Constitutional Issues Research Articles

Radioanatomy of the Petrous Bone

The high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan used in the 1980s offers a distinct advantage in interpreting images of the temporal bone. To obtain a right image reconstruction and to provide meaningful information, a certain degree of tilt is required so that radiologists and clinicians can get more real imaging information on structural abnormalities in the temporal bone and its soft tissue constituents. The technique or protocol in HRCT of the temporal bone becomes an essential primary aspect in presenting the analyzed structure, the assessment of the small form of the auditory bones, the soft tissue of the inner ear and the cranial nerves that pass through the temporal bone structure is much easier to analyze, of course with the help of reconstruction according to the HRCT protocol for temporal bone, however, soft tissue evaluation is preferable to MRI. In the end, the standard structure, congenital abnormalities and pathological problems in the temporal bone structure can be identified and informed to the clinician as a step to determine further treatment action.

How does the rights of homosexuals be influenced by sodomy laws in the 1960s and 1970s

The paper examines the fight for homosexual rights in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s, focusing on the significance of the abolition of sodomy laws and their impact on gay individuals. It highlights the cultural and legal context of the era, including the infamous Stonewall Riots of 1969, which sparked widespread activism. The essay delves into notable legal battles, such as Buchanan v. Batchelor, showcasing the efforts to challenge and repeal sodomy laws. Despite initial setbacks, these legal challenges laid the groundwork for future advancements in LGBTQ+ rights by establishing privacy rights as a constitutional issue. The period was crucial in setting the stage for further progress and the eventual dismantling of discriminatory laws against homosexuals.

Collective Wisdom in Constitutional, Informational and Digital Dimensions: on the Concept and Nature of Popular Deliberative Constitutionalism for Public Law

The article discusses the scientific and intellectual origins of collective wisdom in the constitutional, information and digital dimensions, reveals the doctrinal approaches and normative foundations of popular deliberative constitutionalism, the development of an inclusive constitutional paradigm and its significance for the use of procedures and technologies for citizen participation, expert opinion and civil society institutions in the constitutional development, in social transformations, in constitutional changes brought to life by the needs of society and the state. Popular deliberative constitutionalism is identified in the article as a public legal meta-concept that explains the process and need for constitutional involvement of citizens. The author concludes that popular deliberative constitutionalism allows us to better understand the problems of implementing the principle of popular sovereignty in modern democratic states, create an optimal model and consider the forms of exercising the constituent power of the people when implementing constitutional changes. In the article, the author notes that the future of democratic constitutionalism is associated with the creation and use of collective intelligence technologies in the public legal sphere, which, in the context of the development of an algorithmic and information society, combine classical procedures for discussing constitutional issues and the use of aggregated preferences. The practical application of the achievements of natural and artificial intelligence is intended to discuss and resolve issues of public legal significance, is based on co-evolutionary development and leads to the emergence of mini-publics, civil assemblies, and constitutional crowdsourcing.

Calix[6]arene-Functionalized Photonic Hydrogel Biosensor for Naked-Eye Cholesterol Detection Based on Supramolecular Host-Guest Interactions.

Cholesterol (CHO) is an essential constituent of human cellular tissues and a crucial activity indicator for the clinical diagnosis and prevention of various diseases. Abnormal CHO levels can lead to various cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease, cerebral thrombosis, and atherosclerosis. Thus, developing simple and effective methods for CHO detection is of great significance. Herein, a novel calix[6]arene-modified photonic hydrogel biosensor (PAAH@SCX6) was developed for naked-eye monitoring of CHO based on supramolecular host-guest interactions between 4-sulfocalix[6]arene (SCX6) and CHO molecules. This sensor was constructed by embedding Fe3O4 colloidal nanocrystal cluster chains into a poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid) smart hydrogel (PAAH), followed by incorporation of plentiful SCX6 units into the PAAH via hydrogen bonding interactions. The specific recognition of SCX6 to CHO leads to the volume expansion of the hydrogel, causing a shift in the photonic band gap and a change in the hydrogel's structural color. The sensor demonstrated a linear detection range of 2.83-5.20 mM, covering the typical CHO levels in the human body. Importantly, the PAAH@SCX6 biosensor showed high selectivity and satisfactory stability, making it highly suitable for practical applications. Such a photonic hydrogel-based biosensor provides a convenient, simple, and efficient strategy for visual CHO detection.

