Issue Of Child Labour Research Articles

Fungsi Dinas Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak Kota Kupang Terhadap Eksploitasi Anak Dibawah Umur Sebagai Pekerja Informal

Exploitation according to Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection is divided into physical, social, sexual and economic exploitation. With the existence of children who work, this is a violation of the right to child protection and child growth and development, which should be at that age the child is still in school and gets a proper education. The phenomenon of underage labor almost occurs in all regions of Indonesia. One of the children's problems that must receive special attention is the issue of child labor. This issue has become global because so many children around the world are already working at school age. In fact, the issue of child labor is not just an issue of children carrying out work with wages, but it is very closely related to exploitation, dangerous work, inhibition of access to education and hindering the physical, psychological and social development of children, even in certain cases and forms of child labor have entered as the qualification of children who work in the most intolerable situations (the intolerable form of child labor). This research is an empirical research that uses primary data and secondary data collected using interview, observation and literature study techniques. The informants in this study are 10 people. The data processing techniques in this study use several techniques, namely editing, coding, tabulation and verification after which the data will be analyzed using qualitative descriptive techniques. The results of this study show that (1) the Kupang City Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Office needs to increase socialization, supervision, and cooperation with the community to effectively prevent and protect minors from exploitation. (2) Budget factors, apparatus resources, and socialization of child protection to the community are factors that hinder the implementation of the functions of the Kupang City Women's Empowerment and Child Protection Office in providing prevention, protection, coaching and empowerment of children.

Child Labor Outside the Family (From the End of the Nineteenth to the First Third of the Twentieth Century)

AbstractThe study reviews the issue of child labor in Hungary with a historical, ethnographic approach, from the perspective of the division of labor within the family, the economic and social situation of the family. For several millenia, children have been involved in some activity within their family and kinship system, according to their age, gender, physical and mental maturity, and have been assigned increasingly complex tasks as part of the process of preparing for adult life and adulthood. When the economic and social unity of families was damaged for whatever reason, crises, poverty, and misery disrupted the natural family division of labor, and children had to seek and work for wages, food, or other benefits, with the approval or even encouragement of their parents. This means that they also played a significant role in families' struggles to survive and overcome poverty, while their exposure and vulnerability increased outside the family framework. The paper will explore the latter form of child labor outside the family.

Stigma management: a counter-accounting of child labour and environmental issues in the mining sector

Stigma management: a counter-accounting of child labour and environmental issues in the mining sector

Compliance of Health and Safety Issues of Child Labour in Bangladesh: A Comparative Study

Bangladesh is a creating and Child Labour is one of the fundamental issues of this country. The fundamental points of this study discover the essential reasons for kids are perceived as kid work and attempt to know the causes behind presence a negative connection between youngster training and kid work. This paper means to recognize Health and Safety issues of Child Labour in Bangladesh. Kid work is step by step being perceived as a multi-faceted social issue in our country. Consequently, youngsters regularly have 'no voice' to communicate their own necessities. The state, society, guardians and worldwide organizations need to assume reciprocal parts in disposing of kid work. This infers that all gatherings should be ready to compromise - a cycle that should be monetarily reasonable and at last in light of a legitimate concern for the youngsters who don't have the development to choose for themselves. Specialized collaboration to legislatures, non-administrative associations and different offices in this attempt should be emphatically advanced. This paper audits investigates the kid work circumstance in Bangladesh and the current legitimate structure for youngster work and shows that there remain holes in the lawful and strategy system of Bangladesh.

