ISSR Techniques Research Articles

GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS OF NAOMI AND SENSATION MANGO CULTIVARS USING RAPD AND ISSR POLYMERASE BASED PCR

The present investigation aimed to use RAPD and ISSR techniques that depend on the polymerase chain reaction technique (PCR) to analyze the genetic variation between Naomi and Sensation mango cultivars. RAPD revealed a total number of 105 DNA band, fifteen bands of them were polymorphic and the average number of the polymorphic bands were seven bands / primer. ISSR primers clarify a wide range of variance between the studied cultivars, ISSR was able to recognize 124 DNA bands and thirty-two out of them were polymorphic with polymorphism percentage 25.8% and average polymorphic bands 10.3 / primer. Also, RAPD detected a high genetic similarity between Naomi and Sensation (91.4); while, ISSR detected 82.4%. RAPD and ISSR identify unique DNA bands distinguish between the two studied cultivars and could be used as a fingerprint for both cultivars. Naomi and Sensation cultivars were distinguished by 15 positive unique markers. The Naomi cultivar was identified by 14 positive markers and 4 negative markers. On the other hand Sensation was able to detect 14 negative unique markers and 4 positive one. The four negative unique markers resulted from three primers (OPO09, OPG06, OPG09), the size of these markers ranged from 200bp -280 bp.

Characterization of the Genetic Diversity of Some Species of Genus Vicia Using ISSR and ITS Molecular Techniques

Characterization of the Genetic Diversity of Some Species of Genus Vicia Using ISSR and ITS Molecular Techniques

Determination of genetic divergence in some bread wheat varieties by IRAP and ISSR analyses

In this study, it was aimed to detect the differences of genotypes through the measurement of genetic distance in bread wheat genotypes and to show the usability of chromosome mapping for different aims such as breeding programs, elite seed productions. The genetic diversity of 12 bread wheat genotypes bread wheat genotypes (Bozkır, Harmankaya 99, Altay 2000, Yıldırım, Bezostaja 1, Ahmetağa, Müfitbey, Aldane, Es 26, Alperbey, Atay 85 ad Eraybey) was examined through ISSR and IRAP techniques. As fast molecular techniques, ISSR and IRAP methods can be effectively included in breeding programs both for genetic exploration and evaluation and for the protection of elite breeding and production materials. 12 genotypes were classified into two main clusters in the dendrogram produced by using the ISSR and IRAP markers. While Cluster I included Bozkır, Harmankaya 99, Altay 2000, Yıldırım, Bezostaja 1, Ahmetağa and Müfitbey, cluster II included Aldane, Es 26, Alperbey, Atay 85 and Eraybey. Furthermore, the results obtained in this study indicated that ISSR and IRAP methods were effective for the definition of bread wheat genotypes.

PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIP AMONG DIFFERENT VARIETIES AND SPECIES OF CANNA USING MOLECULAR MARKERS

Canna, the solitary genus of family Cannaceae, represents a group of ornamental plants species. In this investigation an attempt was made to access the genetic relationship among six species and varieties of Canna using RAPD and ISSR techniques. A total of 49 major scorable bands ranging from 200 to 1500 bp were generated from two RAPD and three ISSR primers showing 83.6% polymorphism. Generally low relationship between tested cultivars/species; and the highest correlation (5.09) was found between Canna lily (C3) and Canna indica red (C2) and between Canna flaccida (C5) and Canna indica red(C2). However, the lowest (3.316) similarity was observed between Canna lilyred brilliant (C4) and Canna flaccida (C5). The dendrogram based on the contained data of both RAPD and ISSR which showed that Canna paniculata (C6) was always in a far correlation with the other species and varieties in this study. It was observed that the used primers of both RAPD and ISSR divided the plants according to the flower colour with ignorance to the leaves colour and grouped (C. variegata, C. indica redand C. paniculata)together in one cluster, but in the other cluster, the primers grouped them according to the leaves cluster with ignorance of the flower colour (C. flaccida, Canna lilyredbrilliant and Canna lily). Finally, it might be the same cultivars grouped in other way in case of using other primers or other molecular marker system.

