Psyllium Research Articles

Psyllium Seeds, Sage Seeds, Rocket Seeds as A Sources of Galactomannan Gum

Psyllium Seeds, Sage Seeds, Rocket Seeds as A Sources of Galactomannan Gum

Study of integrated optical and synthetic aperture radar-based temporal indices database for specific crop mapping using fuzzy machine learning model

For specific crop mapping, temporal data is used to handle the spectral overlap between classes. But a number of times, availability of temporal optical remote sensing data is not consistent with the requirements. In this study, a medicinal crop, psyllium husk, was mapped in Jalore district of Rajasthan, India while trying to integrate optical temporal data with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. Vegetation indices derived from optical and SAR data, i.e., modified soil adjusted vegetation index 2 (MSAVI2) and radar vegetation index (RVI), respectively, were used to prepare temporal indices databases. Three different temporal layer combinations of MSAVI2 and RVI layers, corresponding to different phenological stages of the target crop, were studied to determine the efficacy of different sensors for crop mapping. The outputs were assessed on the basis of classification efficiency with mean membership difference and variance for determining the effect of heterogeneity in the mapped fields. The results were compared with those obtained using only optical temporal data. From the results obtained, it was observed that the introduction of SAR-based vegetation index as a temporal layer gave good results for fully vegetated and harvest stages of the target crop. The variance within mapped fields was observed as low as 0.0003.

Characterization of selected dietary fibers microparticles and application of the optimized formulation as a fat replacer in hazelnut spreads

The present work demonstrates the application of the spray drying technique to produce microparticulates of different dietary fibers with particle sizes<10 µm. It examines their role as potential fat replacers for hazelnut spread creams. Optimization of a dietary fiber formulation containing inulin, glucomannan, psyllium husk, and chia mucilage to obtain high viscosity, water holding capacity, and oil holding capacity was conducted. Microparticles containing 46.1, 46.2, and 7.6 weight percentages of chia seed mucilage, konjac glucomannan, and psyllium husk showed a spraying yield of 83.45 %, a solubility of 84.63 %, and viscosity of 40.49 Pas. When applied to hazelnut spread creams, microparticles substituted palm oil by 100 %; they produced a product with a total unsaturated and saturated fat reduction of 41 and 77 %, respectively. An increase in dietary fibers of 4 % and a decrease in total calories of 80 % were also induced when compared with the original formulation. Hazelnut spread with dietary fiber microparticles were preferred by 73.13 % of the panelist in the sensory study due to an enhancement in brightness. The demonstrated technique could be used to increase the fiber content while decreasing the fat content in some commercial products, such as peanut butter or chocolate cream.

Supplementation of psyllium husk and selected herb mixture improves cardiovascular disease risk factors in female adults

Supplementation of psyllium husk and selected herb mixture improves cardiovascular disease risk factors in female adults

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) gum: A functional ingredient with promising properties and applications in food and pharmaceuticals—A review

AbstractFenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) is an annual plant belonging to the family Leguminosae or Fabaceae. The seeds of fenugreek contain 26.8% soluble fiber chemically identified as galactomannans with properties similar to soluble fiber of guar seeds and psyllium husk and so on. Galactomannans are biopolymers consisting of linear core poly (1,4)‐β‐D‐mannan backbone having varying degrees of D‐galactosyl substituents attached by 1,6‐glycosidic linkages. Different galactomannans derived from various legumes usually differ in molecular weight, ratio of mannose to galactose, and the mode and place of linkages of galactose moieties to the mannan backbone. Fenugreek gum has a galactose to mannose ratio of 1:1, showing the highest amount of galactose resulting in its highest water solubility compared with guar and locust bean gum. It suggested that the galactose and mannose moieties are linked uniformly in fenugreek gum resulting in maximum hydration and solubility. This M/G ratio affects the physicochemical properties of galactomannans and is inversely related to the solubility of gum. Galactomannans sterically stabilize the emulsions against flocculation and coalescence by getting adsorbed onto oil droplets. In addition to this, galactomannans are all found to exhibit some surface, interfacial, and emulsification activities. Because of these properties, it is preferred over other natural hydrocolloids as an excellent ingredient for various food applications. As a hydrocolloid, fenugreek gum provides texture, appeal, gelling, thickening, emulsifying, stabilizing, and encapsulating properties. In the present review, we summarized the extraction, purification, chemical, functional properties, molecular structure, thermal and rheological behavior of gum isolated from fenugreek seeds, and then vital application of this traditional source of hydrocolloids in food, pharmaceutical, and other industries.

