Market Access Issues Research Articles

New Zealand Plant Protection Society / Zespri Kiwifruit Scholarship

Production of Actinidia chinensis (kiwifruit) is a billion- dollar industry in New Zealand that is threatened by various pests and diseases. Armoured scale insects, leafroller insects and a disease caused by the bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) all cause economic loss to the kiwifruit industry because of the damage they inflict and the market access restrictions imposed if their presence is detected. Examining the available kiwifruit germplasm pool for resistance to the armoured scale insect (Hemiberlesia lataniae) was identified as
 a promising first step towards introgression of resistance into future kiwifruit cultivars. To integrate resistance alleles into current and future breeding programmes efficiently, robust markers linked to resistance genes need to be identified.
 Casey Flay, recipient of the NZPPS/Zespri Kiwifruit Scholarship, is a PhD student at Massey University. In the first year of his PhD, Casey studied H. lataniae scale resistance markers in a small family of A. chinensis var. chinensis from breeding populations at the New Zealand Institute of Plant & Food Research. Markers were identified for this population that were associated with phenotype and were validated in a related population. To test these markers in a diverse background, four families made from a cross of wild-sourced material was phenotyped. All the seedlings resulting from crossing resistant parents with a tolerant parents were resistant to H. lataniae. However, further work is required to backcross resistant progeny with susceptible parents before marker information can be associated with phenotype. Ongoing work includes studying H. lataniae resistance as well as resistance to the brownheaded leafroller (Ctenopseustis obliquana) in a large kiwifruit population which is segregating for resistance to both H. lataniae and C. obliquana. Loci responsible for each type of resistance will be identified and a detailed quantitative trait locus (QTL) map generated. This process will allow markers to be developed to target these QTLs, enabling them to be robust tools for resistance breeding. Casey will also study the effects of Psa on the kiwifruit germplasm collection at Plant & Food Research. Selection mapping will be used to assess alleles that are removed from the germplasm population as a consequence of Psa infection. Results of this work will provide information on the sections of the kiwifruit genome that confer tolerance or susceptibility to Psa, enabling breeders to enhance breeding
 for resistance to Psa.
 Breeding for resistance to biotic threats that are currently targeted by chemical sprays is a reasonable move toward a healthier, cheaper and more environmentally friendly form of food production. This will benefit organic producers and conventional producers alike by reducing market access issues, decreasing the need for pest control, and decreasing the real and perceived risks associated with spray residues, resulting in increased market appeal and economic returns.
 This one-off NZPPS/Zespri Kiwifruit Scholarship was possible thanks to Zespri. It was funded by the proceeds of a symposium on Psa held in Palmerston North in 2016 run jointly by Zespri and the New Zealand Plant Protection Society.

The WTO Transparency Obligations and China

When it acceded to the WTO in 2001, China accepted comprehensive transparency obligations as well as substantive commitments covering both market access and rules issues. Initially designed to deal with the opaque trade law regime, the transparency obligations were also expected to help democratize the legislative process and promote the development of the rule of law in China. Now that more than 15 years have passed, have the transparency obligations fulfilled their original promises? This article answers the question by reviewing how the transparency obligations have worked in practice. It notes that, while transparency has improved in some areas, it is still lacking in other areas. The article discusses the reasons for the uneven progress, and concludes with some advice on how transparency may be further enhanced.

Market Access for African Agricultural Exports: Assessment of the AoA and SPS Agreements

Agriculture plays a critical role in the majority of African Countries’ economy. The sector is not only a major employer but also a significant source of export earnings and hence it has a high multiplier effect. This very fact makes agricultural market access issues of major concern to African countries.This paper aimed at assessing the agricultural market access challenges of African countries through reviewing pertinent literature, WTO Agreements on agriculture (AOA) and the Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures and recent developments at the Doha round of trade negotiations.While through the adoption of the AoA, WTO members have brought agricultural trade to a new phase of remarkable reform, African agricultural exports still face significant challenges (both tariff and non-tariff). Particularly, African small holder farmers’ exports hardly penetrate into major export markets due to ever increasing complex nature of SPS measures administered by those markets although a number of preferential market access regimes are available to them. It also appears that the Doha round, on the basis of the different modalities in motion, offers little to most of African countries, leaving “aid for trade” as an important supplementary policy for the round to be pro-development, as it purports to be. Presented at the SIEL 2010 Conference in Barcelona.

