Isolation Of Essential Oil Research Articles

Isolation and Insecticidal Activity of Essential Oil from Artemisia lavandulaefolia DC. against Plutella xylostella.

Many plants show significant biological activity against pests due to their unique chemical constituents. It is important to identify effective constituents for their development and utilization as botanical pesticides. Our previous study showed that Artemisia lavandulaefolia essential oil had biological activity against Plutella xylostella. Here, we isolated and identified the constituents of essential oil from A. lavandulaefolia by silica gel column chromatography. The main constituents identified were eucalyptol and caryophyllene oxide, and they were confirmed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Eucalyptol and caryophyllene oxide showed strong contact toxicity against P. xylostella larvae after 24 h of application (Median lethal dose, LD50 = 76.97 μL/mL and 20.71 mg/mL. Furthermore, the two active constituents against P. xylostella adults showed significant fumigant activity (Mmedian lethal concentration, LC50 = 3.25 μL/L and 1.06 mg/L, respectively. Finally, we measured the detoxification enzymes and acetylcholinesterase of the larvae treated with active constituents. The eucalyptol-treated larvae displayed enhanced carboxylesterase (CarE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities in an in vivo experiment, but it was lower for acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity. The activities of the CarE and GST significantly decreased when exposed to caryophyllene oxide. In general, the two active constituents, eucalyptol and caryophyllene oxide, showed high insecticidal activity, which demonstrates their potential to be used as natural insecticides.

Chemical Profiling, Larvicidal Activity and Antihemolytic Property of Allium sativum L. and Allium cepa L. Essential Oil

Essential oils are plant derived concentrates of the secondary metabolites responsible for the aromatic flavor attributing to its various medicinal properties. Fresh Allium sativum (A. sativum) and Allium cepa (A. cepa) were subjected to steam distillation for isolation of essential oil characterized by performing Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Chromatogram of the essential oil depicted the presence diallyl sulfide (5.35%), 2-(2’-carbamoylphenoxy)-butanoic acid (2.64%), 2-ethyl-5-methylthiophene (0.42%), diallyl disulphide (18.76%), 3-(2-thia-4-pentenyl)-1-thia-cyclohex-5-ene (1.09%) and dimethyl tetrasulphide (0.15%), 2,4-dimethylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-one (47.91%), 2,4-Thiazolidinedione (0.01%), 5-chloro-2-hydroxy-1,3-dinitrobenzene (5.93%), 6-Methoxy-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinoline (47.91%) in A. sativum and A.cepa respectively. Larvicidal activity against third instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi (A. Stephensi) was assessed by following the standard protocol of World Health Organization. The 50% lethality (LC50) of A. stephensi larvae was observed at 265.96 ± 1.88 ppm and 357.14 ± 2.36 ppm of A. sativum and A. cepa essential oil correspondingly. The mortality rate of the larvae was both time and dose dependent. Besides, the in vitro antihemolytic activity of the essential oil was also assessed using Sheep erythrocytes. The erythrocyte lysis was inhibited by the essential oils of both A. sativum and A. cepa in a concentration dependent manner with an IC50 of 427.35 ± 1.23 μl and 549.45 ± 1.38 μl respectively. On a comparative assessment between the essential oils of A. sativum and A. cepa, the former exhibited better larvicidal activity against the disease-causing vