Sanitation Issues Research Articles

Drama Versus Sanitation Issues in Ghana: Henrik Ibsen’s an Enemy of the People in Perspective

Drama Versus Sanitation Issues in Ghana: Henrik Ibsen’s an Enemy of the People in Perspective

Urban Dynamics in Semarang City: A Study of Livable Cities

This study explores sanitation issues in urban Semarang in the context of achieving a Livable City, particularly concerning sanitation waste directly discharged into drains and rivers. In collaboration with the Semarang City Government, this research piloted the Livable City Framework (LCF) as a rapid assessment methodology for city suitability. The research aims to identify livable areas that are performing well, which will be developed into sanitation investments, especially in neighborhoods traversed by the SPALD-T route. A mixed-method research approach was employed, utilizing two main instruments: web surveys and in-depth interviews. Research findings indicate strong social capital in Semarang, yet the ability to influence decisions remains low, indicating the need for increased education and community empowerment. Physical capital scores vary, with investments in public spaces needing attention to distribute development benefits evenly. Human and natural capital show potential for improvement, while some neighborhoods such as Kudu, Kalibanteng Kidul, and Kalipancur receive low scores and require further analysis and community engagement. This research provides a deep understanding of the complexity of urban development processes and emphasizes the need for cross-sector collaboration to achieve a Livable City

Social and Cultural Factors Influencing Promotion of Latrine Utilization in Laisamis Sub-County, Marsabit, Kenya

The issue of sanitation has long existed and drawn criticism from figures like Mahatma Gandhi, who stated that sanitation in a community is more important than independence. Latrine utilization is among ways of ensuring that communities are safe and are not interacting with disease causing pathogens. However, the presence of latrines has not completely been a guarantee for their utilization especially among the pastoral communities. The objectives of this study was to examine the social and cultural factors influencing promotion of latrine utilization Laisamis Sub-County, Marsabit County, Kenya. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in two selected Wards in Laisamis Sub-County using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Quantitive data was collected from 177 households using questionnaires and analysed in descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data was gathered from selected members from a focus group discussion. The data was analysed thematically and presented in narratives. The social factors that showed a significant influence on latrine utilization included: perceived health benefits (p=0.000<0.05), accessibility of latrines (p=0.000<0.05), respect associated with latrines ownership (p=0.05) and social norms (p=0.000<0.05). Cultural beliefs relating to defecation in enclosed places such as toilets seemed to encourage open defecation despite latrine presence. Taboos surrounding sharing of latrines for men and women and among in-laws was reported to attract latrine avoidance especially when the available toilets were not separated. It was established that cultural practices for some groups such as morans discouraged toilets utilization. The influence of cultural taboos, barriers and beliefs on latrine utilization was significant (p<0.05). The study concluded that owning a latrine in Laisamis Sub-County did not guarantee use because of the influence of social and cultural issues. The study recommended community engagement and robust education campaigns using local leaders and influencers to dispel taboos and beliefs against latrine use. Context-specific behaviour change strategies could encourage positive habits and increase utilization of latrines in the sub-county.

Stakeholder perceptions, challenges, and sustainable solutions for achieving safely managed sanitation in Kazakhstan: a case study from a cold region

ABSTRACT In this paper, we present survey results from 30 sanitation stakeholders across the public and private sectors, professional associations, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and households in the two coldest cities of Kazakhstan. The objectives were to identify the perceived sanitation challenges, document innovative, and traditional solutions employed by the stakeholders to manage sanitation challenges during the cold season, and to propose initiatives and policy interventions to alleviate pressing sanitation issues. Commonly encountered problems included improper installation of septic tanks (e.g. above the frost line) by non-professionals and the difficulty of households to access latrines during heavy snowfall events. Ninety-three percent of respondents expressed that foul odours and sewage overflows were their primary concerns, with only 7% reporting health impacts as a primary concern. There were significant differences in the viewpoints of the respondents regarding the extent of sanitation infrastructure maintenance or upgrades needed in the two cities, suggesting regional differences across the country rather than a uniform national situation. In the context of Kazakhstan, local NGOs were identified as playing a key role in engaging with households to co-devise affordable and sustainable sanitation solutions that are suitable for cold regions, which can then be communicated to other sanitation stakeholders, including the public sector.

