Market Issues Research Articles

Analysis of Sports Brand Marketing Strategy Optimization Based on Fan Psychology

Cause of increased competition in sports branding, the main issue for powerful marketing is to understand fan psychology. The attachment of a fan to their team and athletes has much to do with their purchasing behavior and brand loyalty. For that reason, understanding those psychological dynamics is necessary for a brand when trying to figure out an effective marketing strategy. The study shall now explore how sports brands utilize psychological frameworks, such as the Psychological Continuum Model, to nurture emotional connections that will lead to brand loyalty. Case studies are provided relating to Li-Ning and Nike, where it has been seen that aligning with athletes through limited edition product launches and special content given to fans drives deeper consumer engagement. However, it is hypothesized that if there is a heavy reliance on a fan-driven approach, mainstream market opportunities could be lost, and this may reduce longer-term growth. To this end, sports brands are suggested to balance fan-focused approaches against broader market segmentation, ensuring the process and strategy that will help meet diverse consumer needs and inclusivity for sustainable development. The insights provided here seek to guide brands toward maximizing their reach and brand resilience by harmonizing fan loyalty with mainstream appeal.

Promoting Economic Independence Economic Independence through Digital Technology and Operational Management for Improved Product Competitiveness

This community service program aims to increase the capacity and sustainability of Cilembu yam MSME players in Cilembu Village through structured training and mentoring. Activities began with six initial meetings involving 30 participants, mostly women aged 56-80 years old with basic education backgrounds. The training focused on digital technology and operational management, as well as new product development. Evaluation showed that the training successfully increased the use of digital technology from 72.26% to 85%, with a significant increase in the adoption of e-commerce platforms. Participation from younger age groups also increased from 13% to 20%, demonstrating the program's success in attracting the younger generation. Challenges related to productivity and marketing decreased, with productivity issues falling from 61.51% to 40% and marketing issues from 54.19% to 35%. The effectiveness of the training increased, with 90% of participants able to apply the training materials in their businesses. Support and communication from the implementation team was also rated as excellent, with responsiveness increasing to 95%. In conclusion, the program had a significant positive impact, but there are still challenges that need to be addressed in terms of productivity and marketing. It is recommended to focus on e-commerce technology capacity building, capital development, and product innovation, as well as strengthening ongoing mentoring to ensure the sustainability and development of MSMEs in the future

Cross-border Sport and Leisure: Public Action, Practices and Usage in the European Union

ABSTRACT The process of European integration has received special attention from European border studies, with a particular focus on internal market issues and cross-border cooperation. Sports are often presented among the transnational activities likely to contribute to “European citizenship” and the creation of an imagined community. Despite the increase in publications in 2016 linking sports, leisure, and cross-border activities, research remains rather limited. In this special issue, we shall focus on the transnational spaces of European cross-border cooperation, as studied from the perspectives of construction and appropriation. We shall go beyond institutional analysis to offer a more comprehensive and balanced approach, taking into account both public policies and the experiences of individuals and groups involved in sports and leisure activities in three border areas. Our analysis will encompass public action, the use of sports areas, facilities and equipment, and cross-border entrepreneurs.

"Technology Transfer Challenges in MSMEs: Evaluating IP Commercialization Pathways in the Pharma Sector"

Despite their substantial contribution to pharmaceutical innovation, MSMEs have several barriers to technology transfer and IP commercialization and are likely to be greatly affected worldwide by the COVID-19 crisis. This paper looks at these challenges, assesses the current frameworks for commercialization and puts forward guidelines for how to develop effective frameworks to build on the role of MSMEs in pharmaceutical development. Utilizing a multimethod approach of topic modeling, correspondence analysis, and a trend analysis, the study shows that the process by which technology transfer and IP management takes place in pharmaceutical MSMEs is complex. The following are the major issues observed when scaling up: Strategic partnerships are crucial for commercialization, internal capacity is also a critical component and a strong focus on the market need. The study also highlights the social impacts of efficient technology transfer; of which, include improved availability and cost-effectiveness of new healthcare technologies. With regards to managerial implications, this paper establishes that there is a call for creating symbiotic relationships, staff development, and handling of market issues. Papers to be explored for future research are:- examination of the effects of the digitization and advanced technologies on technology transfer activities- the relation between technology transfer, Intellectual Property, sustainability and ethical issues in drug development. In this aspect, it is possible to identify the following challenges and opportunities that can be addressed by development stakeholders in order to ensure that innovation and development are achieved by pharmaceutical MSMEs and benefit the public health of societies, and thus the well-being of individuals and communities. DOI: https://doi.org/10.52783/pst.1104