Payer Management Of High-Cost Brand-On-Brand Combination Therapies In Oncology

In recent years, brand-on-brand combinations of high-cost therapies have become a reality in the oncology space, particularly in areas such as multiple myeloma. The synergistic value of combining drugs with complementary mechanisms of action is expected to considerably bolster the benefit to the patient; however, the cost of using branded combinations increases exponentially due to the longer treatment duration, therefore making the regimen unaffordable. This research aims to explore pricing and market access issues that health systems have encountered during the evaluation of such therapies and potential solutions to make these regimens more affordable. In-depth reviews of published sources were conducted, including a thorough analogue assessment. Primary research interviews with fifteen payers in the EU5 markets were conducted to support analysis and conclusions; payers were selected based on their involvement in the pricing and market access processes in their respective country and to reflect the different layers of decision-making (national, regional and/or local). The majority of drugs included within brand-on-brand combinations are already perceived as expensive in monotherapy, therefore, willingness to pay for a combined regimen is low. Payers are increasingly looking to innovative pricing models beyond simple discounts and in agreement with different manufacturers of the various therapies including within combination regimens in order manage budget impact. However, the complexity of the agreements and potentially unfair reflection of the value-based price for individual drugs is problematic. Aligning the differing priorities of patients, payers and manufacturers is critical for finding mutually beneficial solutions. The operating models of both payers and manufacturers will require innovation in order to meet these increasing needs.

Overcoming the SPS concerns of the Bangladesh fisheries and aquaculture sector

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to address the challenges developing countries face in attempting to balance sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) health and safety measures against concerns about protectionism, illustrated by the impact of trade barriers on the fisheries and aquaculture sector in Bangladesh. The paper then provides recommendations to overcome the effects of these trade barriers.Design/methodology/approachThe author uses a close doctrinal approach for the first three parts of the paper by analysing the provisions of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) SPS Agreement and the effect of those provisions in creating domestic compliance gaps in the Bangladeshi fisheries and aquaculture sector. A qualitative approach is then adopted in suggesting potential reforms and future directions to assist the Bangladeshi fisheries and aquaculture sector overcome SPS trade barrier issues.FindingsTo overcome the market access issues created by SPS trade barriers, Bangladesh and other developing countries require multilateral assistance, accommodation by trading partners and internal reforms. This includes reforming internal governance structures, improving trade participation and negotiation, increasing infrastructure investment and learning from similar countries who have improved their supply chain management.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper will have significant implications by contributing to law and policy reform debates involving international trade law and domestic compliance gaps. It will also assist other developing countries that experience SPS trade barriers to learn from the experience of the Bangladeshi fisheries and aquaculture sector.Practical implicationsThis paper has practical implications by providing recommendations for how Bangladesh can overcome SPS trade barriers and improve its market access. This will help Bangladesh integrate into the global trading system by enhancing its participation in the SPS framework.Social implicationsBy addressing and providing recommendations for the SPS trade barrier challenges faced by Bangladesh fishery and aquaculture sector, this paper provides a framework to improve the economic development and global competitiveness of the industry. This will contribute the gross domestic product growth and help increase the overall living standards of the people involved in the fisheries and aquaculture business in Bangladesh.Originality/valueThis paper is an original work that has not been published elsewhere. It is the first time a paper has dealt with the legal, policy and compliance challenges faced by the fisheries and aquaculture sector in Bangladesh.

Harmonization of Market Conditions in Provision of Freight Forwarding

The paper deals with the issue of different market access for the transport procurement in the EU in context of open market of providing forwarding services. It highlights different requirements of market access in freight forwarding. The article proposes conditions of market access unification in freight forwarding based on analysis of the existing situation. It also refers to the different responsibility of freight forwarder depending on membership in the national associations of freight forwarders. The contribution analyses the limitation of liability in freight forwarding and shows differences in contract of freight forwarding for particular shipments by model examples. There is also pointed to the need for the development of uniform freight forwarding conditions in the EU.