Two birds, one stone: minimum wage and child labor

PurposeThis paper investigates the impact of quasi-exogenous and substantial increases in the minimum wage on child labor outcomes in Türkiye. The study aims to provide empirical evidence on how minimum wage policies affect child labor outcomes in a developing country context, with a focus on gender and age differences. It seeks to understand whether minimum wage increases lead to a reduction in child labor and whether the impact is different for various demographic groups.Design/methodology/approachThe research employs a difference-in-differences methodology using data from the 2012 and 2019 Child Labor Force Survey in Türkiye. The treatment group consists of children from households with minimum wage earners, while the control group comprises children from other households. Various labor market outcomes are analyzed, and robustness checks are performed.FindingsOur findings indicate that while the overall effect of minimum wage increases on child labor is statistically insignificant, there are notable heterogeneous impacts across different demographic groups and employment sectors. Specifically, we observe a significant reduction in the employment probability of girls under the age of 15 and unpaid family workers. Additionally, the likelihood of younger children being wage earners decreases, and the minimum wage increase reduces employment in the agriculture and services sectors for certain subgroups. The impact is also more limited for children in single-adult-worker households.Social implicationsThese results underscore the varying effects of minimum wage policies on child labor and highlight the importance of considering demographic and sectoral differences in policy formulation. Policymakers should complement such policies with income-generating programs and targeted education initiatives to address child labor issues more comprehensively and sustainably.Originality/valueThis study fills a critical gap in the limited international literature on the causal effects of minimum wage policies on child labor incidence. One notable exception, Menon and van der Meulen Rodgers (2018) have explored the impact of minimum wage on child labor in India using regional variation, our study uniquely analyzes the effects at the household level in Türkiye. This approach provides valuable insights into how minimum wage changes affect child labor outcomes in a developing economy context with a high prevalence of minimum wage earners. It also contributes to the broader economic understanding of child labor and household income dynamics.

Business as usual: framing labour exploitation in the UN global compact

ABSTRACT International governmental organizations have brought issues of forced labour, child labour, and human trafficking into the realm of corporate social responsibility with voluntary principles and guidelines for businesses to follow. Such efforts have been characterized differently by world society scholars, who see them as mechanisms for the diffusion of global norms, and critical scholars, who seem them as reflections of corporate power. I contribute to this debate by analyze framings of labour exploitation in the United Nations Global Compact’s written and verbal communication, exploring what is being conveyed. I find that the texts emphasize western businesses as the ‘real’ victims, threatened by human traffickers, suppliers, and consumers, while workers themselves are de-centered. The findings lend weight to critical scholars’ views, suggesting that the framings reflect business interests and support a status quo in which the political economy of labour exploitation can continue.

Children's Rights in India and The United States

The problem of child labour is pernicious which has not only affected the developing countries but has whipsawed the developed countries as well. India has introduced ample of legislations and policies but it has been lacking in its enforcements whereas America does not have enough laws to address the issues of child labour. Despite the fact, both the countries with their endeavour have seen reduction in cases of child labour but even then, the problem seems to persist involving children in hazardous work. Therefore, in order to obviate child labour both countries need a balanced combination of legislations and their implementation to remove this evil from our society.

Pekerja Anak di Kawasan Timur Indonesia Tahun 2022: Kondisi dan Faktor yang Memengaruhi

In 2019-2022, the percentage of child labor in eastern Indonesia has consistently been higher than in western Indonesia. However, research specifically focusing on child labor in eastern Indonesia is limited. This study aims to examine the conditions and factors influencing child labor in eastern Indonesia. Utilizing data from the August 2022 Indonesia National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas), the study employs descriptive analysis and binary logistic regression. Findings reveal that 5-6 out of 100 children in eastern Indonesia are engaged in child labor. Predominantly, they work in agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, though there are regions where most are employed in other sectors. Factors such as gender, age, school enrollment status, the educational level and occupation of the household head, marital status, position as the eldest child, household size, residential classification, the presence of other working children in the household, and the interaction between age and school enrollment status significantly influence child labor in eastern Indonesia. The government should establish specific programs or divisions within the Indonesian child protection commission at regional levels to collect data, mediate, and provide tailored solutions to effectively address child labor issues across different regions.

