Isotonic NaCl Solution Research Articles

Ионорегулирующая функция почек и эффект глюкагоноподобного пептида-1 у крыс на высокосолевой диете

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is the main incretin hormone that has an insulinotropic effect after a meal, as well as a physiologically significant natriuretic factor that contributes to the regulation of sodium and water balance. The aim of the work is to evaluate the effect of GLP-1 and its mimetic on the ion-regulating function of the kidneys in rats that are kept on a diet with a high concentration of NaCl for a long time, as well as in experimental hypervolemia and hypernatremia. In Wistar rats that received feed with a high content of NaCl (4%) for a month compared to animals on a standard diet (0.4% NaCl) the levels of blood pressure and atrial natriuretic peptide did not change, the aldosterone concentration in the blood decreased, the urinary excretion of sodium, calcium and chloride ions increased. After the administration of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and its mimetic, exenatide, the excretion of sodium ions and chlorides by the kidneys increased, the magnitude of natriuresis was equal in rats with different levels of NaCl intake with feed, that indicates the independence of the natriuretic action of GLP-1 from the excess of NaCl in the body due to the long-term high salt intake. In contrast to the standard diet, on high-salt feed, a lower level of aldosterone in the blood of rats caused a lower loss of potassium in the urine under the action of GLP-1 and exenatide. Similar changes in the urinary sodium and potassium excretion were observed under the action of GLP-1 mimetic in rats with hypervolemia caused by intraperitoneal administration of isotonic NaCl solution. A summation of the effects of exenatide and a loading test on the excretion of sodium was observed in rats with hypernatremia after administration of hypertonic solution of NaCl. Thus, GLP-1 is an effective natriuretic factor, both under standard conditions of water-salt balance, as well as with acute and chronic excess of NaCl in the body.

Effects of Oleuropein on Hyperglycemia, Total Oxidant and Antioxidant Capacity in Streptozotosin-Diabetic Rats Treated with Metformin and Insulin

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of oleuropein on hyperglycemia and oxidant-antioxidant levels in metformin-insulin treated streptozotocin-diabetic rats. For this purpose, 40 Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Animals were divided into 5 groups as 4 experimental and 1 Control each containing 8 rats. 1 ml isotonic NaCl solution was injected intraperitoneally (ip) to the Control group while 50 mg/kg STZ ip was given to the G1, 50 mg/kg STZ + 100 mg/kg Metformin + 4 IU/kg insulin ip was given to the G2, 50 mg/kg STZ + 100 mg/kg Metformin + 4 IU/kg insulin ip and 30 mg/kg orally oleuropein was given to the G3 and 50 mg/kg STZ ip and 30 mg/kg oleuropein orally was given to the G4. Blood glucose values were statistically higher in the experimental groups than the control after streptozotocin administration (P<0.001, P<0.01, P<0.01 respectively). Plasma Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) of G2 and G3 were statistically higher than G1 (P<0.001). It was found that plasma TAC levels of G3 were statistically higher than the control (P<0.05). It was determined that the G1 (P<0.001), G2 (P<0.01) and G3 (P<0.05) group had significantly higher plasma Total Oxidant Capacity (TOC) than the control group. TAC levels in the liver of the experimental groups were determined to be statistically insignificant according to the control group. The liver TOC levels of the G2 and G4 group were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.01, P<0.001 respectively). In conclusion, the use of oleuropein alone did not affect the blood glucose level, the live weight, the plasma and the liver TAC and TOC levels, but the use of metformin and insulin with oleuropein as an antioxidant and free radical scavenger following to the rising oxidation in diabetes were supported and strengthen the system.

Effect of platelet-rich plasma on temporomandibular joint cartilage wound healing: Experimental study in rabbits

PurposeThe aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) cartilage and subchondral bone healing. Materials and methodsSixteen New Zealand rabbits were divided into two groups, including single PRP and multiple PRP injection groups. Sodium mono-iodoacetate (MIA) was injected bilaterally into the TMJ of all rabbits to create osteoarthritis (OA). PRP was injected once into the right TMJ in the single PRP group and was injected three times (once a week) into the right TMJ in the multiple injection group 4 weeks after injection of MIA. At the time of each PRP injection, isotonic NaCl solution was injected into the left TMJ in the control groups. All animals were sacrificed 30 days after the first PRP injection. ResultsAs a result of the histological evaluation, there was no statistically significant difference in cartilage and subchondral bone regeneration between the groups (p > 0.05). ConclusionsAlthough there was no statistically significant difference between PRP and control groups, it was seen that improvement were better in PRP groups. According to the Results of our study, it seems that different methods should be tried to investigate the efficacy of PRP on the TMJ healing.

