Border Issues Research Articles

Solving the Border Issues of the USA and Canada in the Field of Joint Use of Water Resources

The relevance of the research topic is justified by the fact that the USA and Canada have significant fresh water reserves, but they also experience a shortage of this resource, despite the fact that they are among the top five countries with the richest water resources in the world. In order to ensure the water security of the region and preserve the Great Lakes in a favorable condition, the United States and Canada have worked closely together for many years and share the fresh water resources of the Great Lakes, which is an example for other countries of the world. Based on relevance, the main goal of the article is the analysis of urgent border issues of the USA and Canada in the field of joint use of water resources. It is shown that the USA and Canada have adopted 21 legally binding documents, which recognize that these countries have a responsibility to all people currently living on our planet and to future generations to ensure the safety of this water source in the interests of all mankind, and that a balanced ecosystem approach is used in these countries as part of the climate change adaptation measures. It has been found that since the 1980s, concern has arisen in both countries that the diversion of Great Lakes water outside the basin area may impose negative consequences for the ecosystem and limit the possibilities of using these water reserves in the future. It has been proven that the effectiveness of the Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 and the Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement has decreased in the conditions of increasing competition for water resources in North America. The fact is substantiated that the current management and control system of the Great Lakes waters under the 1909 Treaty is the best of all existing systems, although it requires improvement. On the one hand, the USA and Canada become increasingly aware of the value of their wealth called the “Great Lakes”, but on the other hand, many trends indicate that the goal of states becomes joint cooperation for the purpose of preserving and enriching water resources as well as privatization and ensuring control over territories, including water, to meet their own needs. Besides the irrational use of water, which is observed both in water-poor regions of the United States and in waterrich regions of Canada, both sides of the border lack of vision for a unified water pricing policy. The article has practical significance for Ukraine, since the experience of the USA and Canada can be useful as an example of solving urgent problems in the field of providing our country with fresh water and preserving water resources

INDONESIA-MALAYSIA CROSS-BORDER GOVERNANCE DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Malaysia and Indonesia have taken a soft border approach to govern their Tebedu-Entikong border regions. Both governments have open but controlled customs, immigration, and quarantine facilities to manage cross-border movement of people, goods, and capital. Unfortunately, the ongoing cross-border governance was challenged by a non-traditional security threat, i.e., the COVID-19 pandemic that began in early 2020. The pandemic has the potential to impede the implementation of bilateral border policies which could jeopardize the efforts of the Socio-Economy of Malaysia-Indonesia Committee (Sosek Malindo) to effectively integrate both economies in the border region since its inception in 1985. In relation to this context, this paper aims to: (i) evaluate the challenges/impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and outstanding border issues on trade and development in the Entikong-Tebedu border region; and (ii) assess the role of Sosek Malindo in promoting greater integration and seamless connectivity in the Entikong-Tebedu border region. This paper presents a case-study on the Entikong-Tebedu border region and draws its observations and findings from inferences and interpretation of data collected from officials and other credible sources. Desk research was conducted on reports of Sosek Malindo meetings and research materials. Fieldwork was also conducted to observe the socioeconomic development status at the location of interest. The evaluation and assessment can be a reference point to reformulate cross-border governance policies that are characteristically a win-win solution for both parties by guaranteeing national security without compromising the socioeconomic development of the border region.

