Isotonic NaCl Solution Research Articles

The effects of CDP-choline treatment in Amanita phalloides mushroom toxicosis

Amanita phalloides poisoning is known to be the most fatal case among mushroom poisoning cases. Its main mechanism of toxicity is that it leads to cell death by the irreversible binding of its toxins to the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II enzyme. This study was planned to analyze the effects of the CDP-choline molecule on Amanita phalloides mushroom poisoning cases.The extract of the Amanita phalloides mushroom was taken and intraperitoneally administered to male Wistar Albino rats at a dose of 0.3 g/kg. In the experiment phase, the rats were divided into three groups of CDP-choline treatment according to the doses of 100 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, and 500 mg/kg, and one control group was administered a 1 ml/kg dose of 0.9% isotonic NaCl solution. The treatments were then administered intraperitoneally at the 2nd hour, and at the 6th hour, the rats were sacrificed. The degree of damage in the liver and kidney tissues of the rats was evaluated histopathologically.It was concluded that CDP-choline reduced or prevented the damage that occurred in the liver significantly and dose-dependently in the toxicosis picture caused by Amanita phalloides, and it showed a tendency to lower or prevent the damage in the kidney, albeit not significantly.

Morphofunctional Characteristics of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons in the Dynamics of Healing of a Purulent Wound

Abstract. between the morphological and functional state of spinal ganglia neurons and the dynamics of healing of a purulent wound in an experimental animal during its natural course and complex therapy with hydropulse sanitation (HIS) and the addition of platelet-rich blood plasma (PRP). Material and methods. In an experiment on 100 white outbred rats, a purulent wound on the lateral surface of the thigh was modeled by introducing a daily culture of Staphyllococcus aureus. Two groups were formed: natural healing and healing after therapy with hydropulse sanitation of the wound with an isotonic NaCl solution followed by the addition of platelet-enriched autoplasma. The material for the study was taken on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 14th, and 21st days. The area of the wound and the dynamics of its healing were assessed using the planimetric method. For the study, lumbar spinal ganglia (SG) of segments LIII–LV. were taken. At the light-optical level, after staining with cresyl violet according to Nissl and azure B according to the S. Shea method, the area of nerve cells was measured, photometry of RNA content was carried out, and the number of satellite gliocytes was counted. The obtained data were processed using statistical analysis methods. Results. The healing process of a purulent skin wound ended with the formation of a scar on days 7–14 for both experimental groups. The use of GIS and PRP demonstrated better dynamics of defect closure - a reduction in wound area by 59.35±3.4% (p=0.018) in the period from 3 to 5 days, compared with 40.05±2.9% (p=0.009) with natural healing. The response of SG neurons during healing was characterized by pronounced polymorphism. The maximum number of cells with reactive changes during natural healing was observed on the 5th day of the experiment (17.2±3.2% for A-neurons and 36.7±4.3% for B-neurons). Complex therapy led to a decrease in the proportion of both reactively altered and destructive neurons. The cell area, RNA content, and the number of satellite glia increased on average by the 7th day of the experiment. Separate close correlations were identified between the dynamics of changes in the wound area and the studied quantitative characteristics. Conclusion. A purulent wound causes a complex of nonspecific reactions in the neurons of the SG. In the dynamics of wound healing, neurons with reactive changes more often demonstrated biphasic dynamics, more pronounced for B-type cells with a primary reaction on days 1–3 and a further transition to regenerative hypertrophy or destruction. Regenerative changes in SG neurons had a close correlation with the processes of regeneration of the wound defect.

Сочетанное использование свето- и фаготерапии у пациентов с гипертрофией глоточной миндалины

The adenoid hypertrophy is a fairly common pathology in children, which is steadily increasing. Objective. The assessment of clinical results of combined use of light and phage therapy in patients with pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy. Patients and methods. The study is based on a clinical cases on 95 patients aged 3 to 7 years with pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy of the 1st–2nd degree. The first group (49 people) received the treatment including irrigation of the nasal cavity and nasopharynx with isotonic NaCl solutions and local antibacterial therapy. The second group (46 people) received treatment according to the original method of combined use of light and phage therapy. Results. The combined use of light and phage therapy in patients with pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy of the 1st-2nd degree statistically reliably helps to stop the typical symptoms of the disease, as well as other symptoms such as swelling of the mucous membrane and pathological discharge in the nasal cavity and nasopharynx. Conclusion. It has been clinically proven that light and phage therapy in patients with pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy reduces the severity of symptoms and could be used in medical institutions with appropriate low-energy laser equipment, under the outpatient supervision of an otorhinolaryngologist and/or pediatrician at the local areas. Key words: hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsil, laser therapy, phage therapy

Post-mortem distribution of Iodinated Contrast Media (ICM) (iodixanol versus iopromide) in the porcine kidney after multiple bolus injections in vivo into the supra-renal aorta1.