Chronic β-adrenergic stimulation reverses depressed Ca handling in mice overexpressing inhibitor-2 of protein phosphatase 1

RationaleA higher expression/activity of type 1 serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) may contribute to dephosphorylation of cardiac regulatory proteins triggering the development of heart failure. ObjectiveHere, we tested the putatively protective effects of PP1 inhibitor-2 (I2) overexpression using a heart failure model induced by chronic β-adrenergic stimulation. Methods and resultsTransgenic (TG) and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to isoprenaline (ISO) or isotonic NaCl solution supplied via osmotic minipumps for 7 days. I2 overexpression was associated with a depressed PP1 activity. Basal contractility was unchanged in catheterized mice and isolated cardiomyocytes between TGNaCl and WTNaCl. TGISO mice exhibited more fibrosis and a higher expression of hypertrophy marker proteins as compared to WTISO. After acute administration of ISO, the contractile response was accompanied by a higher sensitivity in TGISO as compared to WTISO. In contrast to basal contractility, the peak amplitude of [Ca]i and SR Ca load were reduced in TGNaCl as compared to WTNaCl. These effects were normalized to WT levels after chronic ISO stimulation. Cardiomyocyte relaxation and [Ca]i decay kinetics were hastened in TGISO as compared to WTISO, which can be explained by a higher phospholamban phosphorylation at Ser16. Chronic catecholamine stimulation was followed by an enhanced expression of GSK3β, whereas the phosphorylation at Ser9 was lower in TG as compared to the corresponding WT group. This resulted in a higher I2 phosphorylation that may reactivate PP1. ConclusionOur findings suggest that the basal desensitization of β-adrenergic signaling and the depressed Ca handling in TG by inhibition of PP1 is restored by a GSK3β-dependent phosphorylation of I2.

Marking otoliths of Baltic cod (Gadus morhuaLinnaeus, 1758) with tetracycline and strontium chloride

Identified were suitable dosages of tetracycline hydrochloride (TET) in three single treatments and three combined treatments of TET with 2 mg/kg strontium chloride (STR) in wild western Baltic cod (Gadus morhua), in terms of (a) obtainable mark qualities (visibility of fluorescent bands), (b) growth assessment, and (c) induced mortality rates. Isotonic NaCl solution was injected in a control group (25 cod per treatment). The results provide the basis for imperative age validation studies of Baltic Sea cod. Cod originating from pound nets near Fehmarn Island were kept in swimming net cages at the harbor of Warnemünde for 1.5 months. Mean initial total length was 28(±3) cm (salinity: 13, water temperature: 13 to 8°C). Overall average growth of surviving cod was 0.8 mm/day. In single TET treatments, lowest mortality rates and best mark quality were observed for TET concentrations of 100 compared to 50 and 25 mg/kg wet mass. Mortality rates of the 100 mg/kg treatment group were remarkably lower than in the control group emphasizing the antibiotic effect of TET. By contrast, the double treatment in the TET-STR groups resulted in a binding interaction between both markers in the fish body causing either the antibiotic potency being inhibited or TET and STR forming a non-beneficial chelate (increased mortality), and decreased incorporation of TET in the otolith (reduced visibility of TET bands). Consequently, TET (short-term marker) and STR (long-term marker) should not be injected together. Our results demonstrate that the binding interactions between these substances known from homoiotherm animals also apply for poikilotherms such as fish.

