Trade Issues Research Articles

Внешняя торговля Египта плодоовощной продукцией

In the article, the authors examined the change in the physical parameters of Egypt's foreign trade in fruit and vegetable products in 2018–2022. Based on the average annual volume of its exports and imports for the specified period of analysis, five most important categories of this food group were identified. They were ranked according to their share in both areas of Egypt's foreign trade in fruit and vegetable products. The authors found that during the analyzed period, the export of goods of this food group from the country in question increased by 1.98 times: from 3.115 million tons to 6.179 million tons, and its import to Egypt decreased by 18.58%: from 0.701 million tons to 0.571 million tons. In addition, issues of mutual trade between this state and Russia, including fruit and vegetable products, were covered.

CIS Countries Foreign Economic Activity — from Challenges to New Opportunities

Aim and tasks. To identify current trends and issues in foreign trade, the international financial system, and the investment activity of CIS member states, and to provide recommendations that contribute to sustainable economic development and strengthened mutual cooperation.Methods. Utilized statistics from the external sectors of CIS economies from 2019 to 2023. Methods of aggregation, comparison, retrospective, and indicative analysis were applied to the data. Graphical representation of indicators allowed for visualization of key trends in the studied metrics, calculated from data provided by the Interstate Statistical Committee of the CIS, the World Bank, UNCTAD, and the Brookings Institution.Results. In recent years, the CIS has faced several global shocks that have affected the international economic relations of its members with each other and with third countries. Despite external destabilizing influences and geopolitical turbulence, CIS member states maintain resilience and a positive development trajectory, largely due to mutually beneficial cooperation with Russia — an essential economic partner. Russia holds a leading position in mutual trade with CIS countries, and the reorientation of Russian exports to “friendly” countries has stimulated regional trade turnover. The burden of external debt for CIS national economies is decreasing, and their debt stability and solvency are normalizing. Less positive situation is in direct investment flows, which remain unstable and unevenly distributed among countries.Conclusions. In the context of individual national economies, it is fair to note that the complex geopolitical environment and unprecedented external economic pressures narrow opportunities for economic growth and sustainable development. However, this statement is not always true for interstate associations, and CIS member states are a prime example of this. Currently, during a challenging period that requires solidarity and mutual support from participants, the potential of this union can be fully realized. A thorough study of the issue can reveal numerous promising areas for mutually beneficial cooperation in trade, credit, and investment relations. It is necessary to eliminate integration barriers to transform the CIS into a powerful and influential international organization.

Illegal Trade of Pharmaceuticals in Poland – Ethical, Legal, Social, and Educational Implications

This study addresses the issue of illegal pharmaceutical trade in Poland, focusing on its ethical, legal, and social dimensions. The article is divided into three parts. The first part outlines the structure of the healthcare system in Poland, the key regulatory institutions overseeing the pharmaceutical market, and the legislative solutions in this area. The second part describes the operations of organized criminal groups in Poland that engage in the pharmaceutical trade outside state control, generating increasing profits. The third part of the study highlights the social and educational aspects of illegal drug trafficking and the potential consequences of this activity on patients’ health and lives. The conclusion emphasizes the need for legislative changes and enhanced public oversight of the pharmaceutical market in Poland.

Research on Current Mining Trade Issues in China

Nowadays, although China's mining trade is expanding, some problems have emerged during the development process, preventing the mining trade from reaching its ideal level. Therefore, this paper mainly discusses several issues that have arisen in China's current mining trade, analyzes the problems existing in China's previous and current mining trade, and examines how these various issues may cause large or small damages to China's mining trade market and even the international trade market. It then specifies in detail what measures should be taken or what laws should be promulgated to improve China's issues in this aspect. China should keep up with the pace of the times, use green technology products as much as possible, so that Chinas mineral products can stand firm in the international market, have significant characteristics, and make competition more advantageous. The research significance of this paper is to help China's mining trade market analyze various factors unfavorable to our country's trade situation, thereby helping our country's mining market get rid of the disadvantages of international trade competition, helping the mining market introduce more international supply chains. This may help achieve good trust in international trade and the introduction of our country's minerals to foreign countries. At the same time, this paper also provides valuable value for China's mining-related personnel and researchers.