What is the efficacy of dietary, nutraceutical, and probiotic interventions for the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis

Treatments for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) symptoms include pharmaceutical, surgical, dietary, and lifestyle behaviors; however, dietary interventions lack evidence synthesis. What is the effect of dietary, probiotic, and nutraceutical interventions on GERD symptoms, with or without pharmaceutical therapy, in adults with a history of GERD or functional dyspepsia compared to no intervention, placebo, or usual care? A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to PRISMA. The search strategy was implemented in MEDLINE, CINAHL, CENTRAL, and Embase on the 28th October 2020 and updated to 27th July 2021. Intervention studies were eligible if they evaluated the effect of a dietary, nutraceutical, or probiotic intervention on GERD symptoms in adults with a history of GERD or functional dyspepsia. The internal validity of studies was assessed using the Academy Quality Criteria Checklist; Review Manager software was used to perform meta-analysis; and certainty in the body of evidence was assessed using GRADE. 6,608 study records were retrieved from the search, with 21 studies (n=24 highly heterogenous intervention groups) included (n=10 restrictive dietary interventions; n=3 non-restrictive dietary interventions; n=8 nutraceutical interventions; and n=3 probiotic interventions). GERD symptoms were clinically and statistically improved by a test-based elimination diet (n=1 study), low nickel diet (n=1 study), probiotic yoghurt (n=1 study), psyllium husk (n=1 study), prickly pear and olive leaf extract supplement (n=1 study), and melatonin, amino acid and b-group vitamin supplement (n=1 study) according to qualitative synthesis. Ginger-containing supplements could be meta-analyzed, and improved incidence of GERD symptom alleviation (n=2 studies, OR: 7.50 [95%CI: 3.62-15.54], GRADE: high). No clinically and/or statistically significant effects were found for the remaining n=16 highly heterogenous interventions. Evidence to guide the dietary management of GERD symptoms is limited in scope, quality, and feasibility. Based on the limited evidence available, dietary GERD management should be long-term, individualized, and consider both dietary restrictions and/or additions. CRD42021224082.

The Impact of Flaxseed and Psyllium Seed Oils on Hemogram, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Ulcerative Colitis

The Impact of Flaxseed and Psyllium Seed Oils on Hemogram, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Ulcerative Colitis

Structural and nutritional properties of psyllium husk arabinoxylans with special reference to their antioxidant potential

ABSTRACT The current research aimed to extract and characterize arabinoxylans (AX) from psyllium seeds husk for their nutritional and structural properties. For this purpose, psyllium husk (PH) was procured from the local market and subjected for the nutritional profile, dietary fiber (DF) composition, and AXs extraction. The extraction of AXs from psyllium seed husk was done through enzymatic method and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used for its structural characterization. Further, the antioxidant activity of AXs was also elucidated using ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Results showed that psyllium seed husk is a good source of DFs (61.5 ± 2.6%) and the proximate composition including moisture, ash, crude fat, crude protein, crude fibers, and Nitrogen free extract (NFE) was 4.9 ± 0.01, 4.1 ± 0.01, 1.2 ± 0.01, 3.9 ± 0.05, 20.23 ± 0.4 and 78.2 ± 4.01 g/100 g, respectively. Furthermore, AXs content was 68.29 ± 3.4 g/100 g of PH. Different monosaccharides including xylose, arabinose, rhamnose, glucose, and galactose contents in PHAXs were 64.23 ± 1.04%, 13.38 ± 0.16%, 1.43 ± 0.04%, 1.89 ± 0.05%, and 3.64 ± 0.07%, respectively. FTIR absorption peaks from 900 to 1100 cm−1 showed spectra of AXs with the highest peak from 980 to 1015 cm−1 reflecting arabinose and xylose ratio. Additionally, the substitution positions on the xylan backbone were 2800–3400 cm−1 of O-H stretching vibrations and peaks of C-H stretching at 2853 and 2923 cm−1. The antioxidant activity of PHAXs exhibited that the FRAP value of extracted AXs was 1.39 ± 0.06 μmol Fe2+/g and the DPPH value was 3.01 ± 0.15 Trolox mg/g. It is depicted that PH is a good source of AXs (non-starch polysaccharide) with better antioxidant potential.