The Counter-Majoritarian Referendum: Popular Voting Processes and Constitutional Change

ABSTRACT On the one hand, it seems important to bring real citizens into the constitutional processes of making and amending constitutions. This is important in order to foster a sense of ownership and commitment to constitutional principles, have those documents reflect the interests and concerns of ordinary people, and fulfill the principles of popular sovereignty and constituent authority of the people. On the other hand, there are many misgivings about handing over decisional power to the people (for example through referendums) on constitutional issues. The worry here is that these means of bringing citizen into the process are easily hijacked by majoritarian or populist forces and may be used to undermine rather than strengthen principles of constitutional democracy. Constitutions are, among other things, supposed to protect individuals and minorities from majorities. This is the classic tension between democracy and constitutionalism. One solution is to shift ideas of popular sovereignty away from voting and towards fostering public dialogue. In this paper, I argue that one of the most effective ways to foster public dialogue about constitutional essentials is through initiating a referendum. Thus I defend constitutional referendums on the counterintuitive grounds that if properly structured they are effective in promoting the recognition of the limits of majoritarianism.

A theoretical framework for multi-physics modeling of poro-visco-hyperelasticity-induced time-dependent fracture of blood clots

Fracture resistance of blood clots plays a crucial role in physiological hemostasis and pathological thromboembolism. Although recent experimental and computational studies uncovered the poro-viscoelastic property of blood clots and its connection to the time-dependent deformation behavior, the effect of these physical processes on clot fracture and the underlying fracture mechanisms are not well understood. This work aims to formulate a thermodynamically consistent, multi-physics theoretical framework for describing the time-dependent deformation and fracture of blood clots. This theory concurrently couples fluid transport through porous fibrin networks, non-linear visco-hyperelastic deformation of the solid skeleton, solid-fluid interactions, mechanical degradation of tissues, gradient enhancement of energy, and protein unfolding of fibrin molecules. The constitutive relations of tissue constituents and the governing equation of fluid transport are derived within the framework of porous media theory by extending non-linear continuum thermodynamics at large strains. A physics-based, compressible network model is developed for the fibrin network of blood clots to describe its mechanical response. The kinetic equations of the internal variables, introduced for describing the non-linear viscoelastic deformation, non-local damage driving force and protein unfolding, are formulated according to the thermodynamics principles by incorporating a non-equilibrium energy of fibrin networks, a gradient-enhanced energy, and a stretch-induced energy of fibrin molecules, respectively, into the total free energy density function. An energy-based damage model is developed to predict the damage and fracture of blood clots, and an evolving regularization parameter is proposed to limit the damage zone bandwidth. The proposed model is implemented into finite element code by writing subroutines and is experimentally validated using single-edge cracked clot specimens with different constituents. The fracture of blood clots subject to different loading conditions is simulated, and the mechanisms of clot fracture are systematically analyzed. Computational results show that this model can accurately capture the experimentally measured deformation and fracture. The viscoelasticity and fluid transport play essential roles in the fracture of blood clots under physiological loading.

Care as a constitutional value

Abstract This article explores the potential of regarding care as a constitutional issue, rather than addressing it solely through legislation, the family, or the market. It is argued that care is best regarded as a constitutional value, reflecting the reality of our interdependence, and functioning as a crucial counterweight to the fiction that individual freedom can be constituted independently of our social relations. Care as a constitutional value should be regarded as complementing express constitutional commitments to freedom, dignity, and equality, recognizing that relationships are constitutive of the self, and that individuals are partly constituted by society. Just as freedom, dignity, and equality perform important expressive functions in a constitution, so the recognition of care, implicit or explicit, signals the foundational importance of care to everyone throughout our lives and to society’s ability to reproduce itself. Care as a constitutional value should permeate the interpretation of constitutional and other provisions, and enhance accountability for care-related decisions, encouraging decision-makers to pay attention to care, and prompting courts to interpret constitutional and legislative measures with the value of care in mind. In this way, the gaps in welfare law, labor law, and free market regulation can be addressed to face the challenges of care. Equally importantly, care as a constitutional value can act as a catalyst for political activism, legitimizing grassroots campaigns for better recognition of care. This article is normative and exploratory. At the same time, its propositions are tested against constitutional jurisprudence in India, South Africa, Canada, and the United Kingdom.