Cytogenetic and molecular studies on two faba bean cultivars revealed their difference in their aluminum tolerance

Two cultivars of faba bean (Vicia faba ‘Giza 843’ and ‘Nobaria 3’) that differ in aluminum (Al) tolerance were used to study cytogenetic and genomic alterations under the influence of Al Cl3 (5, 15, and 25 mmol AlCl3) for different periods (6, 12 and 24 h). Under Al treatments, mitotic index in both cultivars decreased and total chromosomal abnormalities increased. The frequencies of micronuclei and chromosomal abnormalities (C-anaphase, metaphase-star chromosomes, breaks, sticky and disturbed chromosomes during metaphase or anaphase) in ‘Giza 843’ were lower than in ‘Nabaria 3’. Increase of the registered cytogenetic events under the influence of Al stress led to increase the detected polymorphism using RAPD and ISSR markers. Application of RAPD primers gave the same value of polymorphism in both faba bean cultivars under Al stress. Polymorphism average of nine ISSR primers of ’Giza 843’ (65.36 %) was lower than that of ‘Nobaria 3’ (71.59 %). Molecular markers, cytogenetic characteristics and seedling growth data indicate that Al tolerance of ‘Giza 843’ was higher than of ‘Nobaria 3’. This work shows that cytogenetic and ISSR techniques could be used efficiently to distinguish between the ability of two faba bean cultivars to tolerate toxic effects of Al.

Novel Cycloartan derivative with genetic and metabolic proৎiling oftwo Crassulaceae species

Crassula tetragona L. and Crassula ovata (Mill). are ornamental species of family Crassulaceae. Although this family is known for its high medicinal values, however, there is no much work considering the two species. Hence, this study represents the first comparative investigation of the genetic and metabolic profiling of the aerial part of both species. In this study, an examination of the genetic properties of both plants were accomplished, quantitative estimation of the main chemical classes of both species were also performed, investigation of the lipoidal matter of the plants and the major compounds of the methylene chloride (MeCl) fractions were isolated and identified using 1D and 2D NMR. Our results proved the genetic difference using RAPD and ISSR techniques of both plants. Estimation of triterpene was 63.18 µg/100µg and 87.06 µg/100µg, ursolic acid equivalent, in C. tetragona and C. ovata respectively. The unsaponifiable matter (USM) of n-hexane extract of C. tetragona and C. ovata revealed the presence of 32 hydrocarbons with the presence of n-tricontane as the major hydrocarbon in both species, in addition to seven steroidal components in both species. The investigation of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) revealed the presence of 12 components in C. tetragona and 9 components in C. ovata, and a novel triterpene, namely, 28 Methyl-5α-cycloart12, 20, 24-trien-15β-Ol was isolated and identified from MeCl together with 5 known compounds.

A New Aspect for In vitro Propagation of Jerusalem Artichoke and Molecular Assessment Using RAPD, ISSR and SCoT Marker Techniques

JERUSALEM artichoke is an important crop for a wide range of agricultural, medicinal and industrial purposes. Its tubers are rich in inulin and it is cultivated for food and animal feed. The current study aimed to develop an applicable protocol for micropropagation of three cultivars of Jerusalem artichoke (i.e., Balady, Fuza and Alba) using stem node explants. These explants were cultured on ½ MS medium augmented with different concentrations of kanamycin or cefotaxime. The lowest contamination correlated with highest survival percentages were recorded for ½ MS supplemented with 62.5mg L-1 cefotaxime. For shoot multiplication, the maximum number of shoots (11) were obtained for Alba cultivar cultured on MS fortified with 1mg L-1 BA + 0.1mg L-1 NAA + 50mg L-1 nano selenium. For rooting in vitro, the maximum values of rooting percent, root numbers/plantlet and length of roots were observed with ½ MS + 2mg L-1 IBA + 0.1mg L-1 NAA + 0.5mg L-1 KIN. Resulted in vitro regenerated plantlets, were acclimatized on perlite and peat moss mixture (1:1), which gave the highest percent of survival (100%) for Alba followed by Fuza and Balady (80 and 60%, respectively). Moreover, the molecular characterization based on RAPD, ISSR and SCoT techniques was carried out. The polymorphic percentages among in vivo shoots of the three cultivars recorded 38.09, 42.3 and 34.61%, respectively; 61.53, 67.8 and 50% between in vivo shoots, in vitro regenerates and stem derived calli of the three cultivars. The dendrogram analysis of combined techniques showed high similarity between Balady and Fuza followed by Alba.