Effect of psyllium husk and wheat mill bran fractions on the microstructure and mixograph characteristics of Arabic bread

When psyllium husk, wheat bran and germ was added, Incorporation of psyllium and wheat bran may affect the dough structure, dough rheology as well as the final quality of baked Arabic flat bread, which, thus, became important for this study. Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) taken on Arabic bread, depicted both intact small and the large starch granules on the outer crust area. This was mainly due to the rapid loss of moisture from the Arabic bread surface during intense baking operation leaving less moisture for gelatinization to take place. With psyllium added to WWF at 0, 3, and 5 % level, the peak time was increased from 3 to 4.5 min. The ascending and descending angle values were more or less identical in all the samples except with wheat germ addition, whereas much lower values (51 to 58°) for these parameters were observed, indicating a faster rate of dough breakdown. With psyllium, fine- and coarse bran addition to WWF, a corresponding increase in peak time was observed. Ascending and descending angles showed similar trends to that of the WWF and psyllium combinations. Use of falling number apparatus is an indirect method of measuring the diastatic enzyme activity in cereal flours. WGF showed lower falling-number values (502 s) than the WWF (607 s). Addition of fine bran to WWF lowered the falling number (607 to 563 s) whereas with coarse wheat bran and germ, these values were increased.

Psyllium-Husk-Assisted Synthesis of ZnO Microstructures with Improved Photocatalytic Properties for the Degradation of Methylene Blue (MB).

Wastewater from the textile industry is chronic and hazardous for the human body due to the presence of a variety of organic dyes; therefore, its complete treatment requires efficient, simple, and low cost technology. For this purpose, we grew ZnO microstructures in the presence of psyllium husk, and the role of psyllium husk was to modify the surface of the ZnO microstructures, create defects in the semiconducting crystal structures, and to alter the morphology of the nanostructured material. The growth process involved a hydrothermal method followed by calcination in air. Additionally, the psyllium husk, after thermal combustion, added a certain value of carbon into the ZnO nanomaterial, consequently enhancing the photocatalytic activity towards the degradation of methylene blue. We also investigated the effect of varying doses of photocatalyst on the photocatalytic properties towards the photodegradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution under the illumination of ultraviolet light. The structure and morphology of the prepared ZnO microstructures were explored by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The degradation of methylene blue was monitored under the irradiation of ultraviolet light and in the dark. Also, the degradation of methylene blue was measured with and without photocatalyst. The photodegradation of methylene blue is highly increased using the ZnO sample prepared with psyllium husk. The photodegradation efficiency is found to be approximately 99.35% for this sample. The outperforming functionality of psyllium-husk-assisted ZnO sample is attributed to large surface area of carbon material from the psyllium husk and the synergetic effect between the incorporated carbon and ZnO itself. Based on the performance of the hybrid material, it is safe to say that psyllium husk has high potential for use where surface roughness, morphology alteration, and defects in the crystal structure are vital for the enhancing the functionality of a nanostructured material. The observed performance of ZnO in the presence of psyllium husk provides evidence for the fabrication of a low cost and efficient photocatalyst for the wastewater treatment problems.