Revisiting the Relationship of Poverty, Illiteracy, and Population Growth with Child Labour in Pakistan

The current study delved into the complex issue of child labour. The study aimed to extensively examine the interrelation between child labour, poverty, illiteracy, and population growth. As a matter of fact, child labour is still an existing issue in Pakistan, depriving children from their basic necessities, such as education and a safe childhood. The study used a random sampling technique to collect data from a broad sample of 384 respondents mainly from general public of Lahore. Data was collected using standardized questionnaire which was then rigorously analyzed using SPSS. The results revealed that there is a significant link between child labour and the factors of poverty, illiteracy, and the growth of population.The results contribute significantly to the existing body of research and provide valuable insights for policymakers

Ending child labour: does conditional cash transfer matter? Evidence from Indonesia

Purpose This study aims to investigate the extent to which the Indonesian conditional cash transfer (CCT), known as the Family Hope Program (FHP), impacts the probability of children engaging in labour activities.Design/methodology/approach This study utilizes data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey in 2014, focussing on periods following the implementation of the FHP. To estimate the impact of FHP on child labour in Indonesia, the authors employ a propensity score matching strategy to balance the characteristics observed between the participant and non-participant groups.Findings The estimates show that FHP has no statistical impact on child labour across all matching techniques. This implies that receiving the CCT does not always help poor households decrease the probability of stopping their children from participating in labour activities.Social implications The conditions applied to the beneficiaries, which only require children to attend school without requiring them to stop working, may not effectively address the issue of child labour. The current structure and design of the FHP need to be re-evaluated and improved to effectively combat child labour.Originality/value Despite numerous studies examining the impact of CCT on child labour which remains inconclusive in Indonesia, this study contributes to the existing literature by considering children participating in labour activities across all types of work without focussing on specific education levels or regions.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-07-2023-0580

Child Labor: The Human Trafficking Exploitation in Nigeria.

This paper examines the issue of child labor and human trafficking exploitation in Nigeria. These practices deprive children of educational opportunities and normal childhood development, propagating cycles of poverty. Various cultural, socioeconomic, and religious drivers enable the persistence of child labor despite legislative interventions. This study utilizes mixed-methods data involving qualitative and quantitative approaches to explore the nature, contributors, and impacts of child labor in Nigeria by reviewing scholarly journals, reports, statistical data, and policy documents. Factors analyzed include cultural attitudes, poverty, porous borders, gender norms, and the breakdown of Islamic educational apprenticeships. Consequences across health, psychology, education, and national growth are scrutinized. Governmental efforts and remaining gaps are assessed. Results revealed that cultural acceptance of child economic roles, especially for girls, and endemic poverty drive families to perpetuate child labor traditions. Economic integration policies enable trafficking across West African borders. Nigeria’s Almajiri Qur’anic education system has deteriorated, with many boys now begging or working for survival rather than studying. The result is vulnerability to further exploitation. A novel finding from this study revealed that about 80.5% of participants responded that their child labor experiences did not affect their education, contrasting existing research that found child labor to limit schooling in Nigeria. Few victims develop lifelong health issues and trauma. In some cases, erratic education also propagates intergenerational poverty. Although Nigeria has implemented institutional interventions, enforcement gaps allow child labor to persist. Extended research into policy efficacy and poverty reduction initiatives are warranted to alleviate cultural and economic strains compelling child labor to neglect human rights.

Kajian Perbandingan Atas Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Pekerja Anak di Indonesia dan Negara Lain

In principle, every sovereign country that is at an advanced and developing stage has a concrete legal and constitutional basis to regulate the wheels of government in each independent and sovereign country. There is no exception in the regulation and existence of the workforce as one of the foreign exchange contributors to state finances. However, the issue of child labor in Indonesia is still a problem that has not been fully resolved by stakeholders, in this case the Indonesian government. On the other hand, other countries also experience the same problem, so in this research a comparison of regulations relating to child labor is carried out. In the above problem, it is hoped that the government will immediately find a solution to this matter so that children can be returned to their position to receive education and other rights as regulated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.