New FTAS as catalysts for gender equality: The case of Vietnam’s compliance with ILO standards on gender discrimination

This research delves into the relationship between new-generation Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and the ILO Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention 1958 (C111), illustrating how the international trade instruments facilitate the integration and implementation of gender-based discrimination standards. As Vietnam becomes increasingly involved with various new FTAs, this study critically evaluates the extent to which such standards are effectively engaged and enforced within the national labour context, which is observed through the process of internalizing C111 into domestic law. Using a legal comparative and analytical approach, the research examines the opportunities and challenges of aligning Vietnamese domestic laws with international gender discrimination labour standards. The findings underscore that employing a male-centric strategy within the labour legal framework emerges as a potential tool for promoting gender equality in employment and aligning Vietnam’s commitments to international gender discrimination standards. The significance of this study lies not only in its approach to addressing persistent inequalities within the labour context but also in its innovative strategy for promoting gender equality sustainably, based on the State’s commitments to international trade. This dual focus enhances the contribution of the research, providing a comprehensive and progressive framework for understanding and tackling gender issues in the labour market.

Deepening the degrowth planning debate: division of labor, complexity, and the roles of markets and digital tools

Many definitions of degrowth highlight that the corresponding great and deep transformations are going to be “designed,” “planned,” and “democratic.” However, critical issues of democratic planning have only recently begun to be discussed. Considering a range of aspects of the technical and social division of labor, the article first revisits some of the main issues of market vis-à-vis planned resource allocation in capitalist and socialist economic growth contexts. It then zooms in on goals, characteristics, and likely issues of division of labor and resource allocation in planned degrowth circumstances. I argue that degrowth societies could use three measures to reduce the complexity of the division of labor that undermined socialist planning attempts. First, degrowth societies could immediately phase out the “excess sector” of production. Second, they could develop, under consideration of their institutional national traditions, pragmatic mixes of ex ante planning (assisted by digital solutions) of the “essential” economic sector and ex post or market regulation of the “in-between” sector. Finally, a parsimonious use of digital tools is likely to be helpful in connecting different scales of governance and associated planning activities (local, national, regional, global). To democratically legitimize planning goals and processes without overburdening people, pathways may be sought that emphasize value over formal rationality, or general planning principles and strategies over concrete targets and tasks. Democratic legitimacy could further increase through a complementation of representative democracy through deliberative instruments such as citizen forums or assemblies as well as applications of the subsidiarity principle.

Стратегія протистояння викликам глобалізації світового нафтового ринку: диверсифікація енергетичних джерел та розвиток відновлюваних технологій в Україні

The article explores the challenges of globalization in the global oil market and proposes a strategy for addressing them. It was found that the globalization of the oil market and related issues significantly affect Ukraine’s economy and population due to the country's heavy dependence on oil and petroleum imports to meet domestic needs. Along with the impact of global oil market challenges, the war in Ukraine has significantly affected the country's energy security and exacerbated economic problems related to oil import dependence. Russian aggression destroyed a substantial portion of the infrastructure, disrupted traditional energy supply chains, and forced Ukraine to seek alternative energy sources. The refusal to use oil from the aggressor country has necessitated finding new suppliers, a process complicated by high global market prices and logistical challenges. Therefore, energy security and reducing oil dependency have gained strategic importance for Ukraine. The military conflict has exposed the country's critical vulnerability to energy supply disruptions, prompting the government to explore new models of energy system development. Developing a strategy to counter the challenges of the global oil market is crucial for Ukraine, as it will help reduce the country's dependence on oil imports, which is a key factor in national security, particularly during wartime and geopolitical instability. The strategy to address the challenges of global oil market globalization focuses on several key areas: diversification of energy sources, development of renewable energy, energy efficiency and conservation, strengthening energy security, innovations and new technologies, reforms and regulatory policies, international cooperation, and integration. The proposed strategy will ensure the resilience of the energy system to external shocks and improve the domestic economic situation by mitigating the risks of price volatility and energy shortages. These initiatives will enhance energy independence, reduce reliance on global oil fluctuations, and ensure stable post-war development, forming the foundation for sustainable economic growth and well-being of the population.