Image Framing of Indonesia's Constitutional Court in Tempo.co News (18-27 October 2023)

The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia (MK) plays a crucial role in reviewing laws against the 1945 Constitution and resolving election disputes, ensuring adherence to constitutional principles. Tempo.co, a prominent media outlet, has extensively covered the MK, especially following the recent controversy over the Court's ruling on age limits for presidential and vice-presidential candidates. This research examines how Tempo.co frames its coverage of the MK using Robert N. Entman’s framing analysis model, alongside agenda-setting theory and media reality construction theory. Applying a qualitative methodology, the study analyzes Tempo.co’s news articles from October 18 to October 27, 2023. The analysis reveals that Tempo.co employs various framing techniques consistent with Entman's model, which influences public perception through agenda-setting by emphasizing specific aspects of the MK’s activities. Additionally, the coverage constructs a particular narrative about the MK's role and decisions. To ensure data validity, thorough checks were performed. Findings indicate that Tempo.co’s headlines generally maintain neutrality and do not exhibit overt political bias, focusing on the institution’s functions. This research offers insights into how media framing, through Entman's model, agenda-setting, and reality construction, shapes the portrayal of significant constitutional issues and affects public understanding of the MK.

Vaginal Tissue Engineering via Gelatin-Elastin Fiber-Reinforced Hydrogels.

The vagina is a fibromuscular tube-shaped organ spanning from the hymenal ring to the cervix that plays critical roles in menstruation, pregnancy, and female sexual health. Vaginal tissue constituents, including cells and extracellular matrix components, contribute to tissue structure, function, and prevention of injury. However, much microstructural function remains unknown, including how the fiber-cell and cell-cell interactions influence macromechanical properties. A deeper understanding of these interactions will provide critical information needed to reduce and prevent vaginal injuries. Our objectives for this work herein are to first engineer a suite of biomaterials for vaginal tissue engineering and second to characterize the performance of these biomaterials in the vaginal microenvironment. We successfully created fiber-reinforced hydrogels of gelatin-elastin electrospun fibers infiltrated with gelatin methacryloyl hydrogels. These composites recapitulate vaginal material properties, including stiffness, and are compatible with the vaginal microenvironment: biocompatible with primary vaginal epithelial cells and in acidic conditions. This work significantly advances progress in vaginal tissue engineering by developing novel materials and developing a state-of-the-art tissue engineered vagina.

Computational analysis of heart valve growth and remodeling after the Ross procedure.

During the Ross procedure, an aortic heart valve is replaced by a patient's own pulmonary valve. The pulmonary autograft subsequently undergoes substantial growth and remodeling (G&R) due to its exposure to increased hemodynamic loads. In this study, we developed a homogenized constrained mixture model to understand the observed adaptation of the autograft leaflets in response to the changed hemodynamic environment. This model was based on the hypothesis that tissue G&R aims to preserve mechanical homeostasis for each tissue constituent. To model the Ross procedure, we simulated the exposure of a pulmonary valve to aortic pressure conditions and the subsequent G&R of the valve. Specifically, we investigated the effects of assuming either stress- or stretch-based mechanical homeostasis, the use of blood pressure control, and the effect of root dilation. With this model, we could explain different observations from published clinical studies, such as the increase in thickness, change in collagen organization, and change in tissue composition. In addition, we found that G&R based on stress-based homeostasis could better capture the observed changes in tissue composition than G&R based on stretch-based homeostasis, and that root dilation or blood pressure control can result in more leaflet elongation. Finally, our model demonstrated that successful adaptation can only occur when the mechanically induced tissue deposition is sufficiently larger than tissue degradation, such that leaflet thickening overrules leaflet dilation. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that G&R based on mechanical homeostasis can capture the observed heart valve adaptation after the Ross procedure. Finally, this study presents a novel homogenized mixture model that can be used to investigate other cases of heart valve G&R as well.