British Political Cartoon about Irish Border Issue under Brexit

The article examines the features of the reflection of the problem of the Irish border in the British political caricature. The issue of the border between the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland became one of the defining ones in the discussion of the Brexit process. The second aspect of the border problem emerged when a transparent Irish border mechanism was proposed, which in turn threatens to create a semblance of a border between Northern Ireland and the rest of the Kingdom. The positions of the negotiating parties and political parties within the Kingdom were divided. The British political cartoon reflected the complexity and, at the same time, the comic and paradoxical nature of this situation. At the political level, all participants in the negotiation process emphasized their commitment to maintaining peace in Northern Ireland and preventing the emergence of a “hard” border that would divide the island. The creation of barriers within the Kingdom was all the more denied. Despite its seriousness, the topic displayed characteristic satirical assessments, which became part of political discourse and markers of the unsuccessful activities of political leaders, primarily Prime Minister Theresa May, and later Boris Johnson. British cartoonists from left-liberal and conservative publications differed in critical assessments of their activities. The former showed a more pro-European position and expressed concern about the interests of the Irish, exaggerated the fear of a real border on the island of Ireland. Conservative cartoonists criticized the EU's stance, defended British fears of customs barriers within the Kingdom, and downplayed the prospect of a “hard” Irish border.

DEVELOPING CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION IN HIGHER EDUCATION: RESEARCH OF DIRECTIONS

The relevance of cross-border higher education cooperation in Russia is conditioned by the state policy of border geostrategic territories integrated development under conditions of globalization development, regionalization, growing migration flows of population, including educational mobility. The main idea is that at present a high level of conceptualization of cross-border cooperation in the training of pedagogical and managerial personnel in the sphere of education in the cross-border space of Russia as an integral scientific and educational system is highly needed. The aim of the research is to substantiate the research directions of managerial and pedagogical personnel training in the sphere of education, migration management in education for the period up to 2030. The methodological basis of the study is an interdisciplinary paradigm of analysis of cross-border and cross-border cooperation in education. We examine and summarise research on cross-border cooperation in education from 1993 to 2020, conduct a systematic search for theories of state border protection, borderology, discuss the results and implications for educational research and practice. The study used a content analysis of relevant 313 empirical studies published between 2017-2021, in journals included in the international databases Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Elibrary. The theories, models, perspectives, potentials of cross-border cooperation in global and cross-border dimensions were explored, the results of interdisciplinary study of cross-border cooperation in borderology and political science is represented. The theories, problems and models of cross-border cooperation of higher educational institutions in the post-Soviet period are highlighted. The most significant results: a) the necessity of creation of potentials of federal universities in development of cross-border geostrategic cooperation in the field of education was substantiated; b) conditions and possibilities of development and realization of master's programs of education managers training, relevant to formation of cooperation with universities of border and cross-border space were systematized; c) educational issues of border and cross-border cooperation were developed. The study concludes with discussion and formulation of new research directions in cross-border cooperation in education. Information about main directions of research on cross-border and transboundary cooperation can be used when planning new scientific, educational, scientific-methodological projects of cross-border and transboundary cooperation in education and science.

Trilogi Konflik Tanah Ulayat Pulurera di Flores Timur.

Land conflicts in Indonesia occur in various forms such as land grabbing, unilateral claims, land border issues, and so on. In East Flores Regency (Flotim), East Nusa Tenggara, land conflicts always attract public attention, such as the conflict between PT. Rerolara with the Pulurera Village community in 2019. The conflict was triggered by the issue of the termination of the Hak Guna Usaha (HGU) contract and the abandonment of land by PT. Rerolara so that the people of Pululara Village claim the land is included in Pululara's ulayat rights. However, this action was opposed by PT. Rerolara and several tribes holding ulayat rights have triggered social instability which has led to civil war between residents. Conflicts in Pulurera Village are classified into three types (trilogy) of conflict: data conflicts, conflicts of interest, and relationship conflicts. Ironically again, a compromise point is difficult to create because the arena of conflict does not only involve institutions that are diametrically in conflict (PT Rerolara and the Tukan Tribe Village community) but several ethnic groups (in Boru Village, Nawokote Village) are also affiliated with PT Rerolara so that it seems that there is an intention legitimize the continuation of conflict and land ownership claims in the name of the community's sovereign rights. Keywords: conflict trilogy, customary land, local community, Rerolara, Ulayat