Iodinated contrast media (ICM) are widely used for diagnostic and interventional procedures in radiology and cardiology. Ideally, they should not interact with blood cells or vascular wall cells to avoid deteriorations of the blood circulation. However, it is well known that ICM can affect erythrocytes as well as endothelial cells which consequently might perturb especially the microcirculation. In former studies the influence of two ICM (iodixanol versus iopromide) on the vascular system, the development of blood stasis, on changes in renal resistive index (RRI) and vascular diameters, and on the post-mortem distribution of iodine as marker for ICM in the explanted kidneys was examined. The modus of ICM application into the supra-renal aorta followed the regime in interventional cardiology, so that 10 bolus injections were administered at steady intervals (iopromide 4,32 ml / iodixanol 5 ml) accompanied by infusion of 500 ml isotonic NaCl-solution.In the present study, the post-mortem X-ray analysis revealed that there were no differences in iodine content in the regions of the mid-cortex and the medullo-pelvic transition zone of the kidneys after application of both ICM. Remarkable differences, however, were found in the region of the capsule-near cortex, where the application of iopromide led to a significantly lower iodine content in the microcirculation. This is in good agreement with former studies, in which a maldistribution in this area, presumably due to a decrease in arteriolar inflow as a result of stasis/occlusion was shown.

Influence of the platinum surface state on the selectivity of the electrochemical synthesis of sodium hypochlorite

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe synthesis of sodium hypochlorite solutions by electrolysis of low‐concentration and isotonic NaCl solutions using the most available dimensionally stable anodes from platinized titanium is promising from the point of view of the economics of the process. However, such synthesis is seriously complicated by the formation of toxic sodium chlorate impurity.RESULTSIt is shown that in low‐concentration NaCl solutions under anodic polarization, the platinum surface rapidly passes into an oxidized passive state with a NaClO current efficiency (CE) of less than 30% and CE of NaClO3 of more than 20%. Carrying out short‐term electrolysis on the reduced surface of platinum makes it possible to increase the CE of NaClO to almost 90% in the absence of chlorate accumulation. Carrying out electrolysis in the mode of periodic change of electrode polarity (current reverse) allows solving the problem of anode passivation and significantly increasing the purity of the resulting sodium hypochlorite solutions.CONCLUSIONElectrolysis of an isotonic 0.15 mol L−1 NaCl solution in the current reverse mode allows increasing CE(NaClO) from 21% to 40% and significantly decreasing CE(NaClO3) from 21% to 4%. Based on the results obtained, a membraneless electrolyzer can be constructed to produce disinfectant solutions ‘on the spot’ using a commercially available pharmaceutical isotonic solution of NaCl. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).

Влияние изменений водно-солевого баланса на ионо- и осморегулирующую функции почек у озерной лягушки

Changes in the water-salt balance and excretion of ions by the kidney after subcutaneous injections of hypertonic and isotonic NaCl solutions and dehydration were analyzed in lake frogs (Pelophylax ridibundus). The introduction of 0,75 M NaCl and dehydration for 1 hour increased the serum osmolality and Na+ and Cl– concentrations, and injections of isotonic solution did not affect these parameters. The applied treatments increased the level of Na+ and Cl– in the urine, and renal excretion of these ions. The most pronounced changes, including an increase in diuresis and glomerular filtration rate, were found after 0,75 М NaCl injection. In renal proximal tubules, changes in the pattern of the chloride channel (ClC-5), presumably involved in the process of protein endocytosis, were detected. An increase in the number of ClC-5-immunopositive tubule profiles and the intensity of the fluorescent signal in the apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells were revealed by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. Studied effects of hypernatremia, hypervolemia and dehydration may be useful for further investigations of kidney function and mechanisms of epithelial tubular transport in frog models.