Marijuana intoxication in a cat

BackgroundCannabis from hemp (Cannabis sativa and C. indica) is one of the most common illegal drugs used by drug abusers. Indian cannabis contains around 70 alkaloids, and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC) is the most psychoactive substance. Animal intoxications occur rarely and are mostly accidental. According to the US Animal Poison Control Center, cannabis intoxication mostly affects dogs (96%). The most common cause of such intoxication is unintentional ingestion of a cannabis product, but it may also occur after the exposure to marijuana smoke.Case presentationA 6-year-old Persian cat was brought to the veterinary clinic due to strong psychomotor agitation turning into aggression. During hospitalisation for 14 days, the cat behaved normally and had no further attacks of unwanted behaviour. It was returned to its home but shortly after it developed neurological signs again and was re-hospitalised. On presentation, the patient showed no neurological abnormalities except for symmetric mydriasis and scleral congestion. During the examination, the behaviour of the cat changed dramatically. It developed alternate states of agitation and apathy, each lasting several minutes. On interview it turned out that the cat had been exposed to marijuana smoke. Blood toxicology tests by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry revealed the presence of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) at 5.5 ng/mL, 11-hydroxy-delta-9-THC at 1.2 ng/mL, and 11-carboxy-delta-9-THC at 13.8 ng/mL. The cat was given an isotonic solution of NaCl 2.5 and 2.5% glucose at a dose of 40 mL/kg/day parenterally and was hospitalised. After complete recovery, the cat was returned to it’s owner and future isolation of the animal from marijuana smoke was advised.ConclusionsThis is the first case of a delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol intoxication in a cat with both description of the clinical findings and the blood concentration of delta-9-THC and its main metabolites.

Melatonin Attenuates Histopathological Changes in the Hippocampus of Infantile Rats with Kaolin-Induced Hydrocephalus

Objective/Aim: Hydrocephalus is defined as an incapacitating neurological disorder characterized by ventricular enlargement in children, but the effects of melatonin on this hydrocephalus have not yet been fully elucidated. In the present experiment, we attempted to investigate the effects of exogenous melatonin administration on hydrocephalus-induced hippocampal changes in infantile rats. Methods: In this study, we randomly divided 45 Swiss albino rats aged 2 weeks into 3 groups: group I, the control group received a sham injection with needle insertion only; groups II and III were given kaolin injections before treatment – group II, the hydrocephalus group, was treated with an isotonic NaCl solution, and group III, the hydrocephalus plus melatonin group, was treated with 0.5 mg/100 g body weight of exogenous melatonin. Both immunohistochemical and histological analyses were performed after hydrocephalus induction and melatonin administration. Immunohistochemical staining consisted anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein staining. The TUNEL technique was used for defining quantitate apoptosis. Results: Melatonin administration significantly attenuated chronic hydrocephalus-induced histopathological changes in the hippocampal subregions of infantile rats. Compared to hydrocephalic rats treated with saline solution, melatonin significantly decreased the number of apoptotic cells and pyknotic index values of each hippocampal subregion after the kaolin-induced hydrocephalus (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The present results demonstrate that the chronic hydrocephalus-induced histopathological changes in the hippocampus were partially reversible with melatonin treatment, suggesting its neuroprotective effects in infantile rats. However, these findings need to be confirmed by further experimental studies and clinical trials.

STUDY OF THE MESOTHERAPY EFFECT WITH EPIPHYSIS PEPTIDES ON THE MOISTURE AND ELASTICITY OF THE SKIN

Introduction. Mesotherapy is a widely used method of preventing external signs of aging in cosmetology. However, drugs that have proven effectiveness are not enough, therefore epiphyseal peptides are of great interest. Purpose: is to study the effect of intradermal administration of peptide epiphysis on the functional para-meters of the skin. Material and methods. There were 38 women in the research devided into 2 comparable groups. The main group (26 persons) was treated by mesotherapy with epiphyseal peptides. Face, neck and decollete zones were treated by the method of “deep nappage” once a week, 5 procedures per course. Isotonic solution of NaCl was similarly injected into the neck and decollete areas of the control group (12 people). The moisture content (Corneometer CM 825, “Courage &amp; Khazaka”, Germany) and the elasticity (Cutometer MPA 580, “Courage &amp; Khazaka”, Germany) of the skin were determined. Functional skin parameters were evaluated before and after treatment (in both groups) and also on the 1st and 6th months after mesotherapy in the main group. Results. Under the influence of epiphysis peptides the moisture content of the skin increases by 10% after treatment (in the control group without changes) and after 1 month, then decreases by 5% in 6 months below the initial values. In the main group R0 and R8 parameters increase immediately after treatment by 21% and 20% (in the control group R0 and R8 decrease by 4-6%), then decrease by 6-7% and by 28%. The R4 parameter increases immediately after treatment by 20-25% (in the control group it decreases by 13%), then decreases by 12% and 24%; F0 and F1 parameteres increase immediately after treatment by 17% and 22% (in the control group they decrease by 4% and 3%), then decrease by 11% and 9%, by 25% and 28%. Conclusion. The revealed dynamics of skin functional indexes may support the stimulating effect of peptide epiphysis on the cellular elements of the dermis (activation of metabolic processes after treatment and improvement of elasticity parameters by 25-28% after 6 months). Mesotherapy with epiphyseal peptides can be recommended as a method of prevention and correction of age-related skin changes.

ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНА МОДЕЛЬ ЛІКУВАННЯ ХРОНІЧНОЇ КРИТИЧНОЇ ІШЕМІЇ ТКАНИН НИЖНЬОЇ КІНЦІВКИ З ВИКОРИСТАННЯМ КУЛЬТУРИ СТОВБУРОВИХ КЛІТИН, ОДЕРЖАНИХ З ЖИРОВОЇ ТКАНИНИ

Вступ. Захворювання периферійних артерій (ЗПА) є важливою медико-соціальною проблемою, що потребує розробки нових видів терапії, зокрема, використання аутологічних стовбурових клітин.&#x0D; Мета. Вивчити морфофункціональний стан нижніх кінцівок кролів, у яких моделювали хронічну критичну ішемію тканин нижніх кінцівок (ХКІНК) та застосовували культуру аутологічних стовбурових клітин, одержаних з їх жирової тканини (ADSCs).&#x0D; Матеріали і методи. У дослідження включені 18 кролів-самиць, розподілених на 3 групи: псевдооперованих (І), оперованих, яким вводили ізотонічний розчин NaCl (ІІ), оперованих, яким вводили ADSCs (ІІІ). Морфофункціональний стан тазових кінцвок оцінювали за даними дуплексної флоуметрії, функціональних тестів та морфологічного дослідження.&#x0D; Результати. У тварин ІІІ групи спостерігали часткове відновлення функції тазової кінцівки та покращення стану м’язової тканини, чого не було у тварин ІІ групи. В ІІІ групі відзначене припинення прогресування некротичних процесів та часткова епітелізація трофічних виразок.&#x0D; Висновки. Використання ADSCs при моделюванні ХКІНК у кролів сприяло відновленню функції тазової кінцівки, що проявлялося якісними й кількісними змінами морфофункціональних показників через 5 тиж після введення стовбурових клітин.&#x0D; Ключові слова: хронічна критична ішемія тканин нижніх кінцівок; захворювання периферійних артерій; ADSCs; експеримент.

Comparative Dynamics of EEG Parameters in Elderly Patients with Depression during Monotherapy and Combined Treatment

Objective. To perform a comparative analysis of changes in the functional status of the brain by quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) during combined antidepressant treatment (venlafaxine and Cerebrolysin) and monotherapy (venlafaxine) of elderly patients with depression. Materials and methods. A total of 40 patients aged 60–79 (mean 67.1 ± 5.7) years took part in the study and were randomized to two groups. Patients of group 1 received venlafaxine at a dose of 75–150 mg/day for four weeks. Patients of group 2 received venlafaxine for four weeks along with Cerebrolysin (20 i.v. drip infusions of 20.0 ml in 100 ml of isotonic NaCl solution). Results and discussion. Both groups of patients noted signifi cant improvements in status by the end of treatment courses in terms of clinical assessment and the HAMD-17, CGI-S, CGI-I, and MMSE scales. Quantitative EEG studies showed that combined therapy with venlafaxine and Cerebrolysin in patients of group 2 led to more marked improvements in the functional state of the brain (increases in spectral power and normalization of the frequency of the parietal-occipital α rhythm) than seen in patients of group 1, who received monotherapy with venlafaxine.

Effect of Ioxaglate on the cutaneous microcirculation in patients with coronary artery disease: Randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study

Radiographic contrast media (RCM) can initiate microcirculatory disorders. This study was performed to investigate effects of Ioxaglate on the cutaneous microcirculation. The investigation was carried out as prospective randomized double-blind comparison in parallel-group design on two groups of n = 10 patients each who had to undergo a diagnostic coronary angiography.The confirmatory parameter of the study was mean erythrocyte capillary velocity [vRBC in mm/sec]. VRBC in the ipsilateral nail-fold capillaries was recorded continuously for 3 min before and 6 min after injection of RCM or isotonic saline solution in the A. axillaris respectively, and was evaluated off-line.VRBC in nailfold capillaries was found to be decreased by Ioxaglate by 34% 150 seconds after injection, while isotonic NaCl solution immediately induced a slight increase of 14%.