Bio-spectroscopic investigation linking changes of retinal structure with short-term administration of Amiodarone and revealing the ameliorative effect of vitamin E supplementation

Long term use of Amiodarone (AMIO) is associated with the development of ocular adverse effects. This study investigates the short term effects, and the ameliorative consequence of vitamin E on retinal changes that were associated with administration of AMIO. This is accomplished by investigating both retinal structural and conformational characteristics using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Fundus examination. Three groups of healthy rabbits of both sexes were used; the first group served as control. The second group was orally treated with AMIO (160 mg /kg body weight) in a daily basis for two weeks. The last group orally received AMIO as the second group for two weeks then, oral administration of vitamin E (100 mg/kg body weight) for another two weeks as well. FTIR results revealed significant structural and conformational changes in retinal tissue constituents that include lipids and proteins due to AMIO administration. AMIO treatment was associated with fluctuated changes (increased/decreased) in the band position and bandwidth of NH, OH, and CH bonds. This was concomitant with changes in the percentage of retinal protein constituents in particularly α-helix and Turns. AMIO facilitates the formation of intra-molecular hydrogen bonding and turned retinal lipids to be more disordered structure. In conclusion, the obtained FTIR data together with principal component analysis provide evidence that administration of vitamin E following the treatment with AMIO can ameliorate these retinal changes and, these biophysical changes are too early to be detected by Fundus examination.

ANATOMICAL DEVELOPMENT AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF STERIL OVULE MELINJO (Gnetum gnemon L.)

In this section, the abstract must be written in English. Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) is a plant that grows and spreads throughout Indonesia. This plant is widely cultivated because of its economic value. The purpose of this study was to determine the anatomical development of sterile melinjo ovule at the tip, middle and base of the female strobili and to determine the content of secondary metabolites in melinjo sterile ovule. The material used is sterile ovulum melinjo at the tip, middle and base of the female strobilus. In observing the anatomical development of sterile melinjo ovule, preparations were made using the paraffin method, single staining, and observed under a microscope. The anatomical data of the sterile ovule were analyzed descriptively. Observation of secondary metabolite content was carried out through histochemical tests, then observed with a light microscope and the results of the observations were documented using OptiLab. The results of observing anatomical development show that at different ages of melinjo sterile ovule there are structural differences in the constituent tissues. The results of observations on anatomical development show that at different ages the melinjo sterile ovule has structural differences in its constituent tissue, the more mature the melinjo sterile ovule, the constituent tissue is increasingly degraded. Histochemical test results showed that the sterile melinjo ovule contained secondary metabolites of phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and alkaloids.

아시아 헌법재판기관간 교류의 현황과 과제 : 아시아헌법재판소연합(AACC)을 중심으로

While the international communications among constitutional courts in Asia take various forms, in terms of multilateral forums, Association of Asian Constitutional Courts and Equivalent Institutions (AACC) is virtually the only one in which 21 constitutional courts or equivalent intstitutions participate. Unlike ordinary courts’ judicial exchanges, communications among judicial bodies in the realm of constitutional adjudication have the unique characteristic of enabling substantial and practical interactions beyond diplomatic and formal aspects. This is because, although the constitution holds the status of domestic law, the substantial content of the constitution, such as the protection of human rights and the separation of powers doctrine, is often common across countries. This characteristic is no exception in the Asian region. In the overall exchanges among constitutional adjudication bodies in Asia, the exchange of experiences and views on substantial constitutional issues occupies a significant proportion. The AACC has three permanent secretariats responsible for administration, research, and education, with the Secretariat for Research and Developmet(AACC SRD) operated by the Constitutional Court of Korea. Despite this, the AACC is not well-known in the domestic academic community. In light of this situation, this paper aims first to examine the basic history and current status of the AACC and AACC SRD. Notably, the AACC SRD has consistently held international research conferences for judges or rapporteur judges every year since 2017, even during the COVID-19 pandemic, and has published research book annually since 2018. This is noteworthy as it is unparalleled in terms of both quantity and quality in the comparative constitutional law studies within the Asian region. The second goal of this paper is to explore ways to address the limitations that the AACC Research Secretariat has exposed, with the perspective that the Constitutional Court of Korea can play a leading role in the development of constitutional law in the Asian region through the AACC SRD, which shapes the substance of exchanges among constitutional courts in Asia. From this perspective, this paper suggests strengthening research capabilities as a means to enhance the operations of the AACC Research Secretariat, specifically by expanding human and material support through measures such as seconding constitutional rapporteur judges to the AACC SRD. This paper specifically underscores the absence of Korean research personnel at the AACC SRD to date and strongly advocates for the inclusion of Korean researchers in its workforce.