Calculated and measured radiation dose for the low energy xoft axxent eBT X-ray source

PurposeIn this study, it was aimed to evaluate the functionality to deliver different prescription dose except 20 Gy for the Xoft Axxent Ebt (electronic Brachytherapy) system and analyzing the system in terms of radiation dosimetry in water and 0.9% isotonic Sodium Chloride (NaCl) solution.Materials and methodsIn the Xoft Axxent eBT, different prescription dose in single fraction were calculated for different balloon applicator volumes based on source position and irradiation times. EBT-XD Gafchromic film was calibrated at 6MV photon energy. A balloon applicator filled with 0.9% isotonic NaCl solution was used to deliver a radiation dose of 20 Gy, 16 Gy, 10 Gy on the applicator surface. Then the balloon applicator was filled with water and the same measurements were repeated. Finally, the balloon applicator was irradiated by positioning it at different distances in the water phantom to simulate the isodose contour.ResultsAt the time the balloon applicator was filled with water and 0,9% NaCl solution, the difference between the planned dose and the absorbed dose was ~ 2% vs. 15% for 30 cc, ~ 5% vs. 14% for 35 cc and ~ 3,5% vs. 10% for 40 cc respectively. Finally, the absorbed dose at a distance of 1 cm from the applicator surface was measured as 9.63 Gy.ConclusionIn this study, it was showed that different prescription dose could be possible to deliver in the Xoft Axxent eBT system based on the standard plan. In addition, the absorbed dose was higher than the planned dose depending on the effective atomic number of NaCl solution comparing to water due to photoelectric effect in low energy photons. By measuring the dose distributions at different distances from the balloon applicator surface, the absorbed dose in tissue equivalent medium was determined and the isodose contours characteristics was simulated.

Evaluating the Use of TiO2 Nanoparticles for Toxicity Testing in Pulmonary A549 Cells.

PurposeTitanium dioxide nanoparticles, 25 nm in size of crystallites (TiO2 P25), are among the most produced nanomaterials worldwide. The broad use of TiO2 P25 in material science has implied a request to evaluate their biological effects, especially in the lungs. Hence, the pulmonary A549 cell line has been used to estimate the effects of TiO2 P25. However, the reports have provided dissimilar results on caused toxicity. Surprisingly, the physicochemical factors influencing TiO2 P25 action in biological models have not been evaluated in most reports. Thus, the objective of the present study is to characterize the preparation of TiO2 P25 for biological testing in A549 cells and to evaluate their biological effects.MethodsWe determined the size and crystallinity of TiO2 P25. We used four techniques for TiO2 P25 dispersion. We estimated the colloid stability of TiO2 P25 in distilled water, isotonic NaCl solution, and cell culture medium. We applied the optimal dispersion conditions for testing the biological effects of TiO2 P25 (0–100 µg.mL−1) in A549 cells using biochemical assays (dehydrogenase activity, glutathione levels) and microscopy.ResultsWe found that the use of fetal bovine serum in culture medium is essential to maintain sufficient colloid stability of dispersed TiO2 P25. Under these conditions, TiO2 P25 were unable to induce a significant impairment of A549 cells according to the results of biochemical and microscopy evaluations. When the defined parameters for the use of TiO2 P25 in A549 cells were met, similar results on the biological effects of TiO2 P25 were obtained in two independent cell laboratories.ConclusionWe optimized the experimental conditions of TiO2 P25 preparation for toxicity testing in A549 cells. The results presented here on TiO2 P25-induced cellular effects are reproducible. Therefore, our results can be helpful for other researchers using TiO2 P25 as a reference material.

Comparison of alternative methods for thermal disbudding in calves

Calves are frequently disbudded to reduce the number of injuries due to horns to other animals and farm workers. The most commonly used method is thermal disbudding which is increasingly causing animal welfare concerns (Stafford and Mellor, 2011; Sutherland et al., 2013, Cozzi et al., 2015). The objective of our study was to evaluate alternative disbudding methods either by injection of clove oil or its synthetic analogue isoeugenol.Forty Simmental calves (26 male, 14 female) aged between 1 and 5 days were treated using 4 different methods (n = 10): injection of 1.5 mL clove oil, injection of 1.5 mL isoeugenol, injection of 1.5 mL isotonic NaCl solution (control group) and thermal disbudding. For thermal disbudding sedation and local anesthesia were legally required. Horn growth of all calves was repeatedly measured. Computer tomography (CT) of the horn bud region and histological examination of biopsy samples taken from the horn bud region were performed. Additionally, saliva cortisol concentrations were measured before and after intervention.Significant differences in horn growth were found between isoeugenol treatment and control group (P = 0.001), between clove oil treatment and control group (P = 0.001) and between thermal dehorning and control group (P < 0.001). After clove oil injection 10/10 calves showed signs of inflammation and swelling of the horn bud region including the upper eye lid area. CT images of animals after thermal disbudding showed complete destruction on the horn buds but also severe local damage to the frontal bone. CT images of animals after clove oil or isoeugenol injection showed complete or partial destruction of the horn bud. Histological examination was performed at 1 horn bud per animal of 5 per each group. Eight biopsy samples showed normal unchanged epidermis and dermis (3 isoeugenol, 5 control group), in 6 samples normal vital skin side by side with necrotic epidermis and/or dermis was found (2 isoeugenol, 2 clove oil, 3 thermal dehorning). In one sample (thermal dehorning) necrotic bone with osteomyelitis was detected. In 3 samples (thermal dehorning) dystrophic calcification was present. After clove oil treatment necrotic epidermis and dermis as well vital skin with a purulent crust was detected.The highest mean cortisol value was measured in calves treated with clove oil. Fifteen minutes after treatment the mean value of thermal dehorned calves showed the lowest values, however these calves were sedated for the treatment.Thermal disbudding tended to have the highest efficacy of disbudding. Horn growth was also substantially decreased in clove oil and in isoeugenol group. In cases in which the horn growth was not totally suppressed the horns remained very small. Based on our results, disbudding calves with isoeugenol causes less tissue damage than thermal disbudding. Since clove oil caused temporary swelling we consider it less suitable. Future research is required to evaluate the behavioral responses of calves experiencing these methods of disbudding; in addition, more research is needed to optimize the injection volume and technique in a larger group of animal.