Applicability of ISAP, ISSR and SSR markers in tomato breeding programs

Domesticated crops are characterized by narrow genetic base reflecting one or more bottlenecks during millennia-long selection. As a result, current breeding programs are limited in available germplasm and are forced to deal with incremental improvements of yield, resistance, nutritional value, etc. Since the establishment of modern genetics and biotechnology, several new approaches have emerged to extend the genetic base and germplasm improvement. Among these methods, induced mutagenesis appeared as most useful conventional breeding tool. Although, its successful application currently requires good knowledge of modern molecular tools. In this paper we will make an attempt to overview SSR, ISSR and ISAP techniques as well as to offer examples of their application in tomato breeding programs.

DNA fingerprinting and assessment of some physiological changes in Al-induced Bryophyllum daigremontianum clones.

Aluminum (Al) is one of the most important stress factors that reduce plant productivity in acidic soils. Present work thereby analyzed Al-induced genomic alterations in Bryophyllum daigremontianum clones using RAPD and ISSR markers, and investigated responding changes in photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll a, b, a/b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid) contents and total soluble protein amounts in plant leaves. The main reason for the use of bulbiferous spurs originated clone plants was to increase reliability and acceptability of RAPD and ISSR techniques in DNA fingerprinting. Raised 40 clone plants were divided into five separate groups each with eight individuals and each experimental group was watered with 0 (control), 0 (acid control), 50, 100 and 200µM AlCl3-containing Hoagland solutions on alternate days for two and a half months. All plant soils except control group were sprayed with 0.2% sulfuric acid following watering days and this contributed acidic characteristic (pH 4.8) to soil structure. Increase in Al concentrations were accompanied by an increase in total soluble protein amounts, a decrease in photosynthetic pigment contents, and with appearance, disappearance and intensity changes at RAPD and ISSR band profiles. Out of tested RAPD1-25 and ISSR1-15 primers, RAPD8, RAPD9, ISSR2 and ISSR7 primers produced reproducible band profiles that were distinguishable between treatment and control groups. Findings showed that RAPD and ISSR fingerprints have been useful biomarkers for investigation of plant genotoxicity, especially in clone plants. Moreover, if these fingerprints are integrated with other physiological parameters they could become more powerful tools in ecotoxicology.

Molecular and phytochemical assessment for some seedy strains of Alamar apricot rootstock under salinity stress

ABSTRACTThe aims of our study were to molecularly assess some seedy strains of Alamar Apricot Rootstock using SCoT and ISSR techniques. In addition, assessment of the expression of P5CS gene with assay of some stress-related phytochemical parameters under salinity stress. These strains were irrigated with salt solution for 6 months from June 2016, only eight strains continued to grow under salinity stress. ISSR and SCoT techniques revealed polymorphic patterns and confirmed to be valid in discriminating these eight strains. SCoT technique was better than ISSRs in assessment for molecular diversity and discrimination capacity for all studied seedy strains. However, a significant positive correlation was found only between distances based on ISSR data and Euclidian distances based on stress-related phytochemical parameters data. These strains showed higher values than control for the studied parameters, specially A3 being the best strain in all parameters, in addition to showing a significantly increase in P5CS gene expression compared to control. Also, A3 was distinguished by a few ISSR unique markers. This, suggesting that, these markers may be used as markers assisted selection in the improvement of salinity tolerance. In addition, the possibility of utilizing this strain through other studies as a source of salinity tolerance in Alamar apricot rootstock.

Genetic diversity and variation of Huperzia serrata (Thunb. ex Murray) Trevis. population in Vietnam revealed by ISSR and SCoT markers

Genetic diversity and variation of four naturally distributed Huperzia serrata populations in Vietnam were analyzed based on the DNA fingerprint data obtained by ISSR and SCoT techniques separately and combined together. Both of ISSR and SCoT markers showed that the genetic diversity in Vietnam was relatively high at population and species level, except for the Hoang Lien population. The genetic diversity parameters of the Hoang Lien population were Nei’s gene diversity index (He) = 0.1436, Shannon index (I) = 0.2161, percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) = 45.45%; of the Bach Ma population, He = 0.21, I = 0.33, PPB = 71.97%; of the Ngoc Linh population, He = 0.20, I = 0.31, PPB = 74.24%; of the Bidoup population, He = 0.19, I = 0.30, PPB = 74.24%; and at species level in Vietnam, He = 0.23, I = 0.36, PPB = 100%. The genetic differentiation was high with a value of GST = 0.19 and the number of migrants was estimated through gene flow as Nm = 2.16 individuals per generation among populations. The results of analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that 28 and 72% of the total variation were among and within populations, respectively. The genetic diversity and genetic variation parameters of the investigated populations depended on the type of techniques used for DNA fingerprinting and also on the nature of each population. However, there was a high correlation and general trends among the obtained data sets when using ISSR, SCoT and the combination of these techniques.