Assessing the current situation of constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells as an alternative power generation and wastewater treatment in developing countries

Developing countries facing population growth and increased energy demand present simultaneous challenges regarding wastewater treatment and electricity supply. Constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells (CW-MFCs) offer a dual solution to the challenges of insufficient electricity and wastewater treatment by integrating indigenous plant species. CW-MFCs provide sustainable power generation and wastewater treatment. This approach can enhance sustainability and foster a circular economy by utilising plant-derived byproducts as an added product. Current research indicates various novel designs for effective wastewater treatment and potential power generation. Future studies focusing on rural settings and upscaling operations can apply advanced techniques like mass spectrophotometry and metagenomics to refine the technology for grid use. Developing CW-MFC technology will catapult the idea of developing a robust strategy for addressing power supply and sanitation issues in developing regions. This will also aid in continuous research into system optimisation and microbial communities, aiding long-term viability.

Public Toilet

The provision of public toilets is not only a matter of land use but also an essential design and planning concern. It is an essential infrastructure to guarantee the right to sanitation in public spaces. Given this, the present research aims to understand the perspective of public toilet on the basis of planning, innovative approaches, universal access and sustainable features. For this research, two cases of public toilets were studied. On the whole, the importance of the public toilet on the basis of different innovative approaches, planning and universal access is highlighted in this study with regard to health, sanitation, and accessibility issues.

Analisis Kualitas Air Sumur Gali Di Kelurahan Maubeli Kota Kefamenanu Kabupaten Timor Tengah Utara

The existance of dug well is important for the people of Maubeli from Kefamenanu City. The society consumed it since their adults been there. As quality as water consuming needed to be tested for sanitation and hyegene issues. The aims is to analyze dug water quality in Maubeli Village for physic parameters (temperature, odor, colour, TSS), chemistry (pH, COD, and microbiology (E.coli). Water sample from 5 locations and analized locally for temperature, odor, colour, pH and in Laboratorium Dinas Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan from East Nusa Tenggara for TSS dan COD. Data compared to Peraturan Pemerintah No. 22/2021 and Permenkes No. 2/2023. The resulst showed that the temperature for 1st dan 2nd are 250C, 3rd to 5th: 270C, there’s good for odor and colour. TSS: 2,5 mgL-1, 3,5 mgL-1, 9 mgL-1, 4 mgL-1, and 5 mgL-1. pH: (8,1), (7,9), (8,2), (7,9), and (7,6). COD: 15,16 mgL-1, 17,02 mgL-1, 9,61 mgL-1, 12,05 mgL-1, and not found E. coli for all dug wells. Base on snapshot sampling that the water quality is good to be consumed but still need to boil it.

ANALISIS SANITASI LINGKUNGAN DAN KEBERADAAN VEKTOR TIKUS DI PANTI ASUHAN AL-ISTIKLAL

Environmental sanitation is an effort to monitor and control environmental elements such as clean water and waste, personal hygiene in public places, clean and healthy food processing, and the absence of hazardous substances in the air. This research aims to identify and analyze environmental conditions and the presence of rat vectors at the Al-Istiklal Orphanage, Pekanbaru City. This research uses an observation approach and in-depth interviews to examine current conditions. Five informants were research subjects. The research results show that the sanitary conditions at the Al-Istiklal orphanage are still poor, as shown by SPAL: many piles of rubbish smell bad and do not have lids; rubbish at the orphanage is not sorted before being thrown away and burned; some rooms in the orphanage were not sorted before being burned; and Some rooms have an outdoor and adjoining kitchen, and the windows do not open. Several mice were found in the orphanage. Orphanages must pay more attention to environmental sanitation issues, such as SPAL, food processing, waste processing, and residential density, as well as the presence of rat vectors.