Challenges in Sesame Production and Marketing: Insights from Kerala's Onattukara Region, India

Sesame is one of the nine major oilseeds grown in India, with cultivation spread across every state. Although sesame is grown in 11 districts in Kerala, the sesame cultivated in the Onattukara tract has unique characteristics. In Kerala, sesame is cultivated on 326.51 hectares, with a total production of 163.1 tonnes and a productivity rate of 499 kg per hectare. This study aims to analyze the challenges faced by farmers in the production and marketing of sesame in the Onattukara region of Kerala. The districts of Alappuzha, Pathanamthitta, and Kollam were purposively selected for the study, as the Onattukara region is located within these three districts. A total of 163 farmers were included in the sample, comprising eighty farmers each from Kollam and Alappuzha districts and three farmers from Pathanamthitta. Constraints faced by farmers in sesame cultivation were ranked using the Garrett ranking technique. Sesame cultivation in the Onattukara region faces various challenges in both production and marketing, such as inadequate seed availability, high input costs, low yields, labor shortages, low prices, weather-related issues, price fluctuations, delayed payments, low demand for the final product, and the lack of institutional market mechanism. Similarly, sesame processing unit owners also encounter issues in production and marketing, including raw material shortages, a lack of skilled labor, poor raw material quality, costly production methods, lack of support, low product prices, price volatility, inadequate storage facilities, inefficient markets for final products, and limited consumer awareness. A micro-level study on sesame production and marketing would help producers make informed and specific decisions to improve their income. These insights can guide producers in making informed decisions and assist policymakers in implementing corrective measures like resource allocation for inputs, training and capacity building, improving market linkages to enhance sesame production, productivity, and market stability. These interventions, grounded in micro-level data, could substantially support both short-term gains and long-term sustainability in sesame production, demonstrating the practical utility of the research in enhancing both farmers livelihoods and local agricultural policy.

Penerapan Teknologi Pemasaran Digital Berbasis E-Commerce Pada Kelompok Sumberwangi Sentra Fish

The community service activity conducted at the Sumberwangi Sentra Fish group in Jambewangi Sempu Banyuwangi aimed to address the marketing issues faced by the partner group. Additionally, the activity sought to measure interest and the usefulness of the developed platform to support the program's sustainability. The methods used in this community service included the development of an e-commerce platform, socialization, training, and mentoring. Evaluation of the activity was conducted using instruments in the form of questionnaires to assess interest, the usefulness of technological innovations, and the community service activities. The developed e-commerce platform effectively addressed the partner's marketing challenges. The platform is designed as a web-based application that can be easily accessed via smartphones or directly through the website https://sumberwangisentrafish.com/. The user interface (UI) of the e-commerce platform provides information about products, featuring easily understandable menus that include product displays and detailed information about each marketed item. The interface design focuses on operational ease. Results from the questionnaire indicated that out of 13 respondents, 85% expressed interest and stated that they found the technology and activities to be important, very understandable, and very easy to use, while 75% felt ready to implement digital marketing strategies. In conclusion, the community service demonstrated that the e-commerce platform can enhance the welfare of the partner group and has the potential to support business sustainability.

Establishing a new system of affordable housing

The current housing security system plays a crucial role in improving people’s livelihood and promoting social equity and justice. However, the high eligibility criteria for affordable housing and its limited coverage have resulted in unsatisfactory outcomes of the affordable housing model. This paper introduces and analyzes the Korean Jeonse right system, and, in light of the current state of affordable housing development in China, proposes a new housing rental model. The aim is to address the core issues of the real estate market, alleviate the contradiction between “housing difficulties” and social progress, and offer suggestions for the future evolution of the housing rental market.