Effect of pH on hydroxyapatite coatings obtained by spray pyrolysis and their use as matrices for antibiotic adsorption by spin coating and release properties.

Calcium phosphate materials, particularly hydroxyapatite (HA), are extensively used in biomedical applications because of their prominence as primary inorganic constituents of human hard tissues. This study investigates the synthesis of HA coatings via spray pyrolysis using various precursors, including HA derived from bovine bone. The effects of pH on the formation and properties of HA coatings were systematically examined. Samples exposed to acidic conditions or left without pH adjustment led to the formation of HA, contrasting with the outcomes observed through dissolution methods. Different characterization techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), were employed to evaluate the quality and crystallinity of the coatings. Among the samples, those exhibiting superior crystallinity and nanostructured features, including bovine HA, were selected for further surface functionalization with the antibiotic enrofloxacin using spin coating. As expected, the antibiotic loading on each material's surface depended on the amount of HA deposited on the substrate. However, the desorption results indicated that, in all cases, desorption persisted beyond 38 h, implying that HA-loaded matrices could be effective systems for controlled and prolonged drug release, which could be useful in dental or orthopedic implants for inhibiting the growth of bacterial biofilms.

In vivo optimization of the experimental conditions for the non-invasive optical assessment of breast density

In this study, time domain diffuse optical spectroscopy is performed in the range 600–1100 nm on 11 healthy volunteers with a portable system for the quantitative characterization of breast tissue in terms of optical properties and optically-derived blood parameters, tissue constituent concentrations, and scattering parameters. A measurement protocol involving different geometries (reflectance and transmittance), subject’s positions (sitting and lying down), probing locations (outer, lower, and inner breast quadrants), and source-detector distances (2 and 3 cm) allowed us to investigate the effect of tissue heterogeneity and different measurement configurations on the results with the aim of identifying the best experimental conditions for the estimate of breast density (i.e., amount of fibro-glandular tissue in the breast) as a strong independent risk factor for breast cancer. Transmittance results, that in previous studies correlated strongly with mammographic density, are used as a reference for the initial test of the simpler and more comfortable reflectance measurement configuration. The higher source-detector distance, which probes deeper tissue, retrieves optical outcomes in agreement with higher average density tissue. Similarly, results on the outer quadrants indicate higher density than internal quadrants. These findings are coherent with breast anatomy since the concentration of dense fibro-glandular stroma is higher in deep tissue and towards the external portion of the breast, where the mammary gland is located. The dataset generated with this laboratory campaign is used to device an optimal measurement protocol for a future clinical trial, where optical results will be correlated with conventional mammographic density, allowing us to identify a subset of wavelengths and measurement configurations for an effective estimate of breast density. The final objective is the design of a simplified, compact and cost-effective optical device for a non-invasive, routine assessment of density-associated breast cancer risk.

Analysis of Violations of Grice's Principles of Cooperation in the Mata Najwa Adu Kuat Program on Constitutional Affairs

This research aims to analyze violations of Grice's principles of cooperation in the Mata Najwa program "Strong Fight on Constitutional Issues" and analyze the various responses that arise to violations of Grice's principles of cooperation using Grice's theory. Grice's theory of the principle of cooperation was chosen to analyze the Mata Najwa program because violations of the maxim of the principle of cooperation often occur in everyday communication, including on social media, one of which is the Mata Najwa program. It is felt that Grice's theory of cooperative principles can analyze how communication occurs in the Mata Najwa program. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method using content analysis methods. . The data analysis techniques used in this research are the listening technique and the observing technique. The listening technique was carried out by the researcher repeatedly listening to the video that had been downloaded in the form of the Mata Najwa program video with the theme Strong Fight on Constitutional Issues. Meanwhile, the note-taking technique is carried out by recording conversations which are indeed a data violation of the Grice cooperation principle contained in the Mata Najwa program. The data source in this research is language activities that occurred in the Mata Najwa program with the theme Strong Fight on Constitutional Issues on Thursday 28 March 2024. The results of this research found 70 utterances that violated Grice's principle of cooperation. Of the 70 speech data, there are 23 speeches that violate the maxim of quantity. For maximum quality there are 10 flowing utterances. Furthermore, for the maxim of relevance there are 15 intersecting statements. For the manner/implementation maxim, there are 22 utterances that violate the manner/implementation maxim. The response that emerged after the violation of Grice's principle of cooperation in the Mata Najwa Adu Strong Constitutional Issue program was that the interlocutor often gave a firm attitude, asked for clarification of the statements made, talked about other topics, and some even gave indifferent or indifferent responses.