Advances and challenges in value chain development in ‘Kinnow’ mandarin and mango industries of Pakistan

'Kinnow' mandarin and mango are the leading fruit industries of Pakistan. Although, these industries differ in geographic and socio-economic aspects they do, however, share some inherent issues in production (finance, nurseries, management, quality, etc.) and diverse challenges in postharvest (skilled labour, infrastructure, etc.) and marketing (domestic and export). The 'Kinnow' industry is concentrated in central to upper Punjab Province, with smaller production units, but more developed in terms of infrastructure and export marketing; the mango industry is spread over a 600-km belt in the south across two provinces (Punjab and Sindh), with larger production units but lesser developed area. The value chain development in 'Kinnow' industry has been mainly led by the private sector and has become a unique example for other prospective horticultural industries. Developments in the mango industry are more recent and mainly institutionally driven through various international and national projects. The majority of the orchards in both commodities are contracted and marketing is done through commission agents. However, the trend is changing now with direct buying by exporters. In mangoes, more recent on-farm infrastructural developments and capacity building have provided impetus for farm-direct export by growers but they are still constrained by issues such as finance, skilled labour and market linkages. A common feature of the two industries is migrant skilled labour for harvesting, grading and packing, which mostly comes from southern Punjab and moves from lower Sindh, starting with the mango harvest in May, and continues through summer working in Punjab for mangoes, then after a pause (October) moves to the 'Kinnow' industry, where it continues until March. While 'Kinnow' has better shipping life and a comparatively stable market, export marketing remains challenging due to increasing competition and changing requirements and market access issues. Mango, with limited harvest window and shelf life has many postharvest management and marketing issues, although gaining momentum due to its exotic taste and various value-added products, and developments in its prospects for sea-freighting to distant markets like Europe. This analysis of two industries provides useful lessons for future developments and policy formulation for other industries in Pakistan and in other less industrialized countries.

Market Access in Freight Forwarding and Responsibility of Freight Forwarder

The paper deals with the issue of different market access for the transport procurement in the EU in context of open market of providing forwarding services. The paper highlights different requirements of market access in freight forwarding. It also refers to the different responsibility of freight forwarder depending on membership in the national associations of freight forwarders. The contribution analyses the limitation of liability in freight forwarding and shows differences in contract of freight forwarding for particular shipments by model examples.

Levelling the playing field with Pacific Island horticultural market access

Pacific island countries have not been part of the horticultural “revolution” that has driven broadly based growth in other comparable regions (e.g., East Africa). The disappointing performance of Pacific island horticultural exports can be explained by a combination of factors, which include the inability to resolve phyto-sanitary and other market access issues. Two case studies of exports to Australia are examined: Fiji fresh taro and ginger. Both products have market access but it is not economical to ship because of the unreasonable severity of the quarantine protocols in place. The WTO/International Sanitary and phyto-sanitary (SPS) Agreement principles of consistency and equivalence in phyto-sanitary measures and their application, are seen as relevant in these cases. Yet the “tyranny” of unequal size and available resources means there is little likelihood of a small country from the Pacific island countries mounting a successful challenge. The reform of such trade barriers needs to be negotiated in a broader political and economic context. The paper makes recommendations for mechanisms to “level the playing field” to facilitate Pacific island horticulture exports.

The role of globalization in drug development and access to orphan drugs: orphan drug legislation in the US/EU and in Latin America

Compared to a decade ago, nearly three times as many drugs for rare diseases are slated for development. This article addresses the market access issues associated with orphan drug status in Europe and the United States in contrast to the legislation in five Latin American (LA) countries that have made strides in this regard--Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, Chile and Argentina. Based on the success of orphan drug legislation in the EU and US, LA countries should strive to adopt similar strategies with regard to rare diseases and drug development. With the implementation of new targeted regulations, reimbursement strategies, and drug approvals, accessibility to treatment will be improved for people afflicted with rare diseases in these developing countries.

The role of globalization in drug development and access to orphan drugs: orphan drug legislation in the US/EU and in Latin America.

Compared to a decade ago, nearly three times as many drugs for rare diseases are slated for development. This article addresses the market access issues associated with orphan drug status in Europe and the United States in contrast to the legislation in five Latin American (LA) countries that have made strides in this regard--Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, Chile and Argentina. Based on the success of orphan drug legislation in the EU and US, LA countries should strive to adopt similar strategies with regard to rare diseases and drug development. With the implementation of new targeted regulations, reimbursement strategies, and drug approvals, accessibility to treatment will be improved for people afflicted with rare diseases in these developing countries.