The mechanisms of neuroprotective action of p-tyrosol after the global cerebral ischemia in rats

Aim. The aim of our study is to explore the mechanisms of neuroprotective effects of p-tyrosol in acute global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Material and methods. The study was performed on 30 male rats stock Wistar (250–300 g).Animals were divided into 3 groups of 10 rats. In the control and experimental groups we performed the new 3VO model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, and the sham-operated animals underwent the same surgical procedures, but without the ligature imposition. Animals in the experimental group received p-tyrosol for 5 days intravenously at a daily dose of 20 mg/kg in a 2% solution. The sham-operated rats and control animals received a isotonic solution of NaCl at the same scheme. We measured rheological blood parameters and the content of products of lipid peroxidation in the brain tissue on the 5th day after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Results. Acute ischemia-reperfusion of the brain in rats from the control group caused the significant hemorheological abnormalities, including the increased whole blood viscosity and plasma viscosity, decreased the erythrocyte aggregation half-time and decreased red blood cell deformability index. The increase blood viscosity caused the decrease of the oxygen delivery to the tissues. The content of diene and triene conjugates, fluorescent products and the lipid oxidation index increased in the brain tissue of the control group. These abnormalities induced the death of 50% animals from the control group. Given intravenously to animals of the experimental group, p-tyrosol reduced the whole blood viscosity by 19–31%, the plasma viscosity by 6% and increased the erythrocyte deformability by 31–40%, that led to the increase of oxygen availability for tissues by 21–31% in comparison with the control group. The contents of diene and p-triene conjugates and fluorescent products in the brain tissue under course administration of p-tyrosol decreased respectively by 37%, 49 and 45%, that reflected in the decreasing of lipids oxidation index by 38% in comparison with the control group. The number of survived animals in the experimental group was 1,4 times bigger than in the control group. Conclusion. Course administration of p-tyrosol to rats with acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion reduces the blood viscosity and the intensity of oxidative stress in the brain tissue. The results of these effects are the reduction of negative outcomes of ischemia-reperfusion of the brain and the increasing of animal surviving, that confirms the neuroprotective action of p-tyrosol in these conditions.

Transurethral enucleation of large benign prostatic hyperplasia in sodium chloride solution

Background . Transurethral resection is a generally recognized treatment for small to medium-sized benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Numerous original tools are proposed for surgery of large BPH. These include laser (holmium laser enucleation of the prostate) and transurethral (transurethral enucleation with bipolar (TUEB)) enucleation in 0.9 % NaCl solution, which are accompanied by removal of the maximum adenoma tissue volume, short-term recovery, and a substantially fewer early and late complications. Objective : to evaluate the safety and efficiency of TUEB in patients with large BPH. Subjects and methods . TUEB was carried out in 58 patients with large BPH. Their mean age was 64 years. The gland size was ≥ 102 сm3. The residual urine volume in all the patients was more than 100 ml. One year later, the results of treatment were analyzed using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Quality of Life (QoL) Questionnaire, as well as from residual urine volume and remaining prostate tissue. Results. The mean time of surgery and enucleation was 90 and 55 min, respectively. The mean volume of removed adenoma tissue was 99 ml. By the end of month 2 following TUEB, there was a progressive reduction in the total IPSS and QoL scores from 35 to 7 and from 5 to 1, respectively, which preserved this trend by the end of a 1-year follow-up. study. The residual urine amount was less than 30 ml. The mean volume of the prostate tissue left was 8.5 сm3 and less than 11.0 сm3. The ultrasound anatomy of the prostatic urethra (transformation of thin-walled spherical TUR defect that is characteristic slit-like one resembles the inverted letter Y) eventually formed by the end of the 1-year follow-up. Stricture of the urethra and contracture of the bladder neck were noted in none of the cases. Conclusion . TUEB is an alternative to open surgery in patients with the enlarged prostate. The use of isotonic NaCl solution as washing fluid allows one to plan longer surgical intervention without fearing water intoxication.

