DREMAN, S. B., and GREENBAUM, CHARLES W. Altruism or Reciprocity: Sharing Behavior in Israeli Kindergarten Children. CmLD DEVELOPMENT, 1973, 44, 61-68. 120 preschool children, grouped by social class, ethnicity, and sex, were asked to share candies with classmates who had not received candies, in either a reciprocity or a nonreciprocity situation. Middle-class boys, as predicted, responded less generously in a situation in which the recipient would not know who gave the gift (nonreciprocity) than in a situation in which the recipient would know (reciprocity). Other groups were not affected by the reciprocity variation. This was attributed to the tendency of middle-class individuals, particularly males, to rely on reciprocity norms in prosocial transactions. A content analysis of reasons for sharing showed a clear relation between verbal expressions of altruism and actual altruistic behavior. Children giving altruistic answers contributed the largest amount. It is suggested that altruism is a multidimensional concept and that in the young child its expression may in part reflect differing levels of cognitive development.