Issues Of Conflict Research Articles

ARMENIAN-AZERBAIJIAN CONFLICT: CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS AND POLITICAL ASPECT

The issue of the long-term Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict within the framework of the Nagorno-Karabakh region has been studied. The problem of the ethnic polemic of Nagorno-Karabakh as one of the main factors of the confrontation is considered, and the historical roots of its initiation are indicated. The issue of escalation between the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan after the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of the 1980s was analyzed and conclusions were drawn regarding a new wave of confrontation. The classification of official documents and materials for the analysis of the specified problem is given. The importance of the military conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan due to the non-resolution of the Nagorno-Karabakh region issue is emphasized not only for the Central Asian region, but for the whole world. The interest of certain external players in the need to solve the Karabakh problem is considered. The role of international actors in the framework of indirect participation, as well as peacekeeping mission, arbitration, etc. is evaluated. The current state of the military conflict is determined. The chronology and course of hostilities between the Republic of Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan are analyzed. The latest events of the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict in the Nagorno-Karabakh region are considered and the main points of the dynamics of the confrontation are shown, as well as the main decisions made as a result of the anti-terrorist operation of the Azerbaijani army in the Nagorno-Karabash region are highlighted. Possible ways to stabilize the situation and settle the Karabakh conflict are identified, the involvement of civil society and communities on both sides to resolve the interstate problem is especially emphasized, and the importance of a comprehensive solution to both the political and humanitarian aspects of the conflict is emphasized. A significant role in the stabilization of the Nagorno-Karabakh region is given to international organizations in the role of mediators and development of realistic and mutually acceptable solutions.

Peran Teknologi dalam Mengurangi Konflik Bahasa: Tinjauan Solusi Digital

Purpose- This research aims to explore the impact of highly advanced technology in reducing cross-cultural language conflicts, especially in Indonesia, which boasts rich linguistic and cultural diversity. Information technology has significant potential to serve as a catalyst in mitigating language conflicts amid the cultural and linguistic diversity in Indonesia. Design/Methodology/Approach- The research employs a descriptive-analytical literature review method, which highlights various relevant theories supporting an understanding of how technology can play a crucial role in dampening language conflicts. Data collection from literature reviewed by several researchers is conducted to gain a profound understanding of the impact of information technology in mitigating language conflicts among different language and cultural groups. Findings- The findings indicate that information technology serves not only as a tool to reduce conflicts among groups with different linguistic and cultural backgrounds but also as a facilitator in building intercultural and interreligious communication. By exploring digital solutions, it is evident that technology plays a significant role in deepening cross-cultural understanding and strengthening inter-country relationships. With technological advancements, it is expected that these solutions will continue to innovate and contribute to creating a more inclusive and mutually understanding society amidst the linguistic and cultural diversity in Indonesia. Research Limitation/Implications- This research is still in the theoretical realm and does not involve field testing as a comparative method. Nevertheless, this study can be considered as a preliminary step in exploring the role of rapidly developing technology in addressing language conflict issues.

Sen dan Manajemen Dakwah Kajian Dakwah USTAD Syam di TIK TOK

The portrait of da'wah today is in line with technological developments. Where da'i can give da'wah through social media such as YouTube, Facebook, Instagram, and recently the coolest thing is the Tik Tok account. The existence of social media provides a variety of information that can be enjoyed by the public, both about economics, business, education, social matters, conflict issues, and especially about religion. Recently it went viral for a cleric who made the name of his congregation Al-Tiqtoqiyah on TikTok. He is Ustadz Syamsuddin Nur Makka or familiarly known as Ustadz Sam. Jama'ah Al-tiqtoqiyah was officially opened by Ustadz Syam on January 17 2021, in his post (@Syam_elmarusy). This research uses the Net Notrafi method which focuses on the art and management of Ustad Syam's preaching on his Tik Tok account. The research concluded that the art and management of Ustad Syam's preaching on the Tik Tok account presented a new term regarding da'wah media, namely the use of social media such as YouTube, Instagram, Facebook, Tik Tok and other social media as new media for carrying out da'wah. So that the da'wah movement carried out is always dynamic in accordance with current developments and according to the needs of society.