Novel Pathotypes of Elsinoë australis Associated with Citrus australasica and Simmondsia chinensis in Australia

Molecular phylogenetic analysis, morphology and pathogenicity to citrus fruit were used to study two isolates of Elsinoe australis associated with scab-like symptoms on a fruit of Citrus australasica (finger lime) and Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba) in Australia. In addition to being associated with finger lime, the isolate from finger lime could cause scab symptoms on C. × aurantium cv. Murcott tangor in pathogenicity tests, but could not cause scab symptoms on the other orange, mandarin, lemon or grapefruit tested. Pathogenicity tests also support previous studies showing the isolate from jojoba could not produce symptoms on fruit of C. natsudaidai. Based on the findings of this study, two novel pathotypes of E. australis are designated from Australia; namely the Finger Lime (FL) pathotype associated with finger lime, and the Jojoba Black Scab (JBS) pathotype associated with black scab of jojoba. The significance of these novel E. australis pathotypes on market access and biosecurity issues for citrus are briefly discussed.

Market Access in International Electricity Trade: Is the Light On?

The issue of market access in international electricity trade deserves some scholarly attention, particularly in the light of the increasing commitment in combating climate change globally. The ongoing climate change problem represents both a challenge for the world and an opportunity for investors in the electricity sector. In crystallizing this opportunity, investors must bear in mind how much are the lights on in the markets where they would like to invest, which in turn should take them to look at the rules on market access that are explained in this article. Likewise, investors, governments, and businessmen alike should take into account what is the level of market access that prevails in their main export markets, even beyond the climate change problem. Against this backdrop, this article examines market access rules in international electricity trade under WTO Law and relevant regional trade arrangements. The ultimate goal of this piece is to flesh out the actual level of market access that prevails in the world for international electricity trade.

The TISA Initiative: An Overview of Market Access Issues

The plurilateral negotiations on a Trade in Services Agreement ( TISA) have attracted much attention in trade policy circles. Policy and economic implications are intensely debated given the number and economic importance of participants. This article aims to provide insights into the market access issues arising in such negotiations. Should TISA negotiations result in participants exchanging the best commitments they have so far undertaken in their preferential trade agreements (PTAs) - a reasonable starting point -,TISA market access commitments would go well beyond commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and services offers tabled in the Doha Round. While this would be in itself a significant outcome (especially in terms of predictability and stability), we also highlight, however, that the real economic benefits would be reduced by the fact that a number of participants have already exchanged significant concessions amongst themselves through bilateral PTAs. Further, and more importantly, exchanging 'best PTA' commitments would not meet the participants' most important export interests. These have often remained unaddressed in many of the previous bilateral negotiations or involve countries not currently participating in TISA. Addressing better these export interests would require going beyond an exchange of 'best PTA' commitments among TISA participants - with the more difficult policy and negotiating decisions that this implies - and/or seeking to expand the group of participants. We also discuss the different forms that such a plurilateral agreement may take vis-à-vis the WTO framework.

PROLIFERATION OF NON-TARIFF MEASURES IN CHINA — THEIR RELEVANCE FOR ASEAN

This paper explores various non-tariff measures (NTMs) that co-exist in China and that directly influence imports into the country. Given the intensity and scope of technical measures imposed by China, the directional impacts of technical barriers to trade (TBTs) on bilateral Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)-China exports are investigated empirically using an augmented gravity model. The results imply that Chinese TBTs do have some trade depressing effects from the ASEAN perspective. However, sectoral trade effects of TBTs are important as dual effects exist even within some TBT intensive product groups. This informs the policy debate on the effects of NTMs from the ASEAN-China perspective more specifically, and the "South–South" context more generally on two fronts. First, the identification of specific trade restricting measures for the affected sectors will assist in determining policy priorities within the ASEAN-China context. Second, trade facilitation measures that increase the business costs to the ASEAN exporters also warrant attention in addressing the scale of market access issues in China.