Research on the Connection Market Trading Issues of Green Certificates and CCER Based on Contribution Degree and Social Welfare

The connection between the green certificate market and the CCER market can further achieve the dual carbon goals, so it is imperative for the green certificate market, CCER market, and the connection market to coexist. it is necessary to convert green certificates into CCER in the connection market to achieve transactions between the two. The research is aimed at exploring the interface between green certificates and CCER, with the main objective of finding trading mode and trading method to address the interface between the two. This paper firstly proposes a concept of contribution degree that assists fair trading in the market, based on the different ways in which contribution degree is introduced in the trading of green certificates, CCER markets, and connecting markets, and establishes basic trading mode, unilateral contribution trading mode (UCM) and bilateral contribution trading mode. Then, the rolling matching trading model with the goal of maximizing total social welfare, the contribution degree model and the effect test model are established to realize the implementation of the above three modes through different combinations of the models. Finally, the quantitative results are obtained by simulating the trading situation of the three modes, and CCER offset ratio and contribution degree indicator weight are discussed. The results show that it is feasible to build a bridging market between green certificate and CCER by using the contribution degree, in which the UCM is the optimal solution to achieve the dual-carbon goal and market development. The setting of CCER offset ratio can be based on the difference of enterprise types, and the weight of indicators affecting the contribution level should be adjusted with the policy. The research in this paper has the following contributions: (1) a new criterion to satisfy fair trade—contribution degree is proposed to provide ideas for mutual recognition of products in the bridging market, and proposed a contribution degree calculation model for the green certificate and CCER markets, as well as the bridging market; (2) from the perspective of the contradiction between supply and demand in the market and fair trade, different schemes to build a bridging market are given in a fixed context and compared and analyzed; (3) from the market level, the quantitative analysis of the indicator settings affecting emission reduction, providing suggestions for the differentiated evaluation of warrants and the formulation of carbon reduction policies.

Assessing the Determinants of Services Exports of Pakistan An Application of Extended Gravity Model

The services sector plays a crucial role in Pakistan's economy based on its contribution to GDP and the engagement of most of the labour force with this sector. Services exports provide valuable foreign exchange earnings, and the focus on promoting services exports can resolve the balance of trade issue. Hence, this study investigates the key determinants influencing Pakistan's services exports with its major trading partners. The study employed an extended gravity model through fixed effect, random effect and Poisson-Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) methods by using data from 2000-2022 and found out that the GDP of the partner country, FDI, employment in services, logistics performance index (LPI), and services trade restrictiveness index (STRI) are important determinants of services exports in Pakistan. Pakistan is the most restrictive economy in the South Asian region which has higher STRI, resultantly the restrictions are negatively affecting the services trade and exports of the country. Moreover, the study evaluated that the USA, UAE, China, and UK are major export markets for export services of Pakistan. Based on these findings, the study suggests that Pakistan should improve its logistics infrastructure and reduce service trade restrictions to boost services exports.

Indo-American Relations during Narendra Modi’s Era: A Critical Analysis

The administration of Narendra Modi in India has been active in signing agreements on clean energy and focusing on advancing renewable energy strategies in India. Narendra Modi's clean energy initiative has boosted his image in public. Under Narendra Modi India's economy has seen significant development which contributed to the satisfactory political standing of the Bhartiya Janata Party(BJP). Narendra Modi's efforts to develop friendly relations with the President of the United States Donald Trump were aimed at balancing trade relations as well as security concerns in Asia. Diplomatic ties between India and America have grown significantly under Modi through several collaborations and high-profile events. The joint visit of Modi and Trump to Motera Stadium in India highlighted their growing Diplomatic and personal relations. They focused on Tackling terrorism, securing a safer 5G network, and enhancing energy partnerships. Despite collaborations, there were challenges in their relations regarding trade issues and deviating priorities.

Data-Driven Customer Assessments for Biodiversity Conservation

This study centers on addressing the critical challenge posed by illegal wildlife and plant trade to biodiversity, aiming to propose a client evaluation model designed for conservation efforts. Operative within a rigorous assessment framework that integrates sophisticated statistical tools, including McKinsey's Logic Tree Analysis, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), the model conducts evaluations spanning both non-governmental organizations and government institutions. Following meticulous analysis, the United States government is identified as the optimal partner. The rationale behind this selection is multifaceted, examining the ecological, social, and economic dimensions to comprehensively scrutinize the validity and necessity of collaborating with the U.S. government in tackling the pressing issue of illegal wildlife and plant trade.

Managing medicine shortages.

Medicine shortages are increasingly common and disruptive to the optimal delivery of health care. They are caused by a variety of factors, including manufacturing and supply-chain issues, regulatory and trade issues, and fluctuations in demand. Prescribers and pharmacists in Australia can manage a shortage by switching to another brand, strength or dosage form of the same medicine, switching to a different registered medicine, or accessing an unregistered medicine that has been made available via section 19A of the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 or through the Special Access Scheme. There are a range of resources and tools that can assist clinicians with identifying and managing medicine shortages in Australia. Shortages are managed most effectively when prescribers, pharmacists and nurses work together, in collaboration with patients, to develop, implement and monitor strategies to manage the shortage.

Russia’s Patronage Over Post-Soviet De Facto States: Protecting Compatriots or Geopolitical Interest in Transnistria?