Comparison of alternative disbudding methods with hot-iron dehorning of goat kids

Goat kids are frequently disbudded in intensively farmed units to reduce the number of accidental injuries to other animals and farm workers due to horn growth. The most commonly used method is thermal disbudding which is increasingly causing animal welfare concerns. Therefore the objective of the present study was to evaluate alternative disbudding methods either by injecting clove oil or its synthetic analogue isoeugenol.In this study 40 male Saanen goat kids aged between one and five days were treated using 4 different methods (n = 10 each): injection of 0.2 mL clove oil, 0.2 mL isoeugenol, 0.2 mL isotonic NaCl solution and thermal disbudding. For thermal disbudding general anesthesia was performed. Horn growth of all goat kids was measured. Computer tomography (CT) of the horn bud region and histological examination of biopsy samples taken from the horn bud region were performed. Additionally, saliva cortisol concentrations were measured.Highest success rate was reached with thermal disbudding and disbudding with isoeugenol followed clove oil. Scurs growth after disbudding appeared in 11 horn buds (4 thermal disbudding, 4 clove oil, 3 isoeugenol). CT images of animals after thermal disbudding showed complete destruction of the horn buds but also damage to the frontal bones. CT images of animals after clove oil or isoeugenol injection demonstrated partial destruction or malformation of the horn buds. Purulent osteomyelitis was detected after thermal disbudding (n = 2) and clove oil treatment (n = 1). Histological examination of biopsy sample showed different changes of skin, dermis and epidermis. A significant difference of between the cortisol concentrations before treatment and 10 minutes after treatment was only found in the isoeugenol group (P = 0.015). In the other groups, the increase was not significant. Likewise, only the isoeugenol group showed significantly higher cortisol concentrations (p=0.019) following treatment in comparison with the control group (NaCl).Highest efficacy was reached with thermal disbudding and with isoeugenol followed by clove oil. Disbudding goat kids with isoeugenol caused less tissue damage than thermal disbudding. Injection of clove oil or isoeugenol may therefore be considered as an alternative to thermal disbudding. Future research is required to evaluate the behavioral responses of goat kids to these methods of disbudding. In addition, more research is needed to optimize the injection technique and to validate the growth of scurs after disbudding in goat kids.

RESTORATION OF ERYTHROCYTE MORPHOLOGY AFTER CRYOPRESERVATION

During the erythrocyte transfusion, a significant part of the cells (~ 25%) is utilized by the spleen and liver in a day due to the deformations and damage to cell membranes that resulted from the hypothermic storage or cryopreservation. An increase in free iron in the blood during the decomposition of red blood cells leads to the stimulation of oxidative stress and inflammation, as well as to dysfunction of the main organs. The primary indicator of damage to the membranes of erythrocytes can be detected through the changes in their morphology. The work investigated the morphological characteristics of erythrocytes after cryopreservation in a medium containing PEG-1500 and 1,2-PD. Erythrocytes washed after thawing and suspended in an isotonic NaCl solution are represented by echinocytes, at the same time, when placed into a solution with albumin, the cells demonstrate the restoration of their discoid shape. According to the well-established concept, the regulation of the shape of erythrocytes is determined by a change in the conformation of the anionic carrier, which is formed by the main integral membrane protein, the protein of band 3. The study has shown that the treatment of erythrocytes with DIDS, which leads to the fixation of the conformation of the carrier with the transport site facing the outer side of the membrane, does not change the morphomodulatory effect of albumin. At the same time, with a decrease in the medium pH, when the albumin charge approaches zero, its effect is eliminated. The results obtained suggest that, upon freezing-thawing of erythrocytes, the deterioration of hydrophobic interactions of transmembrane segments of the protein of band 3 is accompanied by a change in the balance of electrostatic interactions. Probably, the action of albumin is carried out due to the restoration and stabilization of the indicated balance of membranes, charactestic of the typical eruthrocyte discoid shape. Restoration of the morphology of cryopreserved erythrocytes before the transfusion can help reduce cell deformation, improve systemic hemodynamics and prevent the development of negative clinical consequences.