Legitimacy Concerns regarding the Application of Soft Law in International Arbitration in Connection with the Independence and Impartiality of Arbitrators

The growing body of soft law instruments in the field of arbitration may provide us with numerous positive outcomes; however, its application has also gathered a substantial amount of criticism. The present article addresses concerns of legitimacy voiced in today’s arbitral practice and the possible negative consequences of the excessive application of soft law in arbitration. In order to put these concerns into a more concrete perspective, the article discusses these legitimacy questions, focusing on soft law regarding issues of conflicts of interest and the impartiality and independence of arbitrators, and provides the reader with an outlook for the international acceptance and applicability of the International Bar Association’s Guidelines on Conflicts of Interest in International Arbitration.

Economic Conflict Management Education in Bulgaria – Current State and Challenges in the Prism of Industry 5.0 and the Disruptive Technologies

The systematic study of economic conflict issues began in the late 1950s. most especially in the United States and Western Europe. The Economic Conflictology is not well developed and is not yet fully consolidated scientific and educational field. In Bulgaria, economic conflict science is developing unevenly. It can hardly be identified against the background of its similar scientific disciplines. For more than two decades, some departments in economic universities are developing this scientific and pedagogical field. They have been applying and improving models for creation and development of a basic economic conflict culture of the students trained in the Bachelor’s and Master’s degree programs. What are the basic model ideas, what the general results from its applying and prospects for its development are? How this training model contributes to the modernisation of economic education? Finally, how would training in economic conflict studies contribute to an effective transition to Industry 5.0 and addressing the conflicts that disruptive technologies create? These are all types of the questions which this article attempts to answer

Artistic Conflict in the Short Story 'Prince Oldenburg' by Fazil Iskander.

The subject of the study is the examination of artistic conflict in the short story 'Prince Oldenburg' by F. Iskander. The aim of the research is to explore the use of literary devices in conveying the emotions and thoughts of the characters. The relevance of the themes touched upon in the story 'Prince Oldenburg' by F.A. Iskander is manifested in several aspects. Firstly, the narrative addresses issues of ecology, power, and manipulation, which remain relevant in real society. The author raises the problem of the conflict between the pursuit of economic development and progress, and the protection of nature and traditions. This is a topical theme in modern society, where there is a constant confrontation between economic interests and environmental preservation. Secondly, the story discusses issues of social conflicts and misunderstandings. Prince Oldenburg faces a lack of support and understanding from St. Petersburg, as well as resistance from local residents. This reflects the current problems of society related to differences in views, values, and interests among various social groups. The research methodology is based on an analytical approach, involving a detailed analysis of the story's text and reference to the socio-cultural aspects highlighted by the author. The study of the short story 'Prince Oldenburg' by F.A. Iskander introduces novelty in several aspects. Firstly, it analyzes the internal conflicts and external challenges faced by the prince, exploring their interconnection with social and environmental issues. Secondly, the study focuses on the use of literary devices such as dialogues, internal monologues, contrasts, and sarcasm to convey the emotions and thoughts of the characters. This allows for a deeper understanding and analysis of the characters' personalities and motivations, as well as the author's stance on sociocultural and political issues.

Frequency Offset Methods for Large-Scale Deployment of LoRa: A New Strategy to Reduce Data Retransmission

LoRa technology, renowned for its extensive range and robust anti-interference capabilities, has emerged as a linchpin for myriad IoT applications, ranging from agricultural intelligence to smart metering. Yet, its potential for large-scale deployment remains stymied by significant packet conflict issues at the gateway, particularly pronounced in extensive networks involving thousands of endpoints. Such conflicts, exacerbated during network reboots, instigate a domino effect of retransmissions, power consumption, and channel resource wastage, culminating in severely impeded communication efficiency. A pivotal challenge arises from the concurrent data uploads by numerous terminals, coupled with the restrictive uplink channel choices due to limited carrier frequencies and spreading factors. While existing solutions like phase, power, and inherent frequency offsets offer avenues for distinguishing between packet conflicts, they are riddled with practical constraints. This paper introduces a novel approach, leveraging a controlled frequency offset for LoRa symbols. Grounded in the fundamentals of LoRa demodulation, this innovative strategy promises to tackle large-scale congestion without adding system intricacy.