Socio-Economy Study on Simple Healthy Septic Tank Provision in Simokerto and Kenjeran Districts, Surabaya City

Surabaya City Mayor Regulation Number 115 of 2022 has regulated the Implementation of Latrine Development in the City of Surabaya as an effort to realize the City of Surabaya Open Defecation Free City in 2023. The development of healthy latrines is prioritized for low-income people who do not have latrines. The purpose of this research is to find out responses from the community regarding the development of healthy latrines based on characteristics and financial conditions. In terms of internal community factors, the willingness of the community to participate in counseling shows the community's interest in learning about environmental sanitation issues. However, there is a problem with limited funding sources for routine desludging activities. From the results of the questionnaire to 54 recipients of healthy latrines, the following conclusions are 5.56% of people who still practice open defecation in the study area even though healthy latrines are available and 11.2% of the people in the study area demonstrated the ability to have individual healthy latrines and manage and maintain septic tanks.

A MAX phase (Ti3AlC2) as a performance enhancer for poly(lactic acid) electrospun membranes in steam generation and solar desalination

Clean water and sanitation issues motivate researchers to develop water evaporators for freshwater generation. The composite membrane evaporator was electrospun herein based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and Ti3AlC2 MAX phase as a property enhancer. As a precursor for the MXenes synthesis, the MAX phase has never been explored with PLA for water evaporator potential. Alternative use of the MAX phase can reduce the production cost arising from chemical synthesis. This work explored the potential of the MAX phase as an additive to enhance PLA membrane performance for steam generation and desalination applications. Under the infrared irradiation (∼1.0 kW/m2), the mechanically-improved PLA/MAX phase membrane showed an enhanced water evaporation rate of 1.70 kg/m2 h (93.93 % efficiency), with an approximately 52 % rate increment relative to the PLA membrane. Based on the artificial seawater (3.5 % w/w), the membrane exhibited an evaporation rate of 1.60 kg/m2 h (87.57 % efficiency). The membrane showed self-floating ability at the air-water interface, excellent thermal stability over the entire operating temperatures, and reusability after repeated cycles. Moreover, the generated freshwater contained exceptionally low cations concentrations, as low as those in potable water. The developed composite membrane also had proved its potential for solar desalination in the water generation field.

Vibrio cholerae Bacteremia: An Enigma in Cholera-Endemic African Countries.

Cholera is highly endemic in many sub-Saharan African countries. The bacterium Vibrio cholerae is responsible for this severe dehydrating diarrheal disease that accounts for over 100,000 deaths each year globally. In recent years, the pathogen has been found to invade intestinal layers and translocate into the bloodstream of humans. The non-toxigenic strains of V. cholerae (non-O1/O139), also known as NOVC, which do not cause epidemic or pandemic cases of cholera, are the major culprits of V. cholerae bacteremia. In non-cholera-endemic regions, clinical reports on NOVC infection have been noted over the past few decades, particularly in Europe and America. Although low-middle-income countries are most susceptible to cholera infections because of challenges with access to clean water and inappropriate sanitation issues, just a few cases of V. cholerae bloodstream infections have been reported. The lack of evidence-based research and surveillance of V. cholerae bacteremia in Africa may have significant clinical implications. This commentary summarizes the existing knowledge on the host risk factors, pathogenesis, and diagnostics of NOVC bacteremia.

Design and Development of Model to Detect Garbage from CCTV

Urban waste management is a pressing concern globally, necessitating innovative solutions for effective sanitation and sustainability. In response, this project introduces a Garbage Detection System leveraging deep learning techniques and web-based monitoring for real-time surveillance of city-wide Garbage accumulation. Utilizing the YOLOv7 object detection model, the system achieves an accuracy rate of 81% in identifying Garbage objects across diverse environmental conditions and camera angles. The accompanying web application dashboard provides intuitive access to live camera feeds, empowering stakeholders with proactive monitoring capabilities and facilitating prompt response to sanitation issues. Integration with MongoDB ensures efficient data storage and retrieval, enabling seamless access to historical Garbage detection data for analysis and optimization. The iterative refinement process, guided by periodic model updates and user feedback loops, contributes to continuous improvement in system performance. Through its comprehensive approach, this project demonstrates the feasibility and effectiveness of utilizing advanced computer vision technology for enhancing urban cleanliness and sustainability. Future endeavours will focus on further enhancing accuracy, scalability, and integration with existing waste management infrastructure to realize holistic urban waste management solutions. Key Words: YOLOv7, neural network, object detection, deep learning, web-based monitoring

Promoting Students' Anticipatory Competency through the Rainwater Harvesting System Learning Project