Territorial Border Disputes in Spain, the Leading State in Western Europe

The purpose of the article - is to study the territorial border disputes in Spain, one of the Western European countries, to study the experience of applying the principle of territorial integrity of this country, to systematically study, analyze and draw generalized conclusions on the impact of these disputes on the other European countries based on important sources.
 It is used the systematic research method, various research methods of systematic research are applied on the basis of an eclectic approach. Sources and literature on the dispute were collected, systematized, commented on, analyzed, and summarized.
 When it comes to the scientific novelty of the article, it can be said that in Spain, which suffers the most from separatism in Europe, attempts have been made to look at territorial border issues through the prism of the modern constitutional acts and the legal problems it raises, along with their historical roots, and the existing ethnopolitical issues in Spain and the mechanisms for their solution have been studied in detail.
 Conclusion. Many Western European countries have territorial units seeking independence, as well as various ethnic, national, religious groups and marginal minorities.
 In today's world, ethnic nationalism has been considered a major factor in the emergence of internal conflicts in many nation-states. Spain is also one of those countries facing the issue of ethnic nationalism. Catalonia, the Basque Country, and other problems not only undermine Spain's territorial integrity but are also seen as a major threat to the European Union as a matter of disintegration. Although the Spanish government has stated that it will never give up the country's integrity, it does not rule out granting additional rights to the region. The article seeks to look at territorial border problems in Spain, which suffers more from separatism in Western Europe than in other countries, through their historical roots, the current constitutional acts, and the legal problems it raises. In particular, a comparative analysis has been made of the extent to which the European Union's position on this issue is compatible with common European values.

Performances of Suffering in Latin American Migration: Heroes, Martyrs and Saints

Performances of Suffering in Latin American Migration: Heroes, Martyrs and Saints

Analisis Hukum Pidana Internasional Terkait Konflik Kemanusiaan Di Timor Timur oleh Pengadilan Dili

The Dili Court is the venue for processing international criminal cases regarding the humanitarian conflict in the tragedy of Timor Leste or East Timor in 1999, which was initiated by the issue of the Indonesian state border with the territory of East Timor which became the main trigger of political aggregates and military aggression which involved many of the indigenous people of East Timor. who are victims. In this study, the author will discuss the analysis of international criminal law related to the humanitarian conflict in East Timor by the Dili court. This research uses normative and qualitative juridical research methods. In this research, the author discusses the history of the establishment of the Dili Court, legal analysis related to the international criminal settlement scheme by the Dili court, as well as the difficulties and obstacles faced by the Dili court to process serious crimes in 1999. Based on the research, the author concludes that law enforcement in serious crimes In Dili, it is considered very difficult to enforce because of the inequality of exclusive authority from both parties, on the one hand, the existence of East Timor which is still politically and economically dependent on the Indonesian state, resulting in this criminal lawsuit to a dead end. On the other hand, the granting of authority is misused for personal interests, which in a militant scheme, the Indonesian military may have been used as an instrument by certain elite figures which resulted in violent upheaval and massacres could occur

Dozens of Deeper Reasons for Denial in Internationalizing IndoNepal Border Dispute

Nepal has been having quite endless and unsolved ruffle with neighbouring nation India in light of border dispute. Since long, despite cordial and amicable nexus as well as having almost an airproof proximity in terms of culture, social values and other traits, often Nepal has to present a gesture of unceremonious unwelcome and decent denial over India’s highhanded stance on border issues, more precisely an act of an unethical encroachment. Given the situation, many scholars and analysts often urge and strongly counsel Nepal to internationalize the issue and bring it in notice of International Court of Justice, hereafter said only ICJ. This paper makes an engagement to analyse dozens of prominent bases on why not this will be a beneficial issue for Nepal; thus, Nepal has to more rationally explore other diplomatic routes to resolve it, or should forbid on internationalizing it.