Japa Syndrome: Environmental and Socio-Economic Factors as Drivers of Mass Emigration of Nigerian Youths

The issue of mass emigration is a complex one that is currently affecting young people worldwide. To address this issue, this study was conducted to investigate the factors that influence the mass emigration of youths in Osun State. The study utilized a descriptive survey research method and targeted the youth population in Osun State. A total of 200 respondents were randomly selected from four higher institutions in Osun State. Factors that Influence Mass Emigration (FIME) questionnaire was used as an instrument for data collection. The findings of the study revealed that conflicts over natural resources and insecurity, climate change, and socio-economic factors were responsible for mass emigration among youths in Osun state. A significant difference (p=0.001) was observed between male and female youths' perceptions of the factors that influence mass emigration. The study concluded that environmental and socio-economic factors were responsible for the mass emigration of youths in Osun State. To address these issues, youths should be trained to acquire the necessary 21st-century employability skills. The government should invest in sustainable development programs and address the issues of conflict over natural resources and insecurity to prevent further displacement and ensure that everyone can thrive in their own communities.

What They Are Fighting For – Introducing the UCDP Conflict Issues Dataset

Although conflict issues – the stated goals of actors engaged in conflict – hold a privileged position in many theoretical explanations of the occurrence, dynamics, and resolution of civil war, global issue data are scarce beyond datasets that focus on specific thematic areas. This article aims to bring issues into the forefront of civil war scholarship by presenting the UCDP Conflict Issues Dataset (CID). This global yearly dataset contains 14,832 conflict issues – divided, at the most disaggregated level, into 120 sub-categories – raised by armed non-state groups involved in intrastate armed conflict in 1989-2017. By bringing issues back in, the UCDP CID provides opportunities to reevaluate several central questions about the onset, duration, intensity, and resolution of civil war.

Remaking the ‘angry Narcanned subject’: Affording new subject positions through take-home naloxone training

Naloxone is a medication used to reverse opioid overdose. Alongside its lifesaving effects, it also has a reputation for producing distress, aggression and occasionally violence upon administration. This article analyses how take-home naloxone (THN) training initiatives address naloxone's reputation for producing aggression and conflict, and how new subject positions emerge in the context of this training. While the role of naloxone in producing aggression has been discussed in a range of research, this work emphasises that such conflict is neither inevitable nor even likely because it is contingent on several other issues such as administration practices. Building on this scholarship, we work with Bruno Latour's theorisation of technological ‘affordances’ to analyse THN as a socially co-produced technology that, rather than either determining or neutrally communicating actions and effects, ‘affords’ possibilities, capacities and subjects. Analysing data drawn from observations of THN training in Victoria, Australia, and in-depth interviews with training participants, we argue that the issue of conflict upon revival affords a subject position we term the ‘angry Narcanned subject’. This subject, we note, has come to hold a powerful position in understandings of naloxone, not least because it tends to accord with stereotypes of antisocial drug users. From here, we argue that a much of THN training is focused on challenging and reframing naloxone's reputation for conflict and questioning related subject positions, especially that of the angry Narcanned subject. We argue that this process of challenging and reframing affords two new subject positions for consumers: the ‘capable administrator’ and the ‘calmer revivee’. We conclude that while THN training affords multiple, potentially positive, subject positions, unless these initiatives are accompanied by broader interventions such as decriminalisation campaigns, they may inadvertently responsibilise people who consume opioids for addressing overdose and erase the role of prohibition, criminalisation and stigmatisation in producing overdose events.

Diet of Black-backed Jackal (Canis mesomelas, Schreber, 1775), impacts on livelihood and perceptions of farmers in Konasa Pulasa community conserved forest, omo valley of Ethiopia