INTRASPECIFIC VARIATIONS STUDIED BY ISSR AND IRAP MARKERS IN MASTIC TREE (Pistacia lentiscus L.) FROM TURKEY

In this study, intra-specific variations in naturally growing and cultivated mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus L.) samples obtained from western parts of Turkey were examined using ISSR and IRAP marker techniques. Samples from Crete and Chios were also included in the study. Morphological measurements of some leaf characteristics of the samples were performed and the measured data was evaluated statistically with a Pearson Correlation analysis to reveal the correlations between character pairs. ISSR primers produced 81 bands between 161-1884bp with 96.3% polymorphism and IRAP primers produced 72 bands between 124-2027bp with 91.67% polymorphism. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values were 0.458 and 0.418 for ISSR and IRAP, respectively. Genetic similarity matrix was examined with Jaccard’s coefficient. Maximum similarity was found between the Cretan samples (LG2 and LG3) with the ISSR analysis (0.933) and between L25A (C1, Bodrum) and L29A (C1, Milas) with the IRAP analysis (0.593). Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram was divided into 12 and 4 groups by ISSR and IRAP methods, respectively. Specimens were segregated on 3 main different clusters by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on the combined marker systems. The results showed that P. lentiscus has very high ratios of intraspecific variation. The present work is an original study in terms of large sampling including wild genotypes, cultivated specimen, Chios and Cretan varieties, use of ISSR and IRAP combination, determination of relations between culture and wild genotypes and the use of Bagy-1 retrotransposons in intraspecific polymorphism. This study may be considered as a reference study for studies on gene pools of P. lentiscus and phylogenetic relationships within the species and may contribute to species concept and agricultural breeding programs.

Genetic Diversity between Pumpkin Accessions Growing in the Northern Border Region in Saudi Arabia Based on Biochemical and Molecular Parameters

THE GENETIC variation and relationships among 16 pumpkin accessions of Cucurbita moschata & Cucurbita maxima were assessed based on variation in fruit shape, skin color, flesh and size of fruits. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of seed protein and molecular markers revealed by SCoT and ISSR techniques. The SDS-PAGE electropherogram showed 12 bands; two (75 and 145 kDa) were found in accessions (1-8) and one (85 kDa) was found in accessions 9-16. Other three bands were unique to accessions 1, 2 & 11. Five ISSR primers produced 79 markers ranging in molecular size from 130 to 2140 bp. Six SCoT primers produced 173 markers ranging from 135 to 2660 bp. The ISSR polymorphism among the examined accessions was 100% in the case of primers 49A, 44 B and HB-12, and was 92% for primer HB-15. Similarly, 100% polymorphism was scored for the primers SCoT8, SCoT11, SCoT12 and SCoT14. The lowest polymorphism was 93.94% in case of primer SCoT1. Our data based on protein, RAPD and ISSR data using the SYSTAT version 7.0 program clearly distinguished accessions from each other.

Applicability of Different Molecular Markers Techniques for Genetic Distinguish Between Two Genera Cressa Linn. and Cuscuta Yunck. Family Convolvulaceae.

The DNA fingerprinting is used to determine the relationship between species in the same genus or between genera related to the same family. The aim of this study was to determine the relationships between two samples related to the same family Convolvulaceae, representing two genera, Cressa Linn. and Cuscuta Yunck. by RAPD, ISSR and SCoT molecular techniques (PCR based DNA fingerprint). The RAPD, ISSR and SCoT based DNA fingerprinting techniques were implemented to identify the fingerprint diversity between two genera, Cressa Linn. and Cuscuta Yunck-belonging to the family Convolvulaceae. Applying of RAPD technique revealed that using OP-A02, OP-A09, OP-A10, OP-C04 and OP-M01 primers recorded 60, 83.33, 100, 50 and 70.66% polymorphism, respectively. On the other hand, ISSR technique recorded 40, 50, 100, 66.67, 33.33 and 37.5% polymorphism with 44B, HB-08, HB-09, HB-10, HB-11 and HB-12 primers, respectively. However, amplification of SCoT technique, SCoT 1, SCoT 2, SCoT 3, SCoT 4, SCoT 6, SCoT 8, SCoT 10 and SCoT 12 primers recorded 33.33, 28.57, 14.28, 66.66, 25, 40, 42.85 and 50%, respectively . The total polymorphism recorded 73.33, 54.58 and 37.7% for RAPD, ISSR and SCoT techniques, respectively. The result of this study indicated that SCoT technique was more efficient and sustainable for distinguish between two genera under investigation.