Apec's Regional Economic Integration Agenda and the Evolution of Economic Integration in the Asia-Pacific Region

In the early years of the twenty-first century proposals reflecting two distinct “visions” of Asia-Pacific integration were being advanced for consolidating the regional trade architecture through the establishment of region-wide trade agreements. The rise of East Asian regionalism was reflected in proposals for an East Asian Free Trade Area (EAFTA) and Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia (CEPEA), envisaged as major elements in an agenda for building an economically integrated East Asian region. APEC’s “trans-Pacific vision”, of integrating economies on both sides of the Pacific through achievement of APEC’s Bogor goals of free trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region, was refreshed in modified form with the proposal for a Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific (FTAAP), conceived in principle as a free trade agreement embracing all APEC members.In 2006 APEC leaders sought to emphasise complementarity between the two “visions” by formally adopting a Regional Economic Integration agenda in which the FTAAP was recognized as a “long-term prospect”. At Yokohama in 2010 the leaders set out the way forward in more concrete terms, when they unambiguously endorsed the FTAAP as the end-point to be reached in the evolution of the Asia-Pacific regional trade architecture, while at the same time endorsing a “two-track” approach to its eventual achievement. The leaders stated that achievement of the FTAAP is to be based on progress made within both a “trans-Pacific track”, represented by the Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP), involving economies from both sides of the Pacific, and an “East Asian track”, now represented by the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), a successor initiative to the EAFTA and CEPEA, with participation at this stage limited to the sixteen “ASEAN Plus Six” economies on the western side of the Pacific. Six of the 21 APEC economies are currently participating in both “tracks”, while four are participating in neither track. Four of the RCEP participants are not members of APEC.The leaders left open the question of how the two “tracks” might evolve and eventually converge into the FTAAP. In the meantime, attention is focused on the substance of the TPP and RCEP agreements being negotiated within each “track”, and their implications both for the size and distribution of the prospective economic benefits of each agreement, and for the prospects of each agreement for gaining acceptance from other economies in the Asia-Pacific region as the “model” for the eventual FTAAP.Of the two agreements, the TPP at this stage appears to have the more ambitious and comprehensive agenda. After three years negotiations have advanced to the point where failure, while still possible, would be a major surprise, but there are many sensitive issues remaining to be resolved. In addition to the expected market access issues of particular sensitivity to individual participating economies, other highly sensitive issues involve rules of origin, intellectual property, pharmaceutical evaluation pricing and subsidy programmes, management of electronic data flows, labour and environment. These and other issues are discussed in detail in the paper. How these issues are eventually resolved will be important in determining both the extent to which the TPP lives up to its stated ambition of being a “high quality” agreement and also its prospects of being accepted as a “model” for an eventual FTAAP.The RCEP negotiations are only just beginning. It is correspondingly more difficult to evaluate its likely content and its potential as a basis for the eventual FTAAP. It appears likely that the most substantive provisions will be those on trade in goods, trade in services, and investment, prospects for which are analysed in detail in the paper. In these areas the RCEP faces formidable challenges in consolidating existing arrangements among the participating economies to a level that would mark an impressive step towards the eventual FTAAP. On the other hand the RCEP may be better placed than the TPP to develop rules of origin that foster deep integration among the production systems of participating economies. Provisions on intellectual property and competition policy are included in the proposed content of the RCEP, but it would be a surprise if these provisions approach the depth of commitment being sought in the TPP. Like the TPP before it, RCEP faces all the issues involved in establishing agenda priorities and modalities for negotiating an agreement among countries that in many cases are already linked by existing agreements, or in some cases by ongoing negotiations. The complexities and difficulties will be compounded by the likelihood that the participating economies will come to the negotiations with widely divergent levels of ambition. Especially under these conditions ASEAN’s determination that the RCEP should be an ASEAN-led process also means that RCEP negotiations could turn out to a defining test of ASEAN’s ability to maintain its leadership role in regional economic integration.