Barriers to the Effective Selection of Sustainable Materials for Residential Building Projects: A Qualitative Study

Although sustainability in Tanzania’s construction sector has been explored in areas such as energy efficiency and green building practices, little attention has been given to understanding the specific barriers to the selection of SBMs in residential projects. This study fills that gap by identifying and analyzing the critical barriers hindering the effective selection of SBMs in Tanzania’s residential construction sector. Through qualitative interviews with experts from regulatory bodies, public developers, and academic researchers, this research provides a comprehensive examination of these barriers. Using Atlas.ti 23 software for a qualitative data analysis, six key categories of barriers were identified: (1) Regulatory and Policy Barriers, (2) Financial Barriers, (3) Knowledge and Awareness Barriers, (4) Technical Barriers, (5) Market and Supply Chain Issues, and (6) Cultural and Social Barriers. Among these, lack of awareness and limited knowledge emerged as particularly significant, alongside regulatory and policy barriers, in hindering the effective selection of SBMs. This study’s novelty lies in its focus on the Tanzanian context, depth of the analysis of the unique challenges, and categorization of the barriers. The findings underscore the need for targeted policy interventions, particularly in raising awareness, offering financial incentives, and establishing comprehensive regulatory frameworks. Furthermore, this study presents a graphical representation to illustrate the categories and constructs of these barriers, adding a visual dimension to the understanding of the issues. Future research should expand the scope to include private developers and material suppliers, whose roles are critical in enhancing the availability and adoption of SBMs in Tanzania’s construction industry.

A causality investigation into stock prices and macroeconomic indicators in the Indian stock market

Background of the study The systematic impact of macroeconomic variables on stock market returns makes it crucial to comprehend the link between macroeconomic variables and the stock market. Stock prices are closely linked to macroeconomic indicators, a crucial aspect for investors, policymakers, and researchers in emerging markets like India, influencing investment decisions and policy formulation. Methods The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was used in this study to examine the causal links between specific macroeconomic factors and Indian stock prices from April 2009 to March 2023. Results The outcomes of the research suggest that macroeconomic variables exert influence on the Indian stock market, across the short and long term. Moreover, the results of the paired Granger causality test suggest that the domestic macroeconomic variables possess predictive significance for stock prices in the Indian stock market. Conclusion The study reveals that macroeconomic variables significantly impact the Indian stock market, highlighting the need for investors and portfolio managers to monitor these conditions to optimize returns and mitigate risks. The Reserve Bank of India should maintain an optimal money supply to prevent inflation and exchange rate fluctuations, while bolstering the export sector and facilitating imports through initiatives like Atma-nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan and Make in India. Policies focusing on productivity, infrastructure, and a favourable business environment are also crucial. Therefore, it is crucial for investors and portfolio managers to consistently analyse the current macroeconomic conditions in order to maximize their profits and minimize risks. This research has extensive significance for comprehending the intricate connections between the stock market and macroeconomic issues.

Effects of Dietary Microalgae Schizochytrium sp. Supplementation on Growth Performance and Skin Color in Jack Dempsey cichlid (Rocio octofasciata)

Growth retardation and decreased vivid coloration are significant issues in the ornamental fish market, particularly among cichlids. This study investigates the effects of Schizochytrium sp. microalgae supplementation on the growth and skin coloration of the Jack Dempsey cichlid (Rocio octofasciata). Three experimental groups were established: a control group (C) with no supplementation, and two microalgae-supplemented groups with 0.5% (S05) and 1% (S10). The control group was fed a commercial diet, while the S05 and S10 groups received the microalgae mixed with the commercial feed via spraying. A total of 135 Jack Dempsey fish (mean initial weight: 1.17 ± 0.14 g) were stocked into nine glass tanks (100 L each), with three replicates per group. After a 60-day feeding trial, growth indices revealed significant differences (p<0.05) between the control and algae-supplemented groups. The S10 group exhibited the highest final weight (FW) and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR). Additionally, the weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) values for the S10 group were significantly higher than those of both the control and S05 groups (p<0.05). However, skin color parameters, including L* (brightness), a* (+red/-green axis), b* (+yellow/-blue axis), chroma (Ch), and hue angle (Hue), showed no statistical differences among the groups. This study demonstrates that a diet supplemented with 1% Schizochytrium sp. can enhance growth parameters and serve as a beneficial feed additive for Jack Dempsey cichlids.