GENETIC DIVERSITY AMONG SOME SPECIES OF THE GENUS ALLIUM L. USING SSR AND ISSR MARKERS

Genus Allium includes some economically important species like common onion, garlic, chives, and leek under worldwide cultivation. In this study, genetic diversity of some cultivars belonging to three species (Allium sativum L., Allium cepa L. and Allium currat L.) of this genus was investigated using sixteen SSR and three ISSR primers. All primers generated a total of 100 fragments, distributed as, 39% monomorphic, 33% polymorphic and 28% unique. The percentage of polymorphism identified by SSR and ISSR primers varied between 25 and 92.9%. With the highest variability detected for SSR and ISSR regions, the results of similarity demonstrated the presence of a concealable relationship amongst Allium species with a significant degree of similarity among clones belonging to the same species of this genus. DNA sequence of the monomorphic band generated from the five clones and cultivars used in the present work by one of the SSR primers (Asa20) were aligned together and with the earlier obtained sequences belonging to different genera and species. Although all of these sequences were obtained from one monomorphic band using the same primer, the pairwise alignment of the two onion clones showed only 75.49% of homology and nearly the same percentage of homology (73.76%) was obtained between the sequences generated from the two garlic clones. The dendrogram based on genetic similarities between cultivars showed three major clusters. Cluster 1 included only the Egyptian Leek cultivar; cluster 2 comprised the two garlic clones and cluster 3 composed of the two onion cultivars. Generally, the present results corroborate the idea that SSR and ISSR techniques seems to be a convenient tool for genetic diversity of the genus Allium.

Molecular and Phenotypic Evaluation of some Summer Squash Inbred Lines

In order to evaluate molecular and phenotypic diversity and detecting molecular markers for six summer squash inbred lines belong to species [Cucurbita pepo L.], five RAPD and five ISSR primers were used as well as 12 economical traits were estimated. These primers succeeded in generating reproducible and reliable amplicons. RAPD revealed 88.1 % of polymorphism while ISSR techniques showed 80.5% polymorphism. The resolving power (Rp) value for RAPD technique was 5.00 which was higher than 3.40 of ISSR technique. Therefore, the RAPD technique was better than ISSR technique in evaluated molecular diversity and discrimination capacity among lines. But, the ISSR technique was better than RAPD technique in showing unique markers (21 for ISSRs and 9 for RAPDs). Also, the correlation between phenotypic distance (PD) and molecular distance (MD) based on ISSRs was 0.173 highest than with MD based on RAPDs (0.045). On the other hand, with the exception of P6 which gave significant desirable value in two traits (number of fruits and yield per plant), each of the other five strains gave a significant desirable value in one trait, thus the number of these traits which distinguished in the six inbred lines were 7 traits. These traits could be linked with all unique markers detected in this study. The inbred line P5 showed the highest number of unique markers (10, 9 of them were positive), one or some of which may be linked with NL trait that showed in this inbred line a significant desirable value. Followed by the inbred line P6 which showed seven unique markers (six of them were positive) one or some of which may be linked with NF and/or Y/P traits. This indicated that some of these markers may be used as markers assisting selection in the breeding and improvement of squash.

Genetic Diversity of Salvia Species Assessed by ISSR and RAPD Markers

The genus Salvia includes an enormous assemblage of nearly 1,000 species dispersed around the world. Due to possible threats to this genus, there is an immediate requirement to evaluate the diversity of its wild populations. ISSR and RAPD molecular techniques were used to evaluate the genetic relationships among twenty-one ecotypes of eight Salvia species. Amplification of genomic DNA using 23 primers (15 RAPD and eight ISSR) produced 280 bands, of which 91% were polymorphic. The results of marker parameters showed no clear difference between two marker systems. It was generally observed that both ISSR and RAPD markers had similar efficiency in detecting genetic polymorphisms with remarkable ability to differentiate the closely related ecotypes of Salvia. Nei’s similarity coefficients for these techniques ranged from 0.48 to 0.98. Based on the results of clustering, PCoA and AMOVA, the genetic diversity between and within species was confirmed. So, conservation and domestication of the genus Salvia must be due to levels of genetic variations.