87 A Low-Cost Simulator for Ultrasound-Guided Retrograde Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta

Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA) is a technique used for obtaining emergent control of life-threatening, non-compressible thoracic, abdominal, or pelvic hemorrhage (1). This abstract will detail a low-cost, ultrasound-realistic simulator for performance of the REBOA procedure. A major hurdle to widespread implementation of the REBOA technique has been the difficulty in obtaining adequate training analogues for development of competency among physicians (2). Currently, there is a paucity of literature and few commercially available simulators for REBOA training. Commercial simulation models for REBOA include high-fidelity simulators developed by Keller et al. (2), Prytime Medical (3), and Medalus (4). A low-cost, low-fidelity simulator has been proposed by Walsh et al. (5), however it lacks ultrasound compatibility. Performance of the REBOA procedure involves several steps. First, the provider must prepare a sterile field and cannulate the femoral artery with an introducer sheath under ultrasound guidance. The REBOA device is then passed through the introducer sheath to one of three target zones. Once positioned, the REBOA balloon is inflated until occlusion is achieved (1). Our simulator is constructed from a gelatin thigh analog with silicon tubing vessels connected to a clear plastic reusable simulated aorta. To create the gelatin thigh analog, two 30-cm sections of 0.5-in diameter silicon tubing are secured within an aluminum mold and embedded into a gelatin mixture. To create the gelatin, 50g of commercially available psyllium husk powder and 120g of gelatin powder (Commercial Knox Gelatin Powder(R)) are mixed in 1L of water and refrigerated for 12 hours prior to use. One of the two 0.5-in silicon tubing segments is connected to a 40-cm length of 1-in diameter rigid clear plastic tubing, which constitutes the aortic segment of the model. The aortic segment is then connected to a length of latex tubing with an in-line unidirectional manual pressure bulb to simulate pulsatile arterial flow. The other 0.5-in tubing segment is connected to an unpressurized reservoir to simulate non-pulsatile venous flow. To test the simulator, a 30-minute simulation session was conducted among 24 current emergency medicine resident physicians. Participants were asked to describe their knowledge of and confidence performing the REBOA procedure on a 1-to-5 Likert Scale before and after the simulation session. Confidence improved after the training, with a median confidence score of 1.0 before the session and 4.0 after the session. The results were evaluated using a Mann-Whitney U test which yielded a p-value <0.0001. Regarding cost, our model can be constructed for a total cost of $24. It is ultrasound compatible, provides life-like aortic pulsatility, and maintains anatomic functional accuracy. This project details the construction of a low-cost, ultrasound-compatible simulator for training physicians in the REBOA procedure. Our simulation session and subsequent review of participant data demonstrate that such a simulation exercise yielded measurable benefits in procedural skills and medical knowledge for the participants.

Thymoquinone incorporated chitosan-sodium alginate/psyllium husk derived biopolymeric composite films: A comparative antibacterial and anticancer profile

The fabrication of biopolymeric film containing natural therapeutics envisioned to develop edible, nontoxic and biodegradable composite using polymers. Our study focused on extraction of psyllium husk mucilage, a medicinally acknowledged natural polysaccharide and develop a proper composite with chitosan. We combined chitosan with both alginate and husk mucilage separately to prepare two composite films. Drug release dynamics from the complex polymeric networks was evaluated where polymeric films showed sustained release of thymoquinone, a water-insoluble phytocomponent. Structural and physico-chemical properties of the films were confirmed by FTIR, XRD, FESEM, TGA analysis. Significant antimicrobial activities against both bacterial strains and strong anticancer activities against human prostate cancer cell line (PC3) and adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cell line (A549) was observed. This biodegradable polymer combination suggests towards the possibility of potential applications for the food industry and variety of biomedical applications such as wound dressing, tissue scaffolding etc.

Carboxymethyl cellulose and psyllium husk in gluten-free pasta

Formulating high-quality pasta from wheat-free materials is a technological challenge. We aimed to make gluten-free pasta with carboxymethyl cellulose and psyllium husk and evaluate their effect on the quality of the final product.&#x0D; Gluten-free pasta was produced from rice flour, white corn flour, potato starch, soy protein isolate, and carboxymethyl cellulose or psyllium husk used as binding agents. Then, we evaluated the effect of these hydrocolloids on the color, texture, cooking quality, and sensory characteristics of the product. &#x0D; The uncooked gluten-free pasta containing psyllium husk showed significantly higher values of hardness compared to the samples with carboxymethyl cellulose, while the cooked pasta with psyllium husk had a significantly lower nitrogen loss. Also, psyllium husk improved the texture of the cooked gluten-free pasta, providing the highest values of resilience, springiness, and chewiness. Generally, the psyllium husk samples received higher quality values for texture, cooking quality, and sensory parameters, compared to the pasta with carboxymethyl cellulose.&#x0D; Psyllium husk showed a better ability to bind gluten-free pasta than carboxymethyl cellulose. Consequently, psyllium husk could become a feasible alternative to wheat gluten in producing high-quality gluten-free pasta.