Right-wing populist media events in Schengen Europe

Abstract Leaders of European right-wing populism (RWP) have developed speeches about the state border control required to protect the “people” electing them. Nevertheless, are these RWP narratives necessarily circulated during populist media events that take place in the symbolic locations of European integration? It is argued that border control discourse in these EU places can be mitigated by RWP actors, but also emphasized by the media depending on the separated predispositions of politicians and reporters to address the border issue in a given context. Bourdieusian “field theory” is used in this article to grasp the potential differentiated discursive positioning. Based on a comparative analysis of RWP media events organized in the town of Schengen in Luxembourg, the investigation allows us to shed new light on the specificities of populism in the media.

The Political Economy of China’s Rising Role in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO): Leading with Balance

The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) has become the most important vehicle for Chinese cooperation with Central Asian member states and Russia. China seeks to play an active role and exert strong influence in the SCO for both economic reasons and strategic considerations. China aims to resolve territorial and border issues with Central Asian states, maintain stability in Xinjiang, develop the economy of western areas, and ensure energy security by playing a leading role in the SCO. Analyzing China’s role in the SCO and the related opportunities and challenges is the primary goal of this paper. The Chinese government uses economic cooperation to exert influence within the SCO. However, the Chinese government must still overcome numerous challenges, including reconciling mistrust and conflict among SCO member states, reducing Russian suspicion of Chinese intention, response to transformation of the SCO, and dilemmas regarding regional instability.

Borders: An International Comparative Analysis of Social Work’s Response

AbstractBorders play a profound role in human life. In many settings, land borders are highly permeable and provide little barrier to movement, communication and interaction. In other circumstances, borders are highly rigid, difficult to cross and can demarcate vast economic and social disparities. The widely differing circumstances related to border creation and maintenance have deep effects that are worthy of social work attention and engagement. There has been serious attention to issues of globalisation, immigration and human rights in the social work literature. Our focus on borders is related to, but distinct from these issues, and therefore, has something unique to offer. Increased globalisation has led to a major reconceptualisation in our understanding of borders. The COVID-19 epidemic demonstrates the limited relevance of borders in some circumstances (spreading of the virus) but the heightened relevance of borders in other circumstances (travel restrictions). Social work practitioners have a role in framing the understanding of borders and resulting policies. Our focus is to address the question: How has social work engaged with border issues? We examine three international cases and conduct a comparative analysis to examine similarities and differences. From the analysis, we draw conclusions to further understanding for social work.

Państwa zaborcze wobec zbiegów i dezerterów – rosyjsko-pruskie konwencje kartelowe z lat 1816–1830

Relationships between the Russian Empire (and the Kingdom of Poland) and the Kingdom of Prussia, which took place during the first fifteen years after signing the Treaty of Vienna (1815), included many so-called sensitive topics. Among them there were issues of border crossing: fleeing and desertion. In order to stop or limit people from such acts, invading countries signed a plethora of cartel agreements in the years 1816-1830. One of the first agreements was signed on 13th/25th May 1816 that soon – on 24th March/5th April 1817 – was extended by an additional extradition order. Another important Russian-Prussian agreement was a convention (with a declaration) dated back to 17th/29th March 1830.
 The discussed agreements, which regulated the procedures for effective capture and transfer of deserters and fugitives in quite detail, were supposed to refer only to legal, not political, issues partly by definition, and by international practice. This lasted until 1830, when David d’Alopaeus and Christian Bernstorff signed a cartel agreement from March 1830, which also concerned (in the secret declaration) the possible extradition of political criminals. Signing of such a convention just eights months before the outbreak of the November Uprising shows invading countries’ attitude towards a possible and anticipated fight for Polish national liberation.