Transitioning into a Green World: The Dark Side of Cobalt Mining

In a gradual shift towards achieving cleaner and environmentally friendly energy sources, the electric vehicle industry has recorded tremendous growth over the last decade across Europe and America. Cobalt is a vital element used in the manufacture of certain technologies and it is now in high demand to produce lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles and smartphones. The democratic republic of Congo has the largest known deposit of lithium copper with an estimated 130.000 metric tons being mined yearly. This study aims to highlight the downsides of the massive environmentally unfriendly processes of cobalt mining to foster the dream of having a non-fossil fuel-dependent world. In as much as the perceived benefits seem to be great, it is vital to consider the environmental damages caused because of the excessive mining of cobalt. Much emphasis is being placed on the democratic republic of Congo in this research as there are unaddressed issues of conflicts, war, and child labour all associated with the extraction of cobalt in the region. This study proposes some policy recommendations for a solution-oriented approach for both the government of the democratic republic of Congo and the international community in managing the associated conflict within the region as well as adhering to the sustainability development goals.

The Role of Government in Combating Child Labor: India as a Case Study

The issue of child labour has been a persistent thorn in India’s growth story. Despite the existence of several national and international level legislations pertaining to this issue, completely eradicating the practice of employing child labour has been a difficult and arduous task. This policy paper attempts to explore the reasons behind the persistence of this issue, analyse the adverse impacts on children engulfed in this practice and further suggest some policy-based solutions to this issue by looking at the impact of landmark court cases.

Awareness of Public Elementary School Parents on the Legal Provisions of Anti-Child Labor Law: Basis for Intervention Plan

The Philippine Anti-Child Labor Law (Republic Act 7658) is a statutory law aimed at protecting children under 15 years old from working in public or private establishments. It consists of two areas: Information Dissemination and Penalties. The law aims to promote awareness and prevent violations, with penalties such as fines or imprisonment. A study was conducted to determine the level of awareness of public elementary school parents in a second-class municipality during the 2021-2022 school year. The results showed that the majority of respondents were older, female, and from larger families. The overall awareness of parents on the law was "High," with a high level of awareness grouped by age, sex, family size, and average family income. However, there was no significant difference in awareness among respondents based on age, sex, family size, or average family income. The findings suggest that barangay authorities and school administration do not collaborate to address child labor issues, as the community lives in poverty and relies on cheap manual labor. Additionally, older respondents should be made aware of the penalties for violating provisions of Article 12 of the law.

Legal Protection for Children as Victims of Economic Exploitation: Problems and Challenges in Three Major ASEAN Countries (Indonesia, Vietnam and Philippines)

This research critically examines the legal safeguards for children facing economic exploitation in three prominent ASEAN countries: Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Philippines. Despite the presence of protective legislation in these nations, the effective implementation of these laws encounters significant obstacles. In Indonesia, diverse regulations intended to shield children from economic exploitation coexist with the persistent issue of child labor. The continued prevalence of child labor is attributed to inadequate enforcement of labor laws and a general lack of community awareness regarding children's rights. Vietnam, while boasting a relatively comprehensive legal framework against child labor, faces challenges in certain rural areas where instances persist due to entrenched issues like poverty, cultural traditions, and limited access to education. Moreover, in the Philippines, the government has implemented measures such as the Child Labor Law and the Anti-Child Trafficking Act to protect children from economic exploitation. However, the effectiveness of these initiatives is impeded by resource constraints, corruption, and limited community awareness. In conclusion, this study reveals that legal protection for children in Indonesia, Vietnam, and the Philippines is hindered by a range of challenges, including deficient enforcement mechanisms, enduring cultural traditions, widespread poverty, systemic corruption, and limited community awareness. Addressing these complex issues requires collaborative efforts from governments, civil society, and communities to ensure the robust protection of children's rights.