Exogenous central angiotensin fails to stimulate a sodium appetite in diabetes insipidus Brattleboro rats

We investigated the effect of central administration of angiotensin II (AngII) on a specific salt appetite (SSA) in homozygous diabetes insipidus Brattleboro (DI) rats because this stimulus induces such a response in all other rat strains. DI rats have a deficiency in the synthesis of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and a reduced content of pituitary oxytocin (OT). They are characterized also by polyuria, polydipsia, and they seldom ingest high concentrations of NaCl solutions. We also tested if the appetite can be influenced by neurohypophyseal hormones especially oxytocin (OT) because it inhibits SSA in other animals. DI rats and Long Evans (LE) controls were fed ad libitum and given a choice between water, and either 0.9% or 1.8% NaCl.The data showed a significant increase of daily spontaneous water intake in DI compared with LE rats. Both DI and LE ingested similar small spontaneous volumes of the isotonic NaCl solution, but DI rats drank significantly less hypertonic NaCl than the LE controls. I.c.v infusion of AngII induced significant sodium intake in LE rats, but only raised water intake in DI rats. When combined with i.c.v. Ang II, OVT enhanced salt intake in LE animals while AVP attenuated water intake in both groups of rats and blocked NaCl intake completely in LE rats. In conclusion, DI rats did not demonstrate a SSA in response to central administration of AngII, although the drinking of water was enhanced. In combination with i.c.v. AngII, AVP inhibits water drinking in both DI and LE rats. In the LE controls OT attenuates AngII-induced SSA but has no effect in DI rats.

Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in critical conditions

Background. Carbohydrate metabolism disorders (CMD) include ketoacidosis and ketoacidotic hyperglycemic coma, non-diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar coma, hypoglycemic syndrome and hypoglycemic coma, lactic acid coma. The main factors in the development of CMD are newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus (DM) or inadequate therapy of previously diagnosed DM, infectious processes, acute diseases (myocardial infarction, strokes, pancreatitis, renal failure, severe burns, thyrotoxicosis), use of certain drugs (calcium channel blockers, osmotic and thiazide diuretics, propranolol, chemotherapeutic drugs), alcohol or cocaine abuse.&#x0D; Objective. To describe the course and management of patients with CMD.&#x0D; Materials and methods. Review of the available literature on this issue.&#x0D; Results and discussion. CMD in critical conditions leads to the development of hyperglycemia, hyperketonemia, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, hyperosmolarity, electrolyte imbalance, arising against the background of the underlying disease, being masked by it and worsening the patient’s condition. When diagnosing ketoacidosis, one should focus primarily on the clinical condition of the patient, because the test for ketonuria does not reflect the actual level of ketone bodies in the urine. CMD therapy should include rehydration (infusion therapy – IT), insulin therapy, partial correction of severe metabolic acidosis, use of antiketogenic drugs, compensation of electrolyte disorders and elimination of the CMD causes. Isotonic NaCl solution or Ringer solution must be used for IT. Elderly patients and patients with heart failure should be treated with caution, with a possible dose reduction of 50 %. In case of hyperglycemia, insulin therapy (intravenous bolus 0.15 IU/kg, then infusion 0.1 IU/kg/h) is prescribed to ensure a reduction in glucose concentration by 2-3 mmol/L per hour. To correct metabolic acidosis, hydrocarbonate solutions are prescribed under the control of acid-base status (ABS). If it is not possible to determine ABS, in the presence of clinical signs of ketoacidosis, it is possible to prescribe Soda-Bufer (“Yuria-Pharm”) up to 300 ml. Xylitol (Xylate, “Yuria-Pharm”) is the main antiketogenic solution. It reduces the amount of free fatty acids, which oxidize to acetyl-CoA, acts as an insulin-independent energy source, increases the intensity of glycolysis and glycogen production, stimulates insulin secretion. If the patient has a fasting blood glucose level &gt;13.9 mmol/L, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness, dry skin and dry mouth, Kussmaul’s breathing, frequent urination, or a patient with diabetes is scheduled for surgery, it is advisable to prescribe xylitol-containing solution. Xylate should be prescribed for various CMD (hyperglycemia, dehydration, hypokalemia, ketoacidosis). Another area of CMD treatment is the normalization of potassium levels, which should be started in the conditions of normokalemia, because CMD are characterized by an initial increase and subsequent decrease in potassium content. The latter should be maintained at 4-5 mmol/h with tight monitoring every 2 hours firstly and then every 4 hours.&#x0D; Conclusions. 1. Many patients in the intensive care unit develop CMD. 2. CMD in critical conditions involve the development of hyperglycemia, hyperketonemia, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, hyperosmolarity, and electrolyte imbalance. 3. CMD therapy should include rehydration, insulin therapy, partial correction of severe metabolic acidosis, use of antiketogenic drugs, compensation of electrolyte disorders and elimination of the CMD causes. 4. Isotonic NaCl solution, Ringer solution, insulin therapy, hydrocarbonate solutions, xylitol, potassium preparations are used in CMD therapy.