Role of Psyllium Husk (Plantago ovata) on Liver Function Alterations Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) in Adult Male Albino Rats

Role of Psyllium Husk (Plantago ovata) on Liver Function Alterations Induced by Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) in Adult Male Albino Rats

Multifunctional bio-based photothermal hydrogel for highly efficient seawater desalination and contaminant adsorption

In this paper, a vertically aligned porous photothermal PVA-psyllium husk hybrid hydrogel (PHH) has been prepared by introducing naturally abundant biomass psyllium husk (PH), along with nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots-iron oxide hybrid nanocomposite (NCQD@Fe3O4) into polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel. Using PHH, an evaporation rate of 2.6 kg m−2 h−1 and ≈ 92% solar to vapor conversion efficiency have been achieved under 1 sun. After 10 cycling tests, PHH shows an evaporation rate of ⁓ 2.5–2.6 kg m−2 h−1 under different harsh conditions (pH 3–14 and salinity up to 250 g/kg), indicating long-lasting stability. In addition to this, the PHH evaporator shows excellent salt-resistant desalination and contaminant adsorption performance in seawater. Owing to a series of merits such as cost-effectiveness ($5.23/m2), high vapor conversion efficiency, excellent transport, and salt mitigation properties this renewable biomass-based evaporator may open new possibilities in the deployment of low-cost solar water purifiers with assured water quality.

Study of Agricultural Commodities Production and Price Movement in Gujarat Region: Demand and Sustainable Livelihoods

Since ancient times, agriculture has been one of the chief factors in the advancement of many nations. Also, it has been a huge contributor to the GDP (Gross Domestic Product). But the farmers and the small-scale retailers are still unaware of the demand and supply of the commodities in mandis. Ultimately, they are compelled to use the repetitive pattern of crops. Through knowledge of the intra-mandi prices for seasonal crops is necessary to gain the desired profit. Price trends in several Gujarat markets were investigated for Ajwain and Isabgol (Psyllium Husk) in order to forecast price volatility and problems that produce mandi-level projections, enhancing its usefulness. Given that medicinal crops have various medical and culinary uses, boosting their productivity could increase farmers' profits in comparison to typical pattern crops. So, the aim of this study is to evaluate the optimum preferred crop conditions for important commodities like Isabgol, Ajwain, Fenugreek, Mint and Raw turmeric with respect to profit. A data from the past decade was screened to observe the variation in prices of the crops along with production analysis. Also, it was validated statistically by various statical measures like Standard Deviation, Mean and Coefficient of Variation. We examined intra-mandi prices and found that prices fluctuate over the whole peak season, with notable fluctuations in modal prices among several mandis. To demonstrate the variations in pricing reported for certain mandis on specific days, we've given a few instances. A low standard deviation implies that the commodities price is clustered around the mean, whereas a large standard deviation shows that the commodities price is more dispersed. Price volatility is the discrepancy between what is anticipated and what occurs.

A novel emulsion gel solely stabilized by the hot water extracted polysaccharide from psyllium husk: Self-healing plays a key role

The hot water extracted polysaccharide (HP) from psyllium husk has been proved to have unique gelling properties. The present work was first to focus on the self-healing ability of the HP hydrogel. Rheological and macroscopic tests profiled the fast recoverable property of the HP gel network. Then, for the first time, we explored the role of self-healing ability in the fabrication of emulsion gels. The effect of HP concentration on the stability and physical properties of the HP emulsion gel were investigated from the aspects of particle size, macroscopic state, microscopic structure, and rheological properties. The results showed that the emulsion could be well stabilized only by HP. And when HP content reached the gel concentration, the stability remarkably increased. Further, the underlying mechanism was illustrated. It seemed that the interfacial HP interacted with adjacent polysaccharide molecules located on the interface or in the continuous phase to entangle a whole network structure. Consequently, those oil droplets were well immobilized in the network structure. In summary, a stable emulsion gel was simply and feasibly fabricated based on the self-healing property of HP, which is of great potential in food and biomedical applications. • Hot water extracted polysaccharides(HP) from psyllium husk had a good self-healing ability. • The self-healing ability of HP gel played a key role in the fabrication of emulsion gels. • The influence of HP concentration on the stability of emulsion gel was investigated. • The stabilization mechanism of HP emulsion gels was proposed.