Assessment of genetic diversity among India Ginseng, Withania somnifera (L) Dunal using RAPD and ISSR markers

<em>Withania somnifera</em> is commonly known as Indian Ginseng or Ashwagandha which is listed highly medicinal plant in Ayurveda for its wide range of medicinal use. Genetic diversity among 16 genotypes of <em>Withania somnifera</em> collected from four different regions viz. Lucknow, Nimuch, Karnataka and Mumbai was studied using RAPD and ISSR techniques. The ISSR and RAPD together produced 89 bands across 16 genotypes of <em>W. somnifera </em>of which 39 were polymorphic showing 47.89% polymorphism. Over 99% of the RAPD and ISSR fragments were reproducible in the present experiment. There was 90% uniformity within the population. The neighbor joining tree also confirmed a clear grouping and differentiation based on populations of origin i.e. samples were grouped on the basis of their regions of origin. The dendrogram reveals that outgroup of <em>W. somnifera </em>Karnataka origin are evolutionarily related to <em>W. somnifera </em>Nimuch group varieties and <em>W. somnifera </em>Lucknow and Mumbai group varieties are evolutionarily closely related. Within population analysis of Lucknow and Nimuch location showed two sub groups of two lines each showing slight diversity. Plants from Karnataka and Mumbai region show less diversity within population.

Genetic diversity and pathogenicity of Monilinia polystroma – the new pathogen of cherries

Brown rot caused by fungi belonging to the genus Monilinia is one of the major limiting factors of sour and sweet cherry production. Up to now, three species, M. fructigena, M. laxa and M. fructicola, have been identified as causal agents of brown rot on cherries worldwide. From 2010 to 2013, during the monitoring of cherry orchards in different areas of Poland, a fourth species, M. polystroma, was isolated from brown rot symptoms on sour and sweet cherry fruits. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time M. polystroma has been reported as the causal agent of brown rot on cherries. The genetic diversity of M. polystroma isolates from cherries and other hosts was analysed using PCR MP, ISSR and RAPD techniques and showed its clear distinctness from other Monilinia spp. tested. The cluster analysis of fingerprinting data revealed a high similarity of M. polystroma isolates from Poland and their close relationship with the reference strain from Japan, indicating that this species is a recently introduced pathogen. The highest genetic distance between the examined isolates and the highest number of different genotypes was observed in an ISSR assay. Detailed genetic diversity characteristics revealed that M. polystroma isolates from cherries did not create a distinct group but were intermingled with M. polystroma isolates from other hosts. The results of the pathogenicity test conducted on different fruit species indicated a lack of host specificity for M. polystroma isolates.

Evaluation of rhizomania-resistance segregating sequences and overall genetic diversity pattern among selected accessions of Beta and Patellifolia. Potential implications of breeding for genetic bottlenecks in terms of rhizomania resistance

AbstractSugar beet is hypothesized to have a narrowed genetic base due to its origin as White Silesian Beet and from numerous breeding selections and practices. High sugar quality, yield of recoverable sugar, cytoplasmic-male sterility system, monogermity, pests and disease resistance and bolting resistance constitute some of the adaptations that significantly influenced the existing genetic background of the crop. In this study we aimed to evaluate the extent of genetic diversity existing in wild beet representatives of Beta and Patellifolia and sugar beet cultivars, with a special focus on the complex Beta vulgaris. Another purpose was to determine the potential usefulness and conformity of selected molecular markers in different groups of materials in the context of rhizomania resistance. To reach these goals, molecular RAPD, ISSR techniques, literature-selected rhizomania resistance-segregating sequences as well as mitochondrial markers were used. The comparison of genetic diversity in wild and cultivated Beta forms shows that the population differentiation values and distance values are relatively high in cultivars. Moreover, the diversity component seemed to be compromised rather on the level of population (Hs) than in total (Ht) in cultivars. Our results shed a new light on the expected genetic bottlenecks existing in cultivars and revealed features specific for individual taxa (Patellifolia, Corollinae). Some degree of distinctiveness was suggested between genetic determinants of rhizomania resistance in modern cultivars in comparison with wild resistance sources. In addition, we document here an internal heterogeneity existing in selected wild/weedy accessions at the level of crucial sequences using high resolution melting.