Congestion of mastoid mucosa and influence on middle ear pressure – Effect of retroauricular injection of adrenaline

Micro-CT scanning of temporal bones has revealed numerous retroauricular microchannels, which connect the outer bone surface directly to the underlying mastoid air cells. Their structure and dimensions have suggested a separate vascular supply to the mastoid mucosa, which may play a role in middle ear (ME) pressure regulation. This role may be accomplished by changes in the mucosa congestion resulting in volumetric changes, which ultimately affect the pressure of the enclosed ME gas pocket (Boyle's law). Further, such mucosa congestion may be susceptible to α-adrenergic stimulation similar to the mucosa of the nose. The purpose of our study was to investigate these hypotheses by recording the ME pressure in response to adrenergic stimulation administered by retroauricular injections at the surface of the microchannels.In a group of 20 healthy adults we measured the ME pressure by tympanometry initially in the sitting position, and then in the supine position over a 5 min period with 30 s intervals. In each subject, the study included 1) a control reference experiment with no intervention, 2) a control experiment with subcutaneously retroauricular injection of 1 ml isotonic NaCl solution, and 3) a test experiment with subcutaneously retroauricular injection of 1 ml NaCl-adrenaline solution. In both control experiments the ME pressure displayed an immediate increase in response to changing body position; this pressure increase remained stable for the entire period up to five minutes. In the test experiments the ME pressure also showed an initial pressure increase, but it was followed by a distinct significant pressure decrease with a maximum after 90 s. The test group was injected with both a 5 and 10% adrenaline solution, but the responses appeared similar for the two concentrations.Subcutaneous retroauricular injection of adrenaline caused a significant pressure decrease in ME pressure compared with control ears. This may be explained by the microchannels conveying the adrenaline to the underlying mastoid mucosa, where it may result in a vascular constriction and decongestion, ultimately resulting in a ME pressure decrease. These findings suggest that the microchannels contain vascular connections to the mastoid mucosa, and that the mastoid mucosa is susceptible to vasoactive mediators, which may play a role in ME pressure regulation. Further anatomical and physiological experiments should be carried out to confirm these suggestions including pharmacological interactions with the mastoid mucosa.

Assessment of the efficacy of Ankaferd blood stopper on the prevention of postoperative pericardial adhesions : cardiovascular topic

SummaryObjectivesAnkaferd has been used as a blood-stopping agent and it may also have an anti-inflammatory effect. We investigated the efficacy of Ankaferd in preventing postoperative pericardial adhesions in an experimental rabbit model.MethodsSixteen New Zealand white rabbits were used and categorised into two groups: an Ankaferd and a control group. The Ankaferd group of rabbits was treated with a sponge impregnated with Ankaferd solution, which was applied over the abraded epicardium. A sponge impregnated with 0.9% isotonic NaCl solution was applied to the control group using the same protocol. Scores for adhesion and visibility of coronary vessels were graded by macroscopic examination, and pericardial tissues were analysed microscopically in terms of inflammation and fibrosis.ResultsIn the Ankaferd group, the adhesion scores were significantly higher than in the control group (p = 0.007). When the groups were compared according to the prevalence of fibrosis and degree of inflammation, the Ankaferd group was found to be statistically significantly different from the control group in terms of prevalence of fibrosis (p = 0.028).ConclusionTopical application of Ankaferd to prevent postoperative pericardial adhesions increased adhesion and fibrosis scores.

Apical volume expansion results in an immediate ENaC activation but in delayed onset of water resorption (718.1)

Apical volume expansion results in an activation of the epithelial sodium channel ENaC. Its activation is proposed to facilitate water resorption and thus to counteract increases of apical surface liquid (ASL) volume e.g. in lung edema. In this study we investigated the adaptation of epithelial water resorption to apical volume expansion (AVE) in NCI‐H441 epithelia. Cells were cultivated at air‐liquid interface. AVE was introduced by adding isotonic NaCl solution onto the apical surface. Water resorption was measured by the recently established deuterium oxide dilution method (Neubauer et al. 2013, Anal Chem). ENaC channel activation was quantified in Ussing chamber experiments as amiloride sensitive short circuit currents. As expected, ENaC activity increases to its maximum within 15 min after AVE. Water resorption does not follow ENaC activation but starts 4 to 6 h after AVE. When ASL volume is reduced to 3.7 ±0.2 μl / 0.33 cm^2 water resorption stops and ENaC activity is reduced to basal levels. Our data demonstrate that AVE results in a rapid ENaC upregulation but ENaC activation is not the only trigger of onset of water resorption. However, off set of water resorption is associated with ENaC down regulation.Supported by BIU D.5007Grant Funding Source: Supported by BIU.5007

Effect of activated peripheral κ-opioid receptors on the action of nicotine and its withdrawal in nicotine-dependent rats.