Clinic Based, Patient Choice Driven Lifestyle Intervention Lowers HbA1c In Type 2 Diabetes

The hyperglycemia associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) results in substantially increased morbidity and mortality risk. Though efficacious pharmacotherapies exist, glycemic control remains poor with 33-49% of patients not meeting targets for glycemic control as quantified by HbA1c. While traditional lifestyle interventions have been shown to improve health outcomes, adherence is low. PURPOSE: This study sought to determine the efficacy of a clinic-based, menu-driven intervention on measures of glycemia and cardiovascular health. METHODS: Patients with T2D (n = 20; 56.7 ± 12y; 33.7 ± 7.2 BMI) with an HbA1c of 7.5-10% not requiring injectable insulin were recruited from an outpatient, family medicine clinic in Phoenix, AZ and underwent a quasi-experimental 3-month lifestyle intervention. In addition to behavioral counseling, subjects were given a daily menu of exercise and nutritional options and had to choose one option from each category. Exercise options: Moderate intensity (MOD) 3 x 10-minute bouts, MOD 1 x 30-minute bout, 2 minutes every hour at a high or MOD, and 10 x 1-minute bouts of high intensity (RPE 17-19). The dietary choices included: apple cider vinegar, psyllium husk powder, unsalted tree nuts, avocados, or extra virgin olive oil. Behavioral health counseling utilized motivational interviewing, acceptance and commitment therapy, and problem-solving therapy to promote behavior change. The intervention was administered to patients by medical assistants in a family medicine clinic and overseen by exercise physiologists and physicians. Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests were used to analyze pre- and post-intervention differences. RESULTS: A reduction in HbA1c of 0.5% was observed after the intervention (8.6 ± 0.9 vs. 8.1 ± 1.2% respectively; p = 0.05). Additionally, there was a reduction in waist circumference (115.5 ± 12.6 vs. 112.5 ± 15.2 cm; p = 0.014), body weight (97.7 ± 21.9 vs. 95.6 ± 23.9 kg; p = 0.016), and BMI (33.7 ± 7.2 vs 32.8 ± 7.5 kg/m2; p = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: Our pilot data suggest that a lifestyle intervention administered by medical assistants in a family medicine clinic demonstrates improvements in glycemic control, waist circumference, and BMI in T2D. These results remain to be verified in a randomized controlled trial setting. Funding: Dignity Health/ASU Strategic Initiatives Program

Optimized 1D-CNN model for medicinal Psyllium Husk crop mapping with temporal optical satellite data

Deep Learning models are preferred for complex image analysis-based solutions to application-oriented problems. However, the architecture of such models largely influences the results which includes several hyperparameters that need to be tuned. This study aims at developing an optimized 1D-CNN model for medicinal Psyllium Husk crop mapping using open source temporal optical Sentinel-2A/2B satellite data. In this study, a sequential 1D-CNN model architecture was developed by optimizing hyperparameters which includes convolution layers, number of neurons, activation function, and batch size. Psyllium Husk crop fields were mapped in the Jalore district of Rajasthan using Sentinel 2A/ 2B (10 m) optical data. For spectral dimensionality reduction of the data, Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI2) was used to maintain the data dimensionality since temporal data was utilized. The dataset was subsequently refined to include the target crop's specific phenological stages that distinguish it from other closely resembling species. The information corresponding to these specific crop stages was fed to the 1D-CNN model to carry out the classification. A range of training sample sizes were explored to determine the optimal number of training data points. As the output from the model, fractional images are obtained consisting of values proportional to the probability of a pixel lying in the target class. Accuracy assessment was carried out using fuzzy error matrix (FERM) by generating fractional output images from temporal optical PlanetScope data (3m) which was used as a reference. The best overall accuracy among the test cases came out to be 89.85% using conventional MSAVI2 with 1000 training samples.

Modulating the structure of lamb myofibrillar protein gel influenced by psyllium husk powder at different NaCl concentrations: Effect of intermolecular interactions

In this study, a strategy involving psyllium husk powder (PHP) was proposed to alleviate the textural deterioration of protein gels under low-sodium conditions. Results revealed that myofibrillar protein (MP) in 0.3 M NaCl could accommodate more PHP to achieve better gels properties compared with that of 0.6 M NaCl. The 3 % addition of PHP could lessen the textural deterioration of gels at 0.3 M NaCl because of the insertion of PHP into the hydrophobic cavity of MP. Consequently, the reduction in protein viscoelasticity and the thermal stability of the head and tail of myosin improved. α-Helix structures unfolded, intermolecular forces formed, and proteins aggregated. Molecular docking predicted hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions as the main forces to stabilize the conformation of composites. Experiments further verified that hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bonds were the main forces that stabilized the structure of MP–PHP composite gels.