Act of Grace Payments and the Constitution

This article focuses on a hitherto underexplored but increasingly important area of public expenditure: act of grace payments. Act of grace payments are voluntary, highly discretionary gifts of money made by the executive in the absence of any legal duty to do so. The expenditure on such payments in Australia has been significant, and a lack of transparency creates serious risks to integrity. Further, the cases of Pape v Federal Commissioner of Taxation, Williams v Commonwealth and Williams v Commonwealth [No 2] have transformed the constitutional framework for public expenditure. Accordingly, this article conducts a fine-grained analysis of the constitutional legality of act of grace payments at the Commonwealth, state and territory levels. The authors argue that there are significant constitutional issues with act of grace payments at the Commonwealth level, and that many state-based act of grace payments are likely to be illegal. To address these issues, and to reduce the risk that payments will be made illegally, the authors recommend several legislative and soft law changes.

Self-supervised learning for characterising histomorphological diversity and spatial RNA expression prediction across 23 human tissue types

As vast histological archives are digitised, there is a pressing need to be able to associate specific tissue substructures and incident pathology to disease outcomes without arduous annotation. Here, we learn self-supervised representations using a Vision Transformer, trained on 1.7 M histology images across 23 healthy tissues in 838 donors from the Genotype Tissue Expression consortium (GTEx). Using these representations, we can automatically segment tissues into their constituent tissue substructures and pathology proportions across thousands of whole slide images, outperforming other self-supervised methods (43% increase in silhouette score). Additionally, we can detect and quantify histological pathologies present, such as arterial calcification (AUROC = 0.93) and identify missing calcification diagnoses. Finally, to link gene expression to tissue morphology, we introduce RNAPath, a set of models trained on 23 tissue types that can predict and spatially localise individual RNA expression levels directly from H&E histology (mean genes significantly regressed = 5156, FDR 1%). We validate RNAPath spatial predictions with matched ground truth immunohistochemistry for several well characterised control genes, recapitulating their known spatial specificity. Together, these results demonstrate how self-supervised machine learning when applied to vast histological archives allows researchers to answer questions about tissue pathology, its spatial organisation and the interplay between morphological tissue variability and gene expression.

A Cross-sectional Study on the Prevalence of Cervicogenic Headache amongst University Students

The Cervicogenic Headache Society defines CGH as headache pain that radiates to the head's regions and is mostly caused by nociceptors associated with musculoskeletal disorders. A unilateral headache and neck discomfort resulting from dysfunction of the osseous, disc, and soft tissue constituents of the cervical vertebrae are known as a cervicogenic headache (CGH). It frequently comes with neck pain. Through the trigeminocervical nucleus, pain from the neck can be transmitted to the head. It is anatomically and functionally coherent with the posterior gray columns that constitute these spinal segments, and it extends through the canal of the spinal cord to the C3/4 vertebral column. Convergence refers to the possibility that sensory afferents' input—mainly from the upper 3 cervical nerve roots—may be misinterpreted as discomfort in the head.

Execution the decisions of the constitutional court

The constitutional judiciary is one of the most important constitutional and judicial institutions of the state. It has an important role in resolving lawsuits related to the state’s constitution, or those that have a constitutional dimension, and resolving constitutional issues. Decisions must be decisive and final and have binding force on all constitutional institutions of the state, meaning that they have authority Absolute towards all authorities within the state, in order to comply with and implement the decisions of the constitutional judiciary by state institutions. Having said that, the content of this research under the title (Execution of the decisions of the constitutional court) discusses the form and authoritativeness of the decisions of the constitutional judiciary, and the execution of these decisions by each of the authorities (legislative, executive, and judicial), and overruling by constitutional court with the rulings of the Iraqi Federal Supreme Court.