In response to the pressing global challenges of climate change and water scarcity, the education sector seeks innovative approaches to nurture students' anticipatory competency. This study aims to investigate the improvement of students' anticipatory competency through rainwater harvesting system learning project. The method used in this research was Quasi-Experimental with Non-Equivalent Control Group Design research design. The sample used was class VII students consisting of a control class and an experimental class of 20 students each. Data were collected both before and after learning to assess students' anticipatory competence. The results showed that there was the significant different on Anticipatory competency in the experimental class. This means that rainwater harvesting system learning project effect on students' anticipatory competency The study implies positive impacts of utilizing the rainwater harvesting system learning project on students' anticipatory abilities to shape a future generation ready to tackle clean water and proper sanitation issues.

Automated Waste Sorting System

Abstract: Managing solid waste through recycling is a crucial measure to mitigate adverse effects like sanitation and health issues arising from excessive landfill usage. However, the intricacies and costs associated with sorting solid waste pose challenges to recycling efforts. To streamline this process, our study proposes a Deep Learning approach employing computer vision to automatically recognize and categorize waste into five primary types: plastic, metal, paper, cardboard, and glass. Our conceptual system entails an automated recycling bin that opens its lid corresponding to the identified waste type. The primary focus of our work lies in the development and optimization of Machine Learning algorithms for efficient waste identification. We utilized pre-existing images to train a minimum of 12 variants of the Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) algorithm across three classifiers: Support Vector Machine (SVM), Sigmoid, and SoftMax. Our findings reveal that the VGG19 model with a SoftMax classifier achieves an accuracy of approximately 88%.

Analisis Sanitasi Lingkungan dan Pengendalian Nyamuk di Kota Tarutung

Tarutung City, as the center of government and commerce in North Tapanuli Regency, faces environmental sanitation issues that contribute to the increase in mosquito populations. This study aims to analyze the condition of environmental sanitation and mosquito control efforts in Tarutung City. A descriptive-analytical approach was used to assess environmental cleanliness, the availability of sanitation facilities, and vector control programs implemented by the local government. The results of the study indicate that environmental sanitation in some areas remains inadequate, with many water storage sites found to be breeding grounds for Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the primary cause of dengue fever. Control efforts, such as fogging and the elimination of mosquito breeding sites (PSN), have not been optimal due to the lack of community participation and awareness of the importance of maintaining environmental cleanliness. This study recommends enhancing public education programs, improving waste management, and conducting regular monitoring of high-risk areas to reduce mosquito populations and prevent disease spread. Strengthening cooperation between the government and the community is crucial to achieving a healthier environment free from mosquito threats

Sustainable Waste Management and Economic Impact at Loang Baloq Park, Mataram City: A Focus on Tourism Economics

This qualitative study investigates the nexus between sustainable waste management and tourism economics at Loang Baloq Park, Mataram City. Utilizing interviews, focus group discussions, observational studies, document analysis, and ethnographic engagement, the research explores stakeholder perspectives and behaviors. The research intervention transformed waste management practices, introducing designated trash bins and addressing sanitation issues. Collaboration with Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Mataram and ambitious plans for a waste bank showcase a strategic shift toward economic sustainability. The study implemented a purposeful socialization approach, strategically aligning activities with economic goals to address waste management challenges while promoting local businesses

Smart Public Toilet Management and Monitoring System using IOT

This paper addresses the pervasive issue of inadequate public sanitation in various regions of India and slums, marked by rampant urination and poorly maintained public toilets. Despite significant governmental expenditure and efforts to maintain cleanliness, the absence of a centralized monitoring mechanism renders these endeavors ineffective. To overcome this challenge, the paper proposes an Internet of Things (IOT)-based toilet monitoring system utilizing a web server and a mobile cleaner application. The system aims to simplify monitoring processes for toilet cleaners and administrators by tracking multiple cleaning metrics and providing real-time alerts based on user input. The motivation behind this project stems from the alarming state of hygiene in government schools, where students or teachers often bear the responsibility of cleaning due to labor shortages and insufficient funds. The relevance of the proposed system lies in its potential to revolutionize the maintenance of school and public toilets, addressing the unhygienic conditions prevalent in India. The novelty of the system includes features like automatic water flush, UV sanitization, timely floor cleaning, automatic sanitary pad vending, water monitoring, smell detection, and automatic ventilation, all facilitated through IOT technology. By presenting a cost-effective and efficient solution, this research contributes to the improvement of public sanitation in various settings, including homes, schools, colleges, hospitals, businesses, and industries, thereby promoting urban sanitation in the contemporary environment