Review the principle of trust in the marketing of investment-linked insurance products (PAYDI) in bancassurance

Trust is an essential element in the realm of investment. This study examines two legal issues in Bancassurance's PAYDI marketing. This study employs normative legal research, a systematic scientific approach used to address legal concerns that result from regulation. The utilized data consists of secondary sources, including statutes, judicial rulings, legal doctrines, and scholarly viewpoints. This study suggests that it is important to examine the teleological contractual relationship between the parties involved, particularly those that place importance on the social and moral components of the contract's goal. The collaboration between PAYDI and life insurance firms in implementing bancassurance marketing strategies with distribution business models is essential.

Metaverse: development prospects for labor relations

The article highlights the main theoretical issues related to the legal regulation of labor relations in the labor market, which are evolving within the new digital reality of the metaverse. It is noted that the metaverse is understood as a specific technological system that utilizes a set of technical tools for virtualizing space. The choice of direction depends on current legislation regarding the potential for developing the labor market through the application of high-tech meta labor platforms. The study argues that the growing trend of influence on the international community and the population of Ukraine by this new digital phenomenon of modern society, the metaverse, is significant in the context of realizing the right to work. This, in the future, will allow the use of IT technologies to identify barriers that limit the development of certain labor markets, directions, and integration in service provision. The author presents a visualization of the search for ways to resolve labor relations issues in the labor market under the conditions of the metaverse. The technologies used to create it are evaluated, which have enormous potential in realizing the right to work but also carry numerous risks. The article explores opportunities for improving the legal regulation of labor relations, especially in understanding the unique characteristics of elements where interaction between people occurs through their digital twins (avatars) using information technologies related to their identification and management of these digital avatars. Using existing research, the article proposes the author’s vision of the concept of a meta-labor platform and presents their understanding of meta-labor migration. The article also provides the postulates on which the concept of the modern meta-labor platform is based, indirectly through the ability to work of both meta-employers and meta-employees in the metaverse, given the current necessary technologies and infrastructure. It is suggested that the most crucial factor in transitioning to meta-labor relations is the transformation of the law as a mechanism to help organize renewed social relations. The main method used in the research of this article is the system-structural method, which allows establishing connections between different elements of the meta-labor platform as a complex system and analyzing the patterns generated by the spread of influence on meta-employers and meta-employees. Among the additional ones are used formal-logical, comparative-legal, as well as methods of legal modeling and forecasting.

Predicting Counterfeits from Smartphone Multi-Images Using Deep Learning

Counterfeiting is a pervasive issue in the collectible card market, posing significant risks to collectors, investors, and the industry at large. The trade of counterfeit cards not only undermines the value of genuine collectibles but also deceives consumers who invest their resources into fraudulent items. Despite advancements in counterfeit detection technologies, many counterfeit cards remain undiagnosed and continue to circulate in the marketplace, primarily due to the reliance on traditional methods of verification, which are often time-consuming and require expert evaluation. This study aims to leverage the increasing capabilities of widely available consumer technologies, specifically smartphones, to develop an innovative approach for the early detection of counterfeit collectible cards. By utilizing the multi-image signals acquired from smartphone cameras, we hypothesize that significant differences in color, type font, and material reflectiveness associated with counterfeit cards can be identified through machine learning techniques, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs). To evaluate this hypothesis, we analyzed a comprehensive dataset of 22,298 individual trading cards collected through the Digital Grading Company smartphone app. The dataset consisted of user-submitted images, which were systematically categorized into training, development, and test datasets to facilitate model training and validation. A robust 34-layer CNN architecture was employed to analyze these multi-image signals and predict the prevalence of counterfeit cards. The model's performance was measured using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), providing a quantitative assessment of its discriminatory ability. Our results revealed that of the total cards analyzed, 6.0% were identified as counterfeit, with the CNN model achieving an AUC of 0.772 (95% CI 0.747 - 0.797) in the test dataset. This indicates a reasonable level of discrimination in detecting counterfeit cards based solely on the multi-image data. The findings suggest that deep learning technologies can significantly enhance counterfeit detection processes, providing collectors and industry stakeholders with a powerful tool to combat fraud. This study represents the first proof-of-concept demonstration of utilizing smartphone-based imaging for the detection of counterfeits in collectible trading cards. By validating the effectiveness of deep learning in this context, we pave the way for future research that can explore more sophisticated algorithms and techniques to further improve detection accuracy. Ultimately, our approach could lead to the development of accessible applications for collectors and consumers, empowering them to make informed decisions and protect their investments in the collectible market.