BackgroundLivestock depredation by the black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas) occurs widely across Africa. The study on human-jackal conflict is important for conservation efforts in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to investigate the diet of black-backed jackals, to understand their predation effects on domestic livestock and perceptions of farmers’ in the Konasa-Pulasa Community Conserved Forest, Omo Valley of Ethiopia. The study was conducted using scat analysis, questionnaire survey and Focus Group Discussion methods. Livestock depredation and the economic impact of farmers were assessed among 290 randomly selected households. A total of 90 scat samples were collected and analyzed during the dry and wet seasons to identify the diet of jackals.ResultsA total of 624 domestic animals have been lost in the last 5 years (2016–2020). The estimated economic cost of domestic animals lost due to predation by jackals was US $18,180.0 in the last five years, and US $12.5 per year per household. The major diet composition of jackals was of domestic animal origin (45.5%), followed by wild animals (30.8%) in both the dry and wet seasons. However, more prey diversity was recorded during the wet season. The respondents revealed that the causes of black-backed jackal conflict in the study area were higher due to increasing jackal population size (40%). The major traditional mitigation method was guarding (42%). Most of the respondents (48.2%) had negative perceptions towards the conservation of black-backed jackals.ConclusionLivestock depredations by black-backed jackals were the major issue of conflict in the study area. Scat analysis showed that large percentage of domestic animal species remain in the scat of jackals. Livestock losses caused by jackals represent an economic concern for livestock owners in the area. Local people close to the forest boundary were highly vulnerable to domestic animal loss due to predation by jackals. Therefore, improved livestock husbandry methods will be implemented by the local people for effective jackal conservation in Konasa-Pulasa Community Conserved Forest. Understanding the ecological and social dimensions of conflict situations in the area may have important ecological and management implications for the country.

Development and evaluation of a data-driven virtual interdisciplinary workshop to facilitate communication and teamwork in ambulatory medical oncology settings.

551 Background: While adverse events and toxicities related to cancer drug therapy in the ambulatory oncology setting are common and often rooted in communication challenges, few studies have examined the problems of communication or tested tools to improve communication in this unique, high-risk setting. Our objective was to determine the feasibility and acceptability of a virtual interdisciplinary communication Workshop designed to strengthen communication across ambulatory oncology teams members. Methods: Surveys of patients and clinicians in one ambulatory oncology clinic were analyzed and informed the communication intervention: an interdisciplinary virtual Workshop. Workshop evaluation included an implementation survey measure and a structured debrief with Workshop attendees. Workshop content was tailored to address key findings from the patient and clinician survey data, including addressing quality, safety, teamwork, communication, and conflict issues. Results: 87 patients and 56 clinicians participated in pre-workshop surveys that revealed patient satisfaction with timely care and information, yet a range of rating communication experiences with the clinical team. Clinicians perceived a high amount of organizational safety, yet rated discussion of alternatives to normal work processes low. Survey results guided reflection and discussion within the Workshop. Six clinicians participated in the interactive Workshop. Feasibility and acceptability of the virtual Workshop were supported by summative data, along participant suggestions for improvement for the Workshop and a desire for long-term partnership in quality improvement. Conclusions: The patient and clinician surveys coupled with an interactive virtual Workshop were feasible and acceptable in an ambulatory oncology setting. The Workshop identified opportunities for individual- and system-level improvements in interdisciplinary clinical team communication. This promising strategy—incorporating clinic-specific data and communication techniques in a virtual interdisciplinary communication Workshop—requires replication in larger, more diverse practice samples.

Distributed swarm system with hybrid-flocking control for small fixed-wing UAVs: Algorithms and flight experiments

This paper presents a distributed swarm system for small fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). In particular, to perform various missions with multiple UAVs that are densely gathered and collision free, a hybrid-flocking control algorithm is synthesized by using three types of control protocols: vector field guidance (for path following/loitering), augmented Cucker-Smale (ACS) model (for collective flocking behavior), and potential field (for collision avoidance). In particular, to address the issue of conflicts between different control protocols, the adaptive ACS model is proposed and the optimization problem is formulated to determine the suitable mixing weights of control protocols. We also design the transition of multiple operation modes and communication architecture for the swarm system. The system is evaluated using the proposed hybrid-flocking control algorithm by proof-of-concept real flight experiments using 18 small fixed-wing UAVs as well as extensive numerical simulations. Flight experiments are successfully performed for multiple consecutive tasks including the individual task, circular path loitering and elliptical path loitering while avoiding collisions among UAVs.

