authors of the article note their natural limitations associated with the lack of new archaeological information and the long absence of the possibility to explore the already known architectural monuments in natural environment. The article proposes the periodization of the historiography of Ani dwellings, identifies and analyzes the results of studying the evolution, typology, and stylistics of the dwelling architecture of Ani, and raises questions about the degree of the elaboration and discussion of architectural issues in different types of residential quarters, streets, and buildings. The study has been realized by the grant of the Russian Science Foundation, project no. 22-18-00354, in the Moscow State University of Civil Engineering (MGSU), National Research University.

INTERNALIZATION OF ISLAMIC VALUES IN THE 21st CENTURY CONSTRUCTION ORNAMENTS

This article aims to determine the concepts as well as some Islamic construction ornaments that contain Islamic values. Art and spirituality will not be complete if they do not touch on architecture, so Islamic architecture has an important meaning from the perspective of spirituality. In the 21st century, there are architectural issues in how buildings respond to the environment. Therefore, buildings including ornaments must be environmentally friendly and apply the concept of simplicity design and apply appropriate technology. The research used is library research with descriptive methods. The result of this research is that the art of decoration is one of the most important character building elements in Islamic architecture. Types of typical Middle Eastern ornaments include calligraphy, geometric ornaments, and arabesk.

Intelligent Cyber-Security System for IoT-Aided Drones Using Voting Classifier

Developments in drones have opened new trends and opportunities in different fields, particularly in small drones. Drones provide interlocation services for navigation, and this interlink is provided by the Internet of Things (IoT). However, architectural issues make drone networks vulnerable to privacy and security threats. It is critical to provide a safe and secure network to acquire desired performance. Small drones are finding new paths for progress in the civil and defense industries, but also posing new challenges for security and privacy as well. The basic design of the small drone requires a modification in its data transformation and data privacy mechanisms, and it is not yet fulfilling domain requirements. This paper aims to investigate recent privacy and security trends that are affecting the Internet of Drones (IoD). This study also highlights the need for a safe and secure drone network that is free from interceptions and intrusions. The proposed framework mitigates the cyber security threats by employing intelligent machine learning models in the design of IoT-aided drones by making them secure and adaptable. Finally, the proposed model is evaluated on a benchmark dataset and shows robust results.

Dynamic Multicast Routing Management for Robust Wide Area Power Grid Communication

High-volume synchrophasor data generated by the wide area measurement system (WAMS) present new challenges for the design of scalable and robust communication architectures suitable for the large-scale deployment in power grid monitoring and control applications. Features of information and communication technology (ICT) can be harnessed to devise a more flexible infrastructure than the conventional unicast-based hierarchical architecture. Multicast has been suggested as a potential solution for scalability issues in the current WAMS architecture. This article proposes a decentralized dynamic multicast routing management algorithm that manages network traffic efficiently, improves scalability, and makes the system resilient to component failures. The algorithm models the creation of alternate links as a stochastic process using the random-graph theory and manages connections between end hosts at the session layer. This protocol can be implemented using existing ICT protocols at a minimal cost. Numerical simulations and study of frequency control in an IEEE 39-bus system testbed show that the proposed algorithm improves the topological efficiency and resilience of the network.

Conservation Issues of Post-War Modernist Architecture in Poland

The following article addresses a broad spectrum of subjects relating to the protection and conservation of postwar modernist heritage in Poland. It is divided into three sections, each comprising several related aspects of the issue. The first section briefly explores the legal and organisational structure in place for monuments protection. The second section focuses on […]

Research trend on sustainable architecture: a bibliometric analysis emphasizing on building, material, façade, and thermal keywords

Studies about sustainable research remain increase recently due to the global trend and movement on greener lifestyles. Keywords on building, material, façade, and thermal represent the current issue in sustainable architecture. This study aims to trends in sustainable architecture research with specific keywords and periods. Publishing period between 1976-2020 with particular limitation applied to emerge 859 publication documents to be analyzed. Scopus’ on-site analysis system and VOSviewer were employed to generate graphical and visual analysis on research trends. The analysis results generate five significant research clusters: energy, façade technology, measurement, thermal, and climate. Besides groups, the analysis also indicates that most of the countries involved were from Europe. Hence, the conclusion of this study reveals potential research on a similar topic in tropical countries which demanding sustainable building encounters a humidity challenge. This study fills the gap in the bibliometric analysis regarding sustainable architecture with specific keywords and publishing period.