Ozonetherapy as a new antimicrobic strategy

Development of antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms is a dangerous phenomenon, actively progressing every year. The uncontrolled use of antibiotics for animals, accumulation in products of animal origin ultimately poses a danger to human health. That is why a decrease in the use of antibiotics and searching alternatives of antibiotic is acute and relevant issues. Therefore, the aim of our research was to study the antimicrobial properties of ozone in relation to pathogens of purulent infection and to show the possibility of using ozone therapy as a potential method of antimicrobial therapy for animals. The materials for determining antimicrobial effect of ozone was 12 samples of purulent exudate in an amount of 2 ml, taken from dogs with purulent wounds before and after sanitation by ozonized 0.87% NaCl solution. Complexity course of wound process with purulent inflammation largely depends on from degree of microbial contamination of the wound and species composition of microorganisms. Therefore, an important aspect in our research was the study of the antimicrobial properties of ozone on its action of purulent exudate «in vitro» and «in vivo» and the determination of the bactericidal effect on microorganisms. The most stable and informative indicator of assessing nature of purulent-inflammatory process is the determination of total number of microorganisms in 1 ml of discharge from a purulent wound. The total microbial number was determined by the method of serial dilutions according to Pasteur. Serial ten-fold dilutions from 10-1 to 10-9 were prepared from purulent exudate in test tubes with sterile MPB (9 ml each). Species composition of microorganisms was determined by cultural and biochemical properties of cultivated microbial colonies, followed microscopy of smears from pure cultures stained using method of Gram. Samples of purulent exudate were subjected to microbiological examination before treatment, and after 30 minutes of washing by ozonized isotonic solution NaCl (ozone concentration of 7 mg/ml). A microbiological study of purulent exudate was also carried out, pre-treated with ozone at a concentration of 7 mg/ml «in vitro» in a test tube in an amount of 2 ml by passing it through exudate (sparging) at a flow rate of 0.5 L/min and a processing time of 10 min. Samples were examined immediately after sampling and sparging. "Microbial landscapes" of purulent wounds were presented by associations of Staph. aureus, Str. faecalis, E. coli. Microbial seeding of purulent exudate for treatment ranged from 6.6 • 10-10 to 3.7 • 10-8 CFU/ml, however, after 10 min of bubbling «in vitro» at an ozone concentration of 7 mg/ml, the degree of microbial seeding of samples did not exceed 10-4 CFU/ml and ranged from 3.1 • 10-4 to 2.3• 10-3 CFU/ml. As shown by the results of microbiological studies, the growth of microorganisms on a nutrient medium in bacteriological plates with purulent exudate samples treated with ozone with concentration of 7 mg/ml was already absent at 10-5 degrees of dilution, which indicates the pronounced antimicrobial properties of ozone. The study «in vivo»also indicates that even after a single use of an ozonized isotonic NaCl solution at an ozone concentration of 7 mg/ml, it completely prevents the growth of Staph. aureus, Str. faecalis, E. coli. and causes 100% death mentioned associations of microorganisms. The results of microbiological studies are confirmed by clinical data. So, on the third day of treatment, the animals in the lesion zone had a small amount of wound exudate, and the microbial number of the latter was 1.4 • 10-4 − 3.1 • 10-³ CFU/ml, below the critical level of contamination and in most cases not leads to the progression of a purulent-inflammatory process. Ozone destroys all types of bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. At the same time, ozone at a concentration of 7 mg/ ml does not have an irritating effect on body tissues, therefore, ozone therapy can be considered as an additional or alternative therapy of bacterial infection. Key words: ozone, ozonetherapy, purulent wounds, antibiotic resistance.