Investigating waste in the ambit of environmental sociology in Bhubaneswar, India

ABSTRACT Rapid urbanization brings along with it an array of challenges including housing issues, traffic congestion, proliferation of slums, water and sanitation issues, poor air quality, increased crimes, unemployment and problems of waste management. Water and air pollution due to improper disposal of solid waste poses significant threat to urban health and thereby resulting in poor living conditions. Solid waste has been studied extensively by natural scientists, ecologists, and conservation scientists. However, the study makes an attempt to analyze the sociological aspects of solid waste in urban space. With the help of the theoretical lens of political-ecology and actor-network theories, the current study uncovers the linkages, conflicts, and power relations between political, and social components of the solid waste management issues in the Indian city of Bhubaneswar. Resorting to mixed method and obtaining relevant date through survey, semi-structured interview schedule, and ethnography, the study locates power relations between caste, class, and gender groups, resulting in ‘urban metabolism.’ Waste has also become hybrid due to heterogeneity, relationalities, multiplicities, and framing. The study suggests that recognizing and empowering underrepresented actors can actively shape and meaningfully reorient waste discourse in Bhubaneswar.

Mosque Management in Urban City: Bargaining between the Sacred and the Social Challenges

A mosque serves as a pivotal element in the structure of a Muslim community. The function of a mosque extends beyond its religious capacity as a place for worship, playing a vital role in addressing the social problems that the community faces. To explore this, the present study focuses on the strategy employed by Masjid Raya Bandung to manage and overcome various social problems around its vicinity. Utilising a descriptive-analytical approach, the present study aims to depict the existing social phenomena around Masjid Raya Bandung (The Grand Mosque of Bandung) in the Province of West Java, Indonesia, with specific research variables. Non-documentary data is obtained through participant observation and in-depth interviews. Located in the city's heart, across the city hall, a place of public gathering, the Grand Mosque of Bandung operates within a business and materialistic environment. The faced challenges include sanitation issues, unregulated street vendors tied to an informal economy, prevalent crime, covert prostitution in the vicinity, and escalating consumerism from nearby shopping centres. The study underscores the mosque as not only a spiritual oasis but also a socio-religious institution actively participating in providing solutions for various social issues within its urban setting. It is confirmed that the mosque's function is not only for ritual things but also for social activities in urban Islamic societies, particularly in managing and overcoming various social problems that surround the mosque.

Assuring Housing, Jobs and Social Assistance to the Masses: Evidence from Rural India

Houselessness, unemployment and social problems are the persistent issues in countries like India and hence an attempt is made on ‘Assuring Housing’ in rural, Jobs and Social Assistance to the Masses: Evidence from Rural India’ in this book in FOUR chapters. Chapter 1 deals with Introduction. India has had a long history of trying hard in various different directions, to promote rural development. Nevertheless, the success has been rather limited. Policies, frameworks, schemes and other attempts continue in full steam. This book takes up three different such sets of policies and evaluates their impact on people living in the rural areas in India, focusing on Bhadohi District, UP. Chapter 2 focuses on housing. The village of Mahuapur, situated in Uttar Pradesh, exhibits a blend of infrastructural progress and persistent challenges, including sanitation issues and uneven telecommunication access. Despite advancements like electricity reaching every household and educational institutions present, sanitation and equitable access to telecommunication remain pressing concerns. In Mahuapur, the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna Gramin (PMAY-G) aims to provide housing for economically weaker sections. A detailed study assesses PMAY-G's effectiveness, revealing disparities in housing completion rates across blocks and villages. The research methodology employed structured interviews, surveys, and data analysis to evaluate PMAY-G's impact, identifying gaps in implementation, such as claim rejections, pending applications, and beneficiary dissatisfaction. The study underscores the need for improved communication, timely processing of applications, and alignment of financial aid and quality standards with beneficiaries' needs to address disparities and enhance the scheme's efficacy in fulfilling housing needs in Mahuapur village.