ABSTRACT Most de facto states have patrons. In Eurasia, Russia serves as such to Abkhazia, South Ossetia, and Transnistria, as it did to Donetsk and Luhansk People’s Republics. What motivates patronal politics? While constructivists look for answers by studying Russia’s identity, representations and ‘compatriot’ policies and discourse, realists infer Russia’s motives looking at Moscow’s geopolitical interests. As a result, there is no unambiguous answer: is it about moral obligation to protect the brethren or about securing national interests? This article tests it empirically by analysing Russia’s patronage over Transnistria between 2001 and 2009. It investigates the issue of Transnistrian external trade, which Moldova attempted to take control of – something that Transnistria considered as threatening its very survival. The analysis undermines claims about moral motivation as a driver of Russian patronage of de facto states, at least in Transnistria. Russia is clearly reacting to geopolitical changing game rather than to the compatriots’ cry for help.

Импортные узорные ткани Белореченского могильника в коллекции Государственного Эрмитажа

Purpose of the study: The attribution and dating of figured textiles from the Belorechensky burial ground (North Caucasus), study of manufacturing techniques, reconstruction of textile patterns and study of historical aspects related to the problem of the supply and existence of these silks in the region. Research materials: The collection of archaeological materials from the Belorechensky burial ground (collection of the Oriental Department of the State Hermitage) including 22 figured textiles (52 inventory no.), textiles from collections of other institutions (Metropolitan Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum, Cleveland Museum of Art, etc.). Results and scientific novelty of the study: Of the 87 examples of textiles, embroidery, needlework, and threads, 22 examples are related to silk figured textiles. According to the technique, they are divided into velvets, damasks, lampases, and taffeta with pattern weft. Most of the textiles can be associated with the Syro-Egyptian weaving tradition of the 14th-15th centuries. However, there are several examples of Chinese and Italian production, and one damask, the technical features of which make it related not only to Italian and Syro-Egyptian, but also to early 16th century Safavid textiles. In this regard, the dating of the mounds from which these textiles originate was examined and clarified; issues of trade in the Northern Black Sea region were touched upon, as well as non-economic ways of the appearance of high-status imported products.

A Study on the Direction for the Korea-ASEAN FTA Upgrade: Focusing on Supply Chain and Digital Trade Issues

A Study on the Direction for the Korea-ASEAN FTA Upgrade: Focusing on Supply Chain and Digital Trade Issues

The rise of data property rights in China: how does it compare with the EU data act and what does it mean for digital trade with China?

Abstract In 2022, China introduced a landmark Data Property Rights System, followed by implementation rules in 2023 and 2024. Concurrently, the EU enacted the groundbreaking Data Act. While both systems oppose granting exclusive data access rights, they differ in their approaches: China establishes new property rights for data processors, while the EU imposes obligations on them. By comparing China’s Data Property Rights System with the EU Data Act, this paper aims to elucidate the background, contents, and challenges of the Data Property Rights System in the context of digital trade. It argues that China will address the dilemmas of security risks versus data commercialization by implementing a national negative list for data outflows, qualified by green channels in selected industries. It urges China to adopt a more consistent national approach in implementing Data Intellectual Property Rights, resolve the classification and non-discrimination treatment issues in international trade, and draw lessons from the EU sui generis right. It also suggests that focusing on sharing non-personal data under the China Data Property Right System and the EU Data Act may reshape our understanding of governing non-personal data flows and non-consumer users of data products in Free Trade Agreements.

Changes in the Supply of Public Intermediate Goods, Fixed Wage, and the Relative Price in the Harris-Todaro Model

Since the Harris-Todaro model was proposed in 1970, it has played a crucial role in analyzing various environmental and trade issues in developing countries. This paper analyzes the effects of the amount of public intermediate goods provided by the government, the increase in the fixed wage rate in the urban sector, and the changes in the relative international prices of agricultural and manufacturing goods on labor employment, unemployment, and the economic welfare in the context of a small open economy. It also proposes relevant policies to reduce the unemployment rate while improving national welfare.

Finding opportunity in economic power dispatch: Saving fuels without impacting retail electricity prices in fuel-producing countries

In many oil- and natural gas-producing countries, fuels are allocated to the electricity sector at administratively set prices below international market prices for domestic policy reasons. This article shows that dispatching power units based on the opportunity costs of domestically used fuels can yield significant efficiencies, while end-user electricity prices can continue to reflect administratively set fuel prices. In addition, opportunity cost dispatch can bring environmental benefits when it results in switching the priority of oil and gas units in the merit order and facilitating investments in renewable energy. Therefore, this approach can support long-term net-zero emission targets. It can also resolve cross-border electricity trading issues faced by fuel-rich countries, which are reluctant to base their electricity exports on domestic fuel prices.