Demographic Factor as a Criterion for Forming Networks of Public Buildings in Ukraine

The study of the developmental delays of temporal and spatial transformations of architecture and the architectural space is often based on a comprehensive fact analysis. Demographic factors, among others, determine trends of architecture development of public buildings and complexes and changes in the structure of their networks for the short-term. The authors consider fact analysis and trends at three levels to deal with current architecture issues of demographic indicators: the macro-level (global and European), the state level (meso-level), and the micro-level (the region, city, and district level). The demographic situation in Ukraine is objectively different from both the average global trends and the situation in European countries. Currently, there are depopulation signs of changes in Ukraine. The pace of urbanization is projected to be rapid for low-income countries. It was also revealed that public buildings and complexes and their networks are the most sensitive to demographic changes and, at the same time, are more open to the upcoming changes. These changes will include: increasing role and demand for public buildings and complexes under conditions of rapid urbanization; designing in conditions of dense existing development; development, expansion and new types of public buildings appearance following the needs of the population progressive link; the need to create and redistribute networks of public building and complex types depending on the quantitative meanings of demographic forecasts; the predominance of modernization, renovation, expansion and reconstruction of existing buildings in comparison with new construction; providing public buildings with more multifunctionality; public buildings architectural and typological improvement with maximum use in the engineering, construction and operation of modern architectural and engineering innovative practices and techniques.

Analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of methods for ensuring the quality of service for software-defined networks of the standard 5G/IMT-2020

The quality of service (QoS) in networking is the process of managing network resources to reduce packet loss and to lower network jitter and latency. QoS has been widely used in traditional network and can also be implemented in the 5G standard based on a software-defined network (SDN). A traditional network carries several challenges, such as vendor dependency, the complexity of managing a large network, dynamically changing forwarding policies, and more. Software-defined networking is a new networking strategy designed to address the challenges of a traditional IP network, such as high levels of complexity and inability to adapt to the new quality of service requirements in a timely manner. The fundamental idea behind SDNs compared to the conventional networking paradigm is the creation of horizontally integrated systems through the separation of the control and the data plane while providing an increasingly sophisticated set of abstractions. Recently, various SDN-enabled QoS frameworks have emerged that offer many possibilities for network reconfiguration and high-level definition of policies. QoS requirements for 5G networks have been defined on the basis of three main categories of use cases: extreme mobile broadband (xMBB), massive machine type communications (mMTC) IoT/M2M devices, and highly reliable М2М-communication (ultra-reliable machine-type communications – uMTC). This paper analyzes and surveys the QoS based on the openflow protocol method and QoS based on open-source SDN controllers method in 5G network. In addition, we discuss various architectural issues of open-source SDN controllers network and examine their impact on the QoS. Furthermore, we outline the characteristics of the QoS parameters such as latency, availability, reliability, jitter, and bandwidth in the 5G network. Finally, the article discusses and compares parameters of the QoS in 5G determined by world’s leaders in 5G technology.

Decision making criteria for adaptive reuse strategy in UNESCO world heritage city

PurposeWithin the next 20–30 years, adaptive reuse will have the greatest potential to reduce the built environment's environmental impact. Despite this, stakeholders still do not have sufficient points of reference in justifying and evaluating their adaptation practice decisions. The decision to reuse a building involves a complex set of considerations, including economic, social, environmental, legislative and architectural issues. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the unique decision-making criteria among stakeholders when considering adaptive reuse of an existing building asset in Malaysian heritage cities.Design/Methodology/ApproachThirty (30) unique criteria of decision-making were identified through a detailed literature review. The quantitative method of a self-completion questionnaire survey was conducted among stakeholders, including architects, valuers, planners, government department, developers and building owners. There were asked about their opinion and view on the criteria that could have influenced the decision-making in considering the adaptive reuse of the existing buildings in two heritage cities in the states of Penang and Malacca, Malaysia. Thus, it is the aim of this paper to evaluate and reveal the key criteria pertaining to this.FindingsThe analysis shows that there are seven key criteria that influence the decision-making of adaptive reuse of existing building: building value; building suitability; structural condition; official plan and zoning; building code; client requirement and heritage designated. In this regard, while “building value” factors were the key determinants in deciding whether to reuse or demolish, the asset’s suitability and structural condition, as well as rules, were also taken into account. Additionally, the environmental, economic and social tenets of sustainability were also identified as important, but were given less weight in matters concerning reuse. And due to the fact that many of the existing buildings are rapidly becoming obsolete, they are now increasingly being prioritized during the adaptive reuse decision-making process to ensure long-term outcomes.Research Limitations/ImplicationsThe research is limited owing to the difficulty in obtaining accurate information concerning the number of decision agents who have been involved in the adaptive reuse of existing buildings. Thus, the respondents in this research were randomly selected. Due to this limitation, the result does not encompass the whole Malaysia, only the stakeholders in Penang and Malacca have been selected the respondents in this study as these states are listed in the UNESCO World Heritage.Social ImplicationsWhen deciding whether to reuse or demolish an existing building, the proposed criteria will outline the crucial areas that must be examined by owners, developers and key project stakeholders. It can also be used to assess the financial, physical and social aspects of a cultural project.Originality/ValueThis paper adds to the body of knowledge concerning decision-making criteria for adaptive reuse strategies in achieving heritage city sustainability.

8.E. Workshop: One health approach to gain Youth engagement toward environmental issues

Abstract Humanization of care is involved in promoting healthy behaviors including harmonization with environment, implementing an educational model of “one health” approach. A strong emphasis is placed in our project on strengthening environmental awareness of the young generation through education and other forms of youth engagement. We built an educational project that involved schools (almost 200 students). Students had a “one -health “core curriculum focused on Medicine and environmental issues; spill over and environmental issues; green economy end mathematical models affecting environmental changes; architectural issues involving environment. After skill building classes Young students focused on three main issues that will be presented during the workshop: A liquid biopsy model to detect eventual pollutants A study concerning individual behavior impact A green sustainable architectural model The three issues were developed as proposal for: A model of Health vision based on multidisciplinary A Youth stand point concerning environmental actual proposal to implement the Green deal Liquid biopsy is a new diagnostic concept useful to collect and analyze sample from different humans and animal matrices able to investigate the molecular features by blood, saliva, and any other body fluids which show a source of potential biomarkers. Further, particular strategies on the possible ways of regenerating the center of the cities to make it resilient to critical environmental impact, and models to redevelop the suburbs were developed. Finally, individual behaviors can affect either health care or environmental goals. The add value of this work may be to realize through citizen activism a powerful tool for climate action, sustainable development and environmental protection through Youth engagement toward an health model that include environmental determinants. Their stand point may be meaningful in order to gain proposals for the European Green Deal, according to the sub topic 1 objective: “specific educational programs, school curricula, trainings, networking activities and exchange of good practices in the area of climate change and education for sustainable development. Thus, it is becoming increasingly important to study and to derive from different approach results regarding the connection between environment, humans and animals and with a new diagnostic genomic not-invasive approach. Key messages Youth engagement toward health and environmental issues may contribute to citizen activism. One health model is consistent with a multidisciplinary approach to care and environmental goals.