Analysis of Capital Market Development and Economic Growth in Nigeria

This study examined the analysis of capital market development and economic growth in Nigeria between 1986 and 2022. As a result, the real gross domestic product was used as the dependent variable while independent variables in the study included market capitalisation, all share index, value of transactions, total number of new issues and exchange rate. The Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag Modelling (ARDL) technique as well as the Engle Granger causality test were used to analyse the data obtained from the CBN statistical bulletin. The results emanating from the analysis reported that the total number of new issues had a positive impact on economic growth while other variables had insignificant effects on economic growth. Furthermore, the causality results revealed that all the stock market variables had a uni-directional causality running from each of them to economic growth. Therefore, it is recommended that new issues in the capital market should be seriously regulated as they can affect economic growth in a significant manner.

A Study of Administrative Regulations on Real Estate Project Finance and Recent PF Market Issues

Real estate project financing is the process by which real estate developers secure funding. This study categorizes the types of real estate finance and analyzes investment types based on the degree of financial companies’ participation. Financial companies invest in real estate development projects either through direct financing, using PF loans, or through indirect financing via mechanisms such as collective investment schemes. However, if a financial company is not merely a financial investor but also acts directly as a developing entity, appropriate regulation is required. From an investor protection perspective, the Financial Act aims to alleviate information asymmetry and enhance the financial soundness of financial companies. An important issue is the regulation of financial companies directly implementing real estate development projects. In particular, if a real estate development project fails, the implementer bears primary responsibility. Therefore, granting enforcement authority to a financial company that controls the funding mechanism may pose a risk to financial companies. Real estate financing suggests that administrative regulations should be organized in a way that facilitates collaboration among multiple administrative agencies. The regulatory frameworks of both the Construction Act and the Financial Act should govern financial companies’ participation in real estate development projects, necessitating close cooperation among different administrative agencies. In the complex and specialized administrative legislative process, overlapping responsibilities among multiple administrative agencies, such as those under the Real Estate Investment Company Act, may occur; conversely, gaps in responsibilities may also arise. With this in mind, it is necessary to acknowledge the role of financial companies beyond their fundraising function in real estate finance and to investigate the complex and diverse legal relationships that may arise as a result. In particular, given the current situation—marked by the downturn in the real estate PF market that began last year, the subsequent workout of Taeyoung Construction, and concerns about the deterioration of savings banks’ soundness—, it is crucial to explore an effective regulatory system for real estate development finance by integrating the Construction Act and the Financial Act.

Blockchain-enabled downward traceability to combat gray market

Cross-market brand owners have long been troubled by the gray market issues. This study examines a dual distribution channel model involving one brand owner, two retailers, and two independent markets. In this model, low-end retailers privately transfer products from the low-end to high-end markets, creating a gray market. The brand addresses this behavior by adopting blockchain. We examine the impact of blockchain on gray market invasion, firm decisions, consumer surplus, and social welfare through downward traceability. The results show that gray market invasion consistently benefits low-end market retailers while disadvantaging high-end market retailers. It is profitable for the brand to allow gray market invasion when the willingness to pay in the low-end market is substantial. Blockchain adoption can effectively inhibit gray market invasion, benefiting high-end market retailers while harming low-end market retailers and the brand, depending on the cost and penalty fee involved with blockchain implementation. When the cost of blockchain adoption is relatively low, brand adopting blockchain may achieve a win-win-win market situation. However, although consumer surplus and social welfare can benefit from a gray market invasion, adopting blockchain reduces this impact, especially when cost of blockchain adoption and penalty fee are both relatively high.

Identifying mass market adoption in the transition to electric vehicles

Abstract When plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs)—plug-in hybrids and battery electric vehicles—reach mass market adoption, their growth may be self-sustaining and their replacement of fossil-fuel vehicles nearly certain. Understanding this milestone is important, because afterward research and policy interventions that support PEVs will be less necessary. In this paper we outline how to identify mass market adoption and show that the PEV market has not reached this point based on two essential criteria: achieving adoption (not sales) of about 16% and the resolution of early market issues (any deficiencies affecting vehicles, infrastructure, and the surrounding ecosystem). The fact that neither of these criteria have been met highlights the early stage of the PEV market and means PEVs will require policy support throughout this decade.