A Bargaining Theory of US–China Economic Rivalry: Differentiating the Trade and Technology Wars

Abstract This article examines the outbreak and persistence of US–China economic war, which comprises both the trade war, featured with retaliatory tariffs, and the technology war, featured with restrictions on Chinese access to US technologies. Building on the analytical framework of bargaining and war, I argue that different components of the economic war emerged from distinct causes. The outbreak of the trade war was primarily driven by the information problem, characterized by mutual uncertainty and the lack of effective communications. The technology war was largely a result of the commitment problem driven by the existing power’s concern regarding potential future changes in the balance of power. After examining the initiation stage during the Trump era, I further analyze how the economic war has unfolded during the Biden administration. While the prospect of a new trade war seems unlikely as mutual uncertainty diminishes, existing tariffs remain as the commitment problem on trade issues has become more critical. The preventive technology war is expected to persist, reflecting Washington’s ongoing concerns over China’s growing leadership in technology.

Demurrage Under Pakistani Law: Legislative Framework, Challenges, and Strategies to Protect Client Interests in Pakistan

The word Demurrage itself explains the cost imposed on the consignee or owner of goods for delays beyond the free days which is called lay time in legal terms but due to late clearance and many more related issues shipper and consignee both suffer. Although, the courts of Pakistan grant a stay to the consignee for non-payment of demurrage under section 14-A custom Act yet ignore the fact that the doctrine of privity also operates in contracts, as both the shipper and owner of the goods sign the terms and conditions regarding the payment of demurrage, as in every contract lay time is always provided to the owner of the cargo. However, every cargo owner is not always entitled to a stay on nonpayment. Here the barrier or issue of less trade arises. This article explores the legal framework for Demurrage and the issues involved in its application in Pakistan.

An appraisal of contemporary issues in trade disputes resolution in Nigeria

Evidentially, trade dispute generally originates from the interaction within an organized labour market. In recent times, the traditional notion of trade dispute as being a dispute between workers and their employers or between workers and workers may hardly be sustained, considering the fact that in certain instances industrial action may be aimed at government and the government may not be the employer of the workers. The paper adopts doctrinal methodology to examine trade dispute resolution in Nigeria by way of analyzing the concept of trade dispute that will always occur once there exist a working relationship. The paper evaluates, the Industrial Arbitration Panel (IAP) in its present constitution which is seriously handicapped to discharge its function effectively. The body lacks the independence required and expected of an adjudicatory body, more so, with the overbearing influence of the Minister on the duties of the IAP. The paper also recommends that in spite of the enormous challenges facing the I.A.P, the simplicity of procedure at the arbitration is a major advantage it has over litigation in the regular courts particularly as they have a time frame within which to discharge any despite before it.

An Evaluation of the Dispute Settlement System in the World Trade Organization

The main goal of the World Trade Organization (WTO) upon its founding was to guarantee the unhindered and unrestricted flow of goods and services. The Dispute Settlement System, which guarantees prompt resolution of disputes, is the foundation of the WTO. The purpose of this study was to examine how the WTO's Dispute Settlement Body resolves trade disputes. This study explicitly looked at the WTO Dispute Settlement System, identifying its goals and determining whether it facilitates the realization of these goals. The study also assessed the types of disputes that fall under the purview of the WTO Dispute System Body. The research used the doctrinal research approach to accomplish this aim. In the World Trade Organization, trade disputes often occur when a member state or states adopt a measure or measures that the WTO deems to be at odds with the commitments outlined in the WTO agreements. Realizing the practical significance of the member states' obligations requires the prompt and organized settlement of trade disputes. Thus, the study outlined some of the difficulties DSB is facing as well as future directions. These include, among other things, the protracted dispute resolution procedure, the appellate body dilemma, the lack of transparency, and the handling of new trade issues. The study suggested that the system be made more open and visible to the general public as a result. Additionally, the system has to select panelists who are qualified to handle the cases that are brought before panels due to their increasingly complicated substance.

Narrative Analysis Of European Union Deforestation Regulations On Indonesian And Malaysian Palm Oil Commodities

The implementation of the EU Regulation on Deforestation-Free Products is the current problem point, so the study refers to implementing deforestation regulation for certain trade goods or commodities. This study provides a brief overview of the EU Regulation on Deforestation-Free Products. The study also aims to examine the development of ASEAN’s trade pattern, especially Indonesia and Malaysia, with the European Union, which will be reviewed below. In order to facilitate the analysis of the European Union’s green economic policies, particularly the impact of the EU Regulation on deforestation-free products, the study needs to develop a research question. How does the EU Regulation on Deforestation-Free Products hinder trade in Indonesian and Malaysian palm oil derivatives and products? Moreover, how about a fair recommendation for solving this problem? Case studies and research on the issue of trade in palm oil commodities in the European Union have been carried out a lot. However, the discussed study tries to provide an argumentative explanation using a narrative analysis approach.