Conflicts in Marriage Legal Arrangements Differences in Religion Between Laws Islam and Human Rights

In Indonesia, interfaith marriages are still a problem. This is because it not only involves legal conflict issues but also issues of interpretation, psychology, culture, economics, human rights and other related topics. This article presents a discussion regarding the clash of Indonesian legal rules by exploring scientific sources from various sources. This article views Indonesian jurisprudence as a single pattern, the purpose of this article is to show the complexity and dynamics of Indonesian legal regulations regarding interfaith marriages through Islamic legal regulations and human rights. This study focuses on the legal arguments put forward, the legal conflict position taken on the issue of interfaith marriage. In communities that adhere to the Islamic religion and traditional-conservative attitudes, there is no room for interpretation regarding the laws governing interfaith marriages. Even for them, there are no national regulations regarding interfaith marriages or no established norms. The practice of interfaith marriages in Indonesia is because marriage is not strictly and definitely regulated. Rejection of interfaith marriages is classified as discriminatory because it violates human rights principles. Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage, especially Article 2 paragraph (1), refers more to the validity of marriage based on religious and belief law. Article 3 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution and Article 28 of the 1945 Constitution have different standards.

Ethics and Morality.

Ethics and morality are a branch of philosophy dealing with moral principles. Morals conceptualise the tenets of human character or behaviour as good or bad, right or wrong. However, morals are an individual and subjective concept which vary across individuals, cultures and time. Intentions, decisions and actions which may be considered moral by one individual or society may be considered amoral by another. The need for an organised system of guidelines, which can be universally applicable to all members of a society and against which all moral or immoral actions can be judged is the driving factor behind foundation of ethics. A study of ancient Mesopotamian, Greek and Indian cultures over the millennia give a unique insight into ethics as a structural foundation of civilised society. The historical aspect of ethics and ethical systems helps guide present and future generations towards a harmonious and secure society across regional, organizational and global stages. A study of moral philosophy endeavours to classify ethical systems based on various schools of thought which act as the guiding principle on which an ethical system is structured. The major branches of ethical philosophy include descriptive ethics which studies the prevalent ethical and moral standards, normative ethics which evaluates the prevalent moral norms and their interpretation and application, meta-ethics which reevaluates the prevalent ethical systems and applied ethics dealing with ethical considerations specific to a particular field. In this chapter, the authors have attempted to outline the importance of a structured ethical system in various walks of life, including personal, professional and social. A sound ethical system clearly outlines moral versus amoral behaviour, provides an objective means for judging the morality of decisions and actions, provides aids to teaching moral behaviour to new members of a society, defines behaviour of individuals professionally and personally, guides individuals in making decisions over issues of moral conflict or ambiguity and helps maintain structure and order in society so as to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number. The authors also discuss the essential role played by ethics in the life and practice of the modern-day Clinical Orthopaedician.

The Rohingya Influx into Bangladesh’s Cox’s Bazar: Mapping Internal Security Threats

Following the recent 2017 Rohingya influx, Bangladesh now hosts nearly one million Rohingyas. Being persecuted by the Myanmar state machinery and some local vigilantes, they fled for safe refuge in Bangladesh’s Cox's Bazar. Bangladesh sheltered them in 34 overcrowded camps located in the Teknaf and Ukhiya sub-districts of Cox’s Bazar. At present, Rohingyas are counted more than double compared to the local host population in these two areas. This study makes efforts to explicate why and how these stranded Rohingyas can be a security threat to Bangladesh. Theoretically, the study relies on security discourse; ecological and resource scarcity model; and relative deprivation theory. Under the qualitative research approach, the researchers conducted semi-structured interviews mainly with key informants and subject experts to gather field data. The study brings out that this overpopulation has perplexed the security milieu of the country and forecasts multifaceted internal security threats. Thus, the study offers salient policy recommendations to ameliorate the crisis response by neutralizing the identified and forecasted conflictual issues. Social Science Review, Vol. 40(1), Jun 2023 Page 89-107

Revising the First Rough Draft: On Journalism, History, and Journalism History

Media history is more important than ever. Yes, this is true because media are more pervasive, more fundamental to our lives than ever. It is also true because media historians form one of the final bulwarks of fact-based research in a world awash with false claims and fake news. Yet, the importance of media history is not only ontological and methodological. It is also quite practical. This essay speaks directly to those who conduct historical research in the areas of journalism, media, and communication and who make their disciplinary homes in schools of journalism, media studies, and mass communication. This essay argues that such scholars are uniquely positioned to help address issues of conflict between journalists and historians, and offers some strategies for them to do so.