Effect of intraarticular injection of chondroitin sulfate into synovial joint elements in an experiment

Objective: to study morphological and morphometric changes in the epiphysis bone in a rat during the intra-articular injection of chondroitin sulfate (CS). Mаteriаl аnd methods. The object of the study was the knee joints of 36 Wistar rats. CS injections at a dose of 0.05 ml were performed once a week into one of the knee joints (experimental joint), and isotonic NaCl solution at the same volume was injected into the opposite joint (control joint). The animals in the number of 12 units were withdrawn from the experiment on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days, which corresponded to one week after one-, two-and three-fold intra-articular injections of HC and 0.9 % NaCl. The isolated knee joints were placed in a decalcifying liquid, then were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin. 4 micron histological sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The morphometric analysis assessed the thickness of hyaline articular cartilage, the thickness of the epiphysis growth zone cartilage, and the cell content of the subchondral bone. Results. The study of the thickness of the articular cartilage, the growth zone of epiphyseal cartilage and the cellular composition of the subchondral bone has showed a statistically significant dynamic increase in these indicators after the 2nd and 3rd intra-articular injections of CS. The assessment of the thickness of the articular cartilage on the 21st day found some statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups (p &lt; 0.0001), the thickness of the epiphyseal cartilage had increased significantly by that time (p &lt; 0.0001), and the cell content of bone marrow showed statistically significant differences (p = 0.002). Conclusion. The obtained data testify to a pronounced regenerative effect of CS, injected intra-articularly into articular cartilage.

False morel poisoning in a cat

The material of this case consisted of a 3,5 kg male Chinchilla cat which brought to Selcuk University Veterinary Faculty Animal Hospital with the complaints of anorexia, stagnation, incoordination, watery diarrhea and severe vomiting. Mushroom intoxications suspected according to the anamnesis. False morel poisoning was diagnosed as a result of physical examination and laboratory test and it was confirmed by presence of ingested spore of morel in fecal flotation examination. As a treatment, 0.9% isotonic NaCl (Polyplex, Polifarma ® ) solutions 40 ml/kg via IV, maropitant (Cerenia, Zoetis ® ) 1 mg/kg as an antiemetic and to reduce visceral pain via SC, N-acetylcystein (Nacosel, Haver Farma ® ) 140 mg/kg via IV, vitamins and amino acid supplementation (Duphalyte, Zoetis ® ) via IV are administered. For liver health supplementation SAMe and silybin (Denamarin, Nutramax ® ) 15 mg/kg via PO for 21 days prescribed. On re-examination, the cat was fully recovered. It was concluded that false morel poisoning may cause liver damage, neurologic findings along with the primary gastrointestinal system disorders. Anamnesis, presence of the ingested spore of morel observed during fecal examination is very important in the diagnosis and the prognosis is affected by the magnitude of liver damage.

Dexamethasone release from photopolymerised PEGDA700 for cochlea drug delivery

Abstract Sustained local drug release and high local drug concentrations can be achieved by specially designed DDSs, which can be created for different applications. This results in therapeutic drug amounts at the site of action, simultaneously providing a very low drug amount in total. Bodily compartments that contain liquids may be used to transport the drugs from DDS into the tissue, such as the cochlea with the perilymph in the case of cochlea implants. However, predominantly dry environments, such as the middle ear, are lacking such a medium but may deliver enough moisture for the use of swellable DDS through the surrounding mucus membranes. Therefore, DDS with new functionalities are needed to ensure a sustained drug release. In this study, the release of dexamethasone out of a photopolymer system is presented. The system is built from UV-polymerized PEGDA followed by the incorporation of dexamethasone via swelling. The drug release is tested in vitro with isotonic NaCl solution for specified time periods, showing two phases: a swelling phase and a release phase. After the swelling phase the concentration of dexamethasone in the release medium was not controlled by diffusion, although sink conditions were ensured. In contrast, this system can be used to release the drug until equilibrium with a final medium concentration that is far below the solubility of dexamethasone. Hence, such DDS may be useful for dexamethasone delivery into the cochlea through the round window membrane by ensuring a constant concentration in the perilymph.

Composition Polymeric Membranes Based on the VDF-TeFE Copolymer Formed by Electrospinning

The paper presents the results of pilot studies on the formation of non-woven hydrophilic piezoelectric composite polymer membranes based on a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and tetrafluoroethylene (VDF-TeFE) and polyethenylpyrrolidine (PEP) by electrospinning. Using optical goniometry, the effect of the PEP content on the wetting of the membrane surface with water was established. Using scanning electron microscopy, the influence of the content PEP on the structure of the formed membranes was studied. The effect of an isotonic NaCl solution on the structure of the formed membranes upon their dissolution within 7 days was studied. Based on studies of the chemical composition of the membranes before and after their dissolution, an assumption was made about the possibility of using the developed membranes for targeted delivery of pharmacological preparations for wound healing.