UNVEILING THE UNTOLD STORIES: DOCUMENTARY FILMS TACKLING LABOUR ISSUES IN INDIA

Since time immemorial, film is a strong and powerful medium through which emotions and feelings can be conveyed. A documentary film is something very important as it portrays the reality and there is nothing fictional and one such reality of the Indian society is the labour plight. Complications that the labourers in India face is nothing new but there is hardly any medium that sheds light on their problems and most of the population is not concerned about them. Labour plight in India is like a chronic disease that is never ending. In such a situation, researchers have done an analysis on documentaries concerning labour issues from pre COVID and COVID period. The issue of child labour in the society is also analysed. The documentary has four parts. The introduction explains what a documentary is and its origin. Details about the past labour issues along with figures are included in the review of the literature. The analysis portion describes the documentaries that were taken for analysis and the detailed analysis of each film taken is included. The analysis is conducted on 5 pre COVID era documentaries, 2 of which includes the issue of child labour and 3 post COVID era documentaries. The conclusion is the last and final part. The goal of the conclusion is to promote the concerns of the labourers and to encourage the use of ethics and ensure values and safety while filming the true lives of the proletariat that easily gets affected by the elite class.

Child Labors in Ganjam District of Odisha: Exploring Livelihood

Child labor is a critical and sensitive issue globally. In India the percentage of labour force constitutes ‘child labor’ is very high. Serious attention is given to contentious issue of child labour by the Government, social activists and voluntary organizations. The Indian Constitution also guarantees protection of the rights of children. Regardless of several stringent dealings, in India the problem of child labor is gloomier and constantly increasing. Child labour cannot end overnight because its roots are very deep. Laws should be strictly implemented to prevent child labor. The intent of the current study was to learn the socio-economic condition of families whose children were engaged as child labors in major blocks in Ganjam district of Odisha. Poverty, parent unemployment, limited education resources, social backwardness and lure of cheap labor have been explored as driving factors for child labor creation. The study also assessed the working conditions and environment of child laborers and to determine their morbidity pattern if any. The child laborers were interviewed in their work places using a predesigned and pre-tested questionnaire. Data were collected and analyzed a total of 254 child laborers who participated in the study from selected blocks of the Ganjam district. As a consequence, the study can be a good example for law makers to devise better policies uplift the socio-economic lives of the children engaged as labors in the rural sectors nationwide.

Students’ Creative Writings Mirroring the Social Reality

This article analyses a total of forty-six students’ writings from Grade 11 to master’s level published in one of the college’s annual magazines. Among them 24 are females and 22 are males. This research uses a qualitative content analysis method to analyze the students’ writings under various topics and genres to unearth their concerns. Although there are multiple studies on students’ creative writings focusing on the technical and gender aspects, only a few studies focus on the issues reflected in their contents. This research believes that students’ creative writings are significant as they give information about the issues, interests, and concerns from students’ perspectives. The students’ writings also reflect their concerns and awareness of students regarding various social issues in their writings. The findings from this study revealed that students are concerned about multiple social and political issues in Nepal such as poverty, political corruption, cultural issues, gender discrimination, caste discrimination, and women issues. Moreover, life is a dominant theme in both male and female writings and they are concerned about their life, future goals, and responsibility toward their parents. Some shared themes are the challenges of staying away from parents for study purposes, caste discrimination, gender discrimination, poverty, child labor, and women-related issues. Females have written personalized writings with varieties of issues and dark themes than males and the themes in their writings suggest their struggle in a patriarchal society, social restrictions, gender discrimination, and women violence against males’ writings on general themes such as loss of human values, loss of culture, and struggle of orphaned children.

Handling Child Labor Problems in Indonesia: Post PROMOTE-ILO Project

The practice of child labor is included in the form of violations of human rights so that it requires special attention and is handled seriously. The ILO as an international organization with a focus on child labor issues in the world certainly plays an important role in dealing with phenomena related to child labor, not only on a global scale but also on a national scale of its member countries, including Indonesia. This article aims to find out how the role of the ILO in dealing with the problem of child labor in Indonesia (2017-2021) uses Clive Archer's theory of the role of international organizations as an analytical tool. The method used is a qualitative method and is explained through descriptive analysis. The results of this study explain that in dealing with child labor in Indonesia, the ILO has acted as an instrument, an arena, and an actor. Through these three roles, the ILO has been able to carry out its role quite effectively so that the practice of child labor in Indonesia can be minimized.
 Keywords: child labor, Indonesia, International Labor Organization (ILO), the role of international organizations