The Sino-Soviet Border Conflict in the Middle of the XX Century

The article is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of relations between the USSR and the PRC in the middle of the XX century. In a short historical period, two countries with a similar ideology and political system shifted from relations of friendship and mutual assistance to military-political confrontation, which culminated in the armed conflict on Zhenbao (Damansky) Island in March 1969. A special interest of the Chinese side in good-neighbourly relations with the Soviet Union at the initial stage of the existence of the PRC (1949-1955) is described. The authors analyze the circumstances of the deterioration of relations between the two countries since Nikita Khrushchev assumed leadership of the USSR and the condemnation of the cult of personality of Joseph Stalin. Special attention is paid to the border issue in the relationship between the two countries. It presents the different views of the PRC and the Soviet Union on the tsarist treaties with China concluded in the second half of the XIX century. Moreover, the problem of ideological confrontation between the Soviet and Chinese leadership is considered; the publications of Soviet historians which assess the actions of the PRC leadership against the Soviet Union are analyzed. The nature of "cartographic aggression" and "great power chauvinism" is revealed. Besides, typological rhetoric, common and specific features in mutual accusations of the Soviet and Chinese sides are shown. The illegality of the territorial claims of the PRC, the betrayal of socialist ideals by its leadership, attempts to discredit the Soviet Union in the international arena, and the desire to undermine the world communist movement used to be the main theses in the research of the Soviet historians of the 1960s-1980s. It is concluded that the interpretation of Sino-Soviet relations in Soviet historiography was primarily propagandistic and closely related to the state interests of the Soviet Union.

Geo-Strategic Imperative of North-Western Border: Triangular Region Kalapani - Lipulekh and Limpiadhura of Nepal

The extreme north western region of Nepal is bordered with India and China and separated by Mahakali River. As per Article 5 of Sugauli treaty and various other evidences like, historical facts, ancient maps, river science, government correspondence and other documents proves that the river originating from Limpiadhura form the international boundary between Nepal and China. However, the certain parts of Nepalese territory have been under the control of India from seven decades. Owing to the historical and geographical proximity, Nepal has maintained special relations with her immediate neighbors, India and China, despite several complex situations. Remaining away from strategic competition and rivalry; and gaining maximum benefit from India and China as they are global and regional players would best serve the national interest of Nepal. Underdeveloped nature of physical infrastructures, nascent institutional structures and poor presence of government machinery in the North western border of Nepal has complicated the problem. Our neighbors should be sensitive and respectful to our concerns and interests. Delicate handling of border issues is in our interest. Nepal has become the center of geopolitical interest in the present world. Sands of geopolitics are constantly shifting in South Asia and Nepal cannot remain aloof from it. Influence in Nepal from competition and cooperation is rising. There is a need of cooperation for transit economy and trilateral cooperation. Nepal should use her diplomatic expertise and regain our territory by maintaining friendly and harmonious relations with her neighbors. Nepal and India shouldn’t delay in resolving such outstanding disputes. Both countries should bring their evidences and carefully examine that evidence by creating a favorable negotiating environment. Above all, national consensus on such sensitive issue is important.

The Failure Factors of Collective Action in Promoting the Recognition of Customary Forest: Case of Kenegerian Rumbio Customary Forest in Riau Province

One of the five schemes in social forestry program in Indonesia is customary forest recognition. Kenegerian Rumbio Customary Forest, a customary forest in Riau Province, is failed in the recognition process. The objectives of this study are to analyze the failure factors of collective action and to formulate strategies to encourage the success of collective action on recognition of Kenegerian Rumbio Customary Forest. This research was built by using both quantitative and qualitative approach where the data were collected by using survey and in-depth interviews. The research results found that improper facilitation caused by communication issues between involved parties, the absence of the symbolic power, the failure in forming the common knowledge are the factors leading to the failure of collective action. To reconstruct the collective action, this study offered four strategies: (1) to frequently communicate with personal approach to the two highest indigenous leaders with whom facilitators have difficulty communicating well, (2) to mediate the two conflicted indigenous leaders for generating their motivation to propose their forest, (3) to conduct socialization to all indigenous leaders (40 jini) and community representatives to increase an understanding regarding the purpose and importance of recognition of customary forest, and (4) to conduct a participatory mapping to reduce area border issues among two sub-tribes.