Влияние ингибитора дипептидилпептидазы-4 на выведение ионов натрия и воды почками у крыс при изменениях водно-солевого баланса

Желудочно-кишечный тракт секретирует широкий спектр пептидов, регулирующих метаболические процессы и влияющих на функции почек и водно-солевой баланс. Эффекты данных биологически активных веществ можно усилить увеличением их периода полужизни путем угнетения фермента дипептидилпептидазы-4. Цель исследования - изучение экскреции ионов натрия и воды при угнетении дипептидилпептидазы-4 вилдаглиптином у крыс с различным состоянием водно-солевого баланса. Методика. Состояния гипернатриемии, гиперосмии или гипоосмии моделировали пероральным введением гипертонического и изотонического растворов NaCl и воды. Результаты. Вилдаглиптин вызвал дозозависимое снижение активности фермента дипептидилпептидазы-4 с максимумом эффекта при дозе 1 мг на 100 г массы тела. Его введение перед гипертонической натриевой нагрузкой увеличивало экскрецию натрия на 56%, усилило реабсорбцию осмотически свободной и свободной от натрия воды. Введение ингибитора дипептидилпептидазы-4 перед изотонической натриевой нагрузкой усиливало экскрецию натрия в той же степени, но не влияло на реабсорбцию воды. Инъекция вилдаглиптина, предваряющая водную нагрузку, вызвала антидиуретическую реакцию почек. Заключение. Блокада дипептидилпептидазы-4 вилдаглиптином способствует выведению из организма избыточного количества натрия и изменению реабсорбции воды в зависимости от концентрации ионов натрия в сыворотке крови, вероятно, за счет увеличения периода циркуляции кишечных регуляторных пептидов, секретирующихся в ответ на пероральные нагрузочные пробы NaCl. Данные процессы ускоряют восстановление водно-солевого гомеостаза в условиях поступления избытка натрия через желудочно-кишечный тракт. The gastrointestinal tract secretes multiple peptides that regulate metabolic processes and influence the kidney function and water-salt balance. The effects of these biologically active substances can be intensified by increasing their half-life through inhibition of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) enzyme. The aim of the study was investigation of sodium and water excretion after inhibition of DPP-4 with vildagliptin in rats with different states of the water-salt balance. Methods. The hypernatremic, hyperosmotic and hypoosmotic states were modeled by oral administration of hypertonic and isotonic NaCl solutions or water. Results. Vildagliptin induced a dose-dependent decrease in the DPP-4 activity with a maximum effect of 1 mg per 100 g of body weight. Vildagliptin administration prior to the hypertonic sodium load increased sodium excretion by 56% and stimulated reabsorption of solute-free and sodium-free water. Administration of the DPP-4 inhibitor before the isotonic sodium load increased sodium excretion to the same degree without affecting the water reabsorption. A vildagliptin injection prior to the water load resulted in an antidiuretic response of the kidneys. Conclusion. The inhibition of DPP-4 activity with vildagliptin promoted removal of excessive sodium from the body and changed the water reabsorption depending on the sodium concentration in the blood serum, presumably by prolonging circulation of the intestinal regulatory peptides secreted in response to oral NaCl load tests. These processes accelerate restoration of the water-salt homeostasis in the conditions of excessive sodium delivery through the gastrointestinal tract.

Diaphanoscopy palatal tonsils with use of the diode laser

For the purpose of decrease in intraoperative blood loss during a tonsillectomy the technique of a laser diaphanoscopy (DS) of the palatal tonsil (PT) and paratonsil space is developed. In the conditions of a transillumination of tissues of throat vessels paratonsil space which are preventively coagulated by the holmium laser are visualized. In carrying out DS of structures of a throat the 'pilot' red laser of the surgical laser LUMENIS Versa Pulse Power Suite 20W system was used. In a research there were 60 patients with chronic tonsillitis. Laser DS was carried out before tonsillectomy, at the same time 120 PT were subjected to raying. As result of the conducted research established that 60% of PT (n=72) anatomic were deeply shipped in a sidewall of a throat, 44,2% of PT (n=53) - had the expressed top pole, 0,8% of PT (n=1) - an additional segment. Also it was established that laser transillumination of paratonsil space is possible in the conditions of infiltration of fabrics isotonic physiological NaCl solution of 0,9%. Carrying out preventive coagulation of vessels of paratonsil space of Ho:YAG laser in the conditions of DS allows to reduce the volume of intraoperative blood loss to 4,17±0,37 ml that is 10,1 time less in comparison with the tonsillectomy which is carried out on traditional techniques.