AMNOG – Erste Erfahrungen und mögliche Auswirkungen auf die Klinische Forschung

Background and ObjectiveOn January 1st 2012 the German Law for Reforming the Market for Pharmaceuticals (Arzneimittelverordnungsgesetz: AMNOG) came into force. This law stipulated an early benefit assessment for new drugs for the first time. The acknowledgement of an additional benefit compared to the standard of care is a precondition for price negotiations with payers. 13 Pharmaceutical companies, launching a new agent in 2011, provided 19 benefit assessment dossiers to the Federal Joint Committee. The German Scientific Association for Market Access (DFGMA) decided to execute an expert survey as early as possible. The aim of the expert survey was to explore experiences during the compilation of the early benefit dossier, the implication of the law on clinical research and the requirements for the benefit assessment process.Method10 experts, directly involved in the production of the early benefit dossier, from 9 pharmaceutical companies reported in telephone interviews of about 60 minute duration on their experiences, and discussed possible implications.ResultsThe most important issues are: (a) the appropriate comparator set forth by the G-BA (Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss), (b) post-hoc groupings of subgroups and subgroup analyses and, (c) exclusion of surrogate parameters. The criteria for the selection of the appropriate comparator are not clearly defined. Without clinical trials with the required comparator it seems to be nearly impossible to get a positive benefit assessment. Post-hoc subgroup analyses are critical for methodological reasons, because for unplanned subgroups the numbers for statistical analyses are inadequate and the results are lacking appropriate confidence levels. The exclusion of surrogate parameters also dilutes the results of clinical trials.ConclusionThe requirements of the early benefit assessment in Germany should be considered in the very early phases of the development of a new drug. For pipeline candidates in phase I a sound analysis of reimbursement and market access issues should be performed. Phase II should include a much broader investigation than nowadays of the potential of the new agent, i.e. searching for patient groups with higher risk or special benefits, proof of concept studies optionally with several comparators and the assessment of appropriate patient relevant endpoints. Phase III trials must aim for superiority at least for a specified patient group.With regard to the benefit assessment process, improved coordination and unification of the requirements for the regulatory and reimbursement authorities seem to be desirable. The requirements should be clear, pragmatic and feasible to ensure medical innovations in Germany.

Is There a Linkage Between Sustainable Development and Market Access of LDCs?

AbstractThis article revisits the decades-long trade–sustainable development debate in the context of Rio+20 and its endorsement of green economy policy. It aims to grapple with the possible linkages between LDCs’ market access regime and the concept of sustainable development itself. Conflicting perceptions of developed and least developed country (LDC) members of the WTO as to the conceptual basis of sustainable development, this article argues, explain the challenges LDCs face in the form of impediments to their market access. By examining the specific market access issues, this article reveals how developed countries’ concerns for sustainable development turn out to be market access barriers for LDCs. As the call for transition to green economy could exacerbate some of these concerns of LDCs, the article suggests a common ground, where a balanced trading regime can be most productively envisioned through a reasoned discourse of market access for LDCs linked with a conceptual route of sustainable development.

Manage or convert Boswellia woodlands? Can frankincense production payoff?

African dry forests provide non-timber forest products (NTFPs) of high commercial value, such as frankincense and gum arabic. Nonetheless, their deforestation and conversion to croplands is intensifying. Expected higher financial return from crop production is a main driver of conversion, but research supporting this underlying claim is scarce. We compared the financial returns for two crop production options (sesame and cotton) and forest use, in a dry forest area known for its frankincense production in northern Ethiopia. Net revenue was highest for sesame and lowest for cotton agricultural use. The forest based revenue was intermediate. The revenues from the crop production options were more sensitive to a range of uncertainties than the forest land use. Our results show that forest land use that includes commercial NTFPs is financially competitive to some commercial crop options and offers returns of better reliability. The hypothesis that forest based revenues are lower than crop based ones is not supported by our results. Therefore, the continued deforestation of dry forests cannot be explained by lower returns alone, but other factors such as awareness, market access, property right and institutional issues may also play a role to drive deforestation and conversion of dry forests to croplands.

Proliferation of Non-Tariff Measures in China – Their Relevance for ASEAN

This paper explores the various non-tariff measures (NTMs) that co-exist in China and that directly influence imports into the country. Given the intensity and scope of technical measures imposed by China, the directional impacts of technical barriers to trade (TBTs) on bilateral ASEAN-China exports are investigated empirically using an augmented gravity model. The results imply that Chinese TBTs do have some trade depressing effects from the ASEAN perspective. However, sectoral trade effects of TBTs are important as dual effects exist even within some TBT intensive product groups. This informs the policy debate on the effects of NTMs from the ASEAN-China perspective more specifically, and the “South-South” context more generally on two fronts. First, the identification of specific trade restricting meaures for the affected sectors will assist in determining policy priorities within the ASEAN-China context. Second, trade facilitation measures that increase the business costs to the ASEAN exporters also warrant attention in addressing the scale of market access issues in China.