Problems of the initial stage of the Greek Civil War (1946-1949) on the pages of the British press

The subject of the study is the reflection of the problems of the initial stage (1945-1947) of the Greek Civil War of 1946-1949 in the publications of the British media on the example of the central British publications: the Daily Herald (a newspaper that supported the Labour Party), The Times and The Daily Mirror (a supporter of the British Labour Party) and the Yorkshire Observer (a British publication of liberal views). The questions raised are considered in a problem-chronological plan. The article analyzes the topics of articles and problems on Greece raised by these publications, their attitude to the events in this country and the conflicting parties, the depth of coverage of the topic. The main conclusions of the research conducted for the first time in Russian science are that in the British press, in the face of selected publications, when covering issues of the Greek internal political conflict, objectivity and impartiality were not present in all cases. Sometimes the ascertaining side prevailed over the analytical one. In some cases, publications ignored the most important issues for Greece at that time. The reflection of the international aspects of the Greek war in the context of the "cold war" ("promotion" of anti-communist, anti-Soviet motives) was traced. The research materials can be used for further study of the Greek Civil War of 1946-1946, the propaganda aspect of the Cold War and regional conflicts of the postwar period.

Conflict personalization: a systematic literature review and the development of an integrative definition

PurposeScholars and practitioners alike wish to understand what makes workplace conflict beneficial or injurious to, for example, performance and satisfaction. The authors focus on parties’ personal experience of the conflict, which is complementary to studying conflict issues (i.e. task- or relationship-related conflict). Although many authors discuss the personal experience of conflict, which the authors will refer to as conflict personalization, different definitions are used, leading to conceptual vagueness. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to develop an integrative definition of the concept of conflict personalization.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted a systematic literature review to collect definitions and conceptualizations from 41 publications. The subsequent thematic analysis revealed four building blocks that were used to develop an integrative definition of conflict personalization.FindingsThe authors developed the following definition: Conflict personalization is the negative affective as well as cognitive reaction to the self being threatened and/or in danger as a result of a social interaction about perceived incompatibilities.Practical implicationsThe integrative definition of this study enables the development of a measurement instrument to assess personalization during workplace conflict, paving the way for developing effective research-based interventions.Originality/valueConceptual vagueness hampers theoretical development, empirical research and the development of effective interventions. Although the importance of conflict personalization is mentioned within the field of workplace conflict, it has not been empirically studied yet. This paper can serve as the basis for future research in which conflict issue and personal experience are separated.

KONFLIK PEMERINTAH ADAT DAN PEMERINTAH NAGARI DALAM PENGELOLAAN PASAR TRADISIONAL DI NAGARI DUO KOTO

Conflict is one of the social phenomena that occurs in market development. Conflicts can occur as a result of revitalization, development or rejuvenation carried out by the government or market managers. Such a conflict occurred between the Nagari Duo Koto Government and the Traditional Government (KAN Duo Koto) regarding the construction of an acaic market in Nagari Duo Koto. The researcher chose to conduct this research because the hegemony of power between the traditional government and the nagari government in market management has caused conflict, thereby hampering the implementation of market development. The problem in this research is what forms of conflict issues and behavior and the causes of conflict between the Traditional Government and the Nagari Government. Apart from that, this research problem also explains how to resolve conflicts between these two equal institutions. To look at this problem, researchers used Ralph Dahrendorf's conflict theory which explains that conflict between power holders shows the existence of unequal power and a malfunction of the rescue valve.
 The method used is a qualitative method which is descriptive analysis with two data collection techniques, namely in-depth interviews and supported by data documentation. From the results of the analysis, it was concluded that conflict issues emerged and developed related to market development programs not being implemented, and power holders disagreeing in understanding the applicable laws. The causes of the conflict between KAN and the Nagari Government are the existence of interest factors in the implementation of market development, the failure of the rescue valve in the conflict that occurs, gaps in structure or understanding of information, and the mismatch between formal and informal environments which are also causes of conflict. The conclusion from the results of this research is that Ideas and notions that contain various interests in the implementation of village funds in market development are the main cause of conflict.