Border Issues in Saadat Hasan Manto's Short Story "Toba Tek Singh"

Border Issues in Saadat Hasan Manto's Short Story "Toba Tek Singh"

Trans-Himalaya Connectivity: Comprehensive Approach to Resolve China-India Political Conundrum

China and India have a long civilization. Even before the establishment of formal diplomatic relations in 1950, both countries had a long history of exchanges on educational, cultural-spiritual, and trade in ancient times. But since the mid of 1950, both countries didn't enjoy good bilateral relations and that culminated with the war of 1962. Again rapprochement began in mid of 1980. Border issue, ideological-political model, and approach on global orientation are the issues both countries have different views, which sometimes produce severe bilateral relations problems. June 15 incident in Ladakh has created severe confrontation and new regional geopolitical imbalance. Five-point consensus in Moscow helped to reduce prevailing tension. This study finds that only regular cooperation and open dialogue can provide a fruitful platform to create a trustful environment and search for peaceful settlement of the dispute. Harmony between these two countries will support for peace and prosperity of the Trans-Himalaya region. This research is based on qualitative research and follows the secondary data. It takes a comprehensive approach as a theoretical framework to analyze the issues. The researcher is very serious about testing the validity of data and its analysis. As per the research requirement, this paper is explorative in format.

Community-Based Cobia, Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766) Culture in Open Sea Cages at Olaikuda, Pamban Island, India: An Economic Analysis of Technology Transfer Initiative

The Olaikuda Village of Pamban Island was chosen to demonstrate and transfer the open sea cage culture technology of cobia by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT). Olaikuda is a fishing hamlet with 1,000 traditional fishers who are primarily involved in trap fishing. An attempt was made to supplement their income under the societal development initiative of the NIOT. With the active participation of the local fishers of Olaikuda, 3,000 hatcheryproduced cobia, Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766) fingerlings were stocked equally in two cages with a stocking density of 4.7 fingerlings.m-3 . The cobia stocked in sea cages were reared with the locally available low-value fishes for 8 months. The sea farmed cobia attained an average weight of 3.3 kg resulting in an average daily growth rate of 13.5 g with a survival rate of 75 %. The fish were harvested on the 245th day of culture, which yielded 7,000 kg of marketable size cobia fish (1st cage 3,687 kg and 2nd cage 3,313 kg with an FCR of 1:5.5). The harvested fish were sold at the farm gate price of USD4.42 kg-1 , fetched USD30911.84. The economic analysis revealed a profit margin of USD1.26 kg-1 . The parameters such as cost of production, productivity, profitability, socio-economic impacts of native fishers were analysed during the study. The result of this farmer-driven attempt is encouraging the farmers across the coastal states to do cage culture farming in a big way. Similar efforts in more organised massive programs will create new jobs and reduce the fishing pressure on the natural sea stocks and considered a viable alternative livelihood for the fishers’ community affected by the declining natural fishery resources and international border issues.

Insular Peninsularities: Geography, demography and local identity in Sydney’s Northern Beaches and Sutherland Shire

In recent years there has been consideration of some peninsular areas as ‘almost-islands’ (presqu'îles, in French usage). Assertion of such status has usually relied on spatial configuration and the nature of transport links and/or border issues between the areas in question and adjacent regions. Bodies of land that are connected to mainlands by narrow isthmuses have been particularly prone to characterisation as ‘almost-islands’ but, to date, factors such as the perceived insularity of particular peninsulas within larger metropolitan areas have not featured as prominently in discussions. This article emphasises the latter with regard to the types of insularity perceived within two areas of Australia’s largest city, Sydney: its Northern Beaches and Sutherland Shire. These areas have been referred to in local and metropolitan media as ‘insular peninsulas’, a term distinctive to Australian English Language usage. Both are also known for their attractive beaches and swimming and surfing opportunities, factors that have contributed to local territorialism and related social tensions. Consideration of these two areas contributes to more general discussions of insular peninsularity by emphasising nuanced gradations involving factors such as socio-cultural homogeneity, local identity and perceived territorial rights.