We studied the possibilities of modulating the effects of nicotine and its withdrawal in nicotine-dependent rats by peripheral injection of κ-opioid receptor agonist ICI 204,448. Injection of nicotine to rats previously treated with nicotine for 14 days reduced motor activity, suppressed metabolism, and increased food intake. In rats receiving ICI 204,448 after chronic administration of nicotine, food intake did not differ from that in control animals receiving isotonic NaCl solution. ICI 204,448 had virtually no effect on suppression of motor activity and metabolism. The rats receiving the last injection of nicotine 24 h prior to the experiment demonstrated an increase in metabolism, locomotor activity, and food intake. In these animals, ICI 204,448 completely abolished the effects of nicotine withdrawal. It was found that peripheral administration of compound ICI 204,448 did not significantly inhibit the effect of nicotine in nicotine-dependent rats, but abolished symptoms of nicotine withdrawal. It can be hypothesized that nicotine withdrawal syndrome is related to inhibition of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens probably caused by enhanced κ-opioid activity in presynaptic terminals. Activation of peripheral κ-opioid receptors apparently suppressed (via vagal afferent pathways) central κ-opioid activity and reduced nicotine withdrawal symptoms in nicotine-dependent subjects.

Effect of oxytocin treatment on explant size, plasma and peritoneal levels of MCP-1, VEGF, TNF-α and histopathological parameters in a rat endometriosis model

ObjectiveTo determine the effects of oxytocin (OT) on surgically induced endometriosis in a rat model. Study designTwelve female Sprague-Dawley rats were included. After the implantation and establishment of autologous endometrium onto the abdominal wall peritoneum, the rats were randomly divided into two groups, treated with intramuscular oxytocin (OT group, 160μgkg/day, n=6) or isotonic NaCl solution (control group, 1mLkg/day, n=6) for 28 days. To evaluate the therapeutic effects of OT, the explant volumes were calculated and the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and TNF-α were measured in plasma and peritoneal fluid. Endometriotic explants were examined histologically by semiquantitative analysis. ResultsAfter treatment, the mean endometriotic explant volume was decreased in the OT group (p=0.016). The histopathological score and VEGF immunoexpression of endometriotic explants were significantly lower in the OT group (p=0.007) than in controls (p=0.000). Inflammatory cytokine levels in plasma and peritoneal fluid were considerably decreased in the OT group. Moreover, TUNEL immunohistochemistry clearly demonstrated more apoptotic changes in the mononuclear cells of the OT group compared with controls. ConclusionWe suggest that oxytocin might be considered as a potential candidate therapeutic agent for endometriosis.

Quantitative Method for the Determination of Posaconazole in Mouse Tissues using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

Fast and selective liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed for the quantification of posaconazole in different mouse organs including liver, heart, brain, kidney and lung. Organs were homogenized and diluted in isotonic NaCl solution. Protein was precipitated using acetonitrile containing internal standard and analyzed. The analysis was carried out using gradient condition with mobile phases consisting of aqueous formic acid and pure acetonitrile. Analysis was run at a flow-rate of 0.51 mL/min. The method was selective with a limit of quantification of 0.5 μg/mL in homogenate at a sample volume of 100 μL. The standard curve was linear over a concentration range of 0.5-10 μg/mL for all organs. The inter-day and intra-day coefficient of variation values were all less than 15%. Hence, the method is suitable for use in pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies of posaconazole in tissues.

Effects of salinity, temperature, and polyethylene glycol on the seed germination of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.).

Salinization has severe influences on agriculture in the whole world. The main aims of this work were to evaluate osmotic effect and ion effect of NaCl on seed germination of three sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivars interacting with three alternating temperature regimes and to select the most salt tolerant cultivars to plant in the saline region. Seeds were germinated in the isotonic NaCl and polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions of −0.45, −0.90, −1.34, −1.79, and −2.24 MPa at 10 : 20, 15 : 25, and 20 : 30°C temperature regimes. Both NaCl and PEG inhibited germination, but the effects of NaCl were less as compared to that of PEG, which means that adverse effects of PEG on germination were due to osmotic effect rather than specific ion accumulation. For the three cultivars, higher germination occurred at 10 : 20°C in NaCl treatments and at 20 : 30°C in the isotonic PEG treatments. Among the three cultivars, Sandaomei (SDM) is the most tolerant to salt and PEG stress.