Issues In International Research Research Articles

An Adaptationist Framework to Examine Intergroup Contact

Many culturally-plural societies like Canada or Russia seek ways to manage their cultural diversity in order to promote harmony among coexisting groups. The social sciences have long viewed intergroup contact as a beneficial intervention to achieve such harmony. This paper proposes an adaptationist framework within which to explain how and why intergroup contact contributes to the positive and negative outcomes for individuals who live together in a plural society. We employed this framework in a case study that may serve as an example of the conceptualization and analysis of these issues in international research. Its structural framework included both positive and negative contact and the role of this contact in the distribution of intercultural and psychological adaptation among a large representative sample of the Canadian population. We used a correlational design with a representative sample of Canadians from a survey carried out by Environics in 2019, which was stratified according to the most current population statistics. The total sample was 3,111 persons age 18 and over and included the largest racialised groups in the country. Our main finding was that intergroup contact (both positive and negative) related to both psychological and intercultural adaptation. These findings have implications for improving intercultural relations, especially through the role of positive contact. The experience of negative contact (e.g., discrimination) in the near term is an important factor in undermining both forms of adaptation. Nonetheless, while intergroup contact can bring both positive and negative experiences during intercultural interactions, it leads to mutual adaptation over time.

AI-based mathematics education: A review of issues in international research

목적 본 연구는 AI 기반 수학교육에 관한 최근 국외 연구들을 다각적으로 검토하여 AI 기반 수학교육 연구의 방향성을 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 방법 AI 기반 수학교육 관련 국외 연구의 주제를 ‘AI 기반 교육 콘텐츠’, ‘AI 기반 교육 플랫폼’, ‘지능형 교수 체제’, ‘자동화된(적응적) 평가’로 구분하고 각 주제에 대하여 AI 기반 수학교육 관련 국외 연구의 주요 논점을 ‘패러다임 전환에 따른 교육적 변화 양상’, ‘인간-기계 관계 수준’, ‘교사교육’ 중심으로 분석하였다. 결과 AI 기반 수학교육에 대한 수학교육 연구 공동체 내부의 논의는 미흡하였고, AI 기반 수학교육 관련 국외 연구들에서는 교사, 인공물, 교실공동체, 교육과정, 평가 등 전통적인 수학교육의 주요 구성요소의 확장, 변화, 혹은 대체에 대한 논의가 주를 이루었다. 결론 분석 결과를 바탕으로 향후 중요한 AI 기반 수학교육 연구주제를 제시하였고 AI 기반 수학교육의 한계 및 가능성을 추가로 제시하였다.

The youth sports club as a health-promoting setting: an integrative review of research.

Aims: The aims of this review is to compile and identify key issues in international research about youth sports clubs as health-promoting settings, and then discuss the results of the review in terms of a framework for the youth sports club as a health-promoting setting. Methods: The framework guiding this review of research is the health-promoting settings approach introduced by the World Health Organization (WHO). The method used is the integrated review. Inclusion criteria were, first, that the studies concerned sports clubs for young people, not professional clubs; second, that it be a question of voluntary participation in some sort of ongoing organized athletics outside of the regular school curricula; third, that the studies consider issues about youth sports clubs in terms of health-promoting settings as described by WHO. The final sample for the review consists of 44 publications. Results: The review shows that youth sports clubs have plentiful opportunities to be or become health-promoting settings; however this is not something that happens automatically. To do so, the club needs to include an emphasis on certain important elements in its strategies and daily practices. The youth sports club needs to be a supportive and healthy environment with activities designed for and adapted to the specific age-group or stage of development of the youth. Conclusions: To become a health-promoting setting, a youth sports club needs to take a comprehensive approach to its activities, aims, and purposes.

GOING FROM PRINCIPLES TO RULES IN RESEARCH ETHICS

In research ethics there is a canon regarding what ethical rules ought to be followed by investigators vis-à-vis their treatment of subjects and a canon regarding what fundamental ethical principles apply to the endeavor. What I aim to demonstrate here is that several of the rules find no support in the principles. This leaves anyone who would insist that we not abandon those rules in the difficult position of needing to establish that we are nevertheless justified in believing in the validity of the rules. I conclude by arguing that this is not likely to be accomplished. The rules I call into question are the rules requiring: - that studies be designed in a scientifically valid way - that risks to subjects be minimized - that subjects be afforded post-trial access to experimental interventions - that inducements paid to subjects not be counted as a benefit to them - that inducements paid to subjects not be 'undue' - that subjects must remain free to withdraw from the study at any time for any reason without penalty. Both canons, the canon on principles and the canon on rules, are found in the overlap among ethical pronouncements that are themselves canonical: the Nuremberg Code, the Declaration of Helsinki, the Belmont Report, CIOMS's International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects, and NBAC's 2001 report, Ethical Issues in International Research: Clinical Trials in Developing Countries.

Die erneut überarbeitete Deklaration von Helsinki

The World Medical Association's Declaration of Helsinki is one of the most influential documents in research ethics. A revised version of the Declaration was adopted in October 2008. This paper discusses selected changes regarding the Declaration's normative status, subject protection and issues in international research in light of current debates in research ethics.

The Ethics of International Research with Abandoned Children

The aim of human subjects research is to create generalizable knowledge that benefits future patients. Consequently, it risks sacrificing the interests of research participants for the greater good of society. Ethics guidelines exist to minimize this risk. Over the last decade, international biomedical research in the context of substantial healthcare inequalities has focused discussion on four ethical issues: (i) standards of care; (ii) informed consent; (iii) ancillary care obligations; and (iv) posttrial benefits (see table, right). It is appropriate to consider these issues relative to the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP) study (1), a randomized trial of the effects of moving institutionalized young children to foster care. Table Four main ethical issues in international research

National Bioethics Advisory Commission Report: Ethical and Policy Issues in International Research

National Bioethics Advisory Commission Report: Ethical and Policy Issues in International Research

After Helsinki: unresolved issues in international research.

Following a long process of revision, a new version of the Declaration of Helsinki was approved by the World Medical Association in 2000. Two provisions of the Declaration address ongoing international controversies regarding research sponsored by industrialized countries and conducted in developing countries. Despite the issuance of the final version of the Declaration, opponents remain locked in debate. Moreover, the Declaration remained silent on other prominent controversies concerning international research. An analysis of these current controversies reveals reasons why they are not likely to be readily resolved, despite apparent agreement by opponents on overarching ethical principles.

The Declaration of Helsinki and research in vulnerable populations.

Mooted changes to the Declaration on the agenda of the World Medical Association have sparked a vigorous debate on international research issues. The medical, research and ethics communities in Australia need to participate more broadly in this debate.

The academic international research team

The number of academic international research teams (AIRTs) is rapidly increasing. While AIRTs are essential to addressing complex international research issues they can also often involve a large number of challenging issues. Like corporate international teams, AIRTs must face the challenge of cross‐national differences including large distances, multiple languages, and numerous cultural values. In addition, they must deal with a number of unique issues involving the abstract nature of an intellectual endeavor, differences in academic career motivations and discipline fields, and the necessity of often completing projects on scarce resources. This manuscript reviews five articles which tackle the complexity of AIRTs. In doing so we seek to bring out the most interesting observations as well as the most important recommendations for how to tackle these challenges in future AIRTs.

The ugly scholar: Neocolonialism and ethical issues in international research

As a discipline, sociology has had to confront criticism of the nature and ends of sociological research and ethnical dilemmas in the study of social problems and people. Over time guidelines have appeared to aid in protecting subjects and colleagues (e.g., the ASA Code of Ethics) and to guarantee research standards (e.g., the peer-reviewed proposal process, human subjects committees). However, guidelines tend not to address the challenges sociologists face in international research. This results in unpleasant experiences and potentially endangers research and researcher alike. This articles responds to the gap in the literature on ethical issues in international research. It draws on writings by social scientists and from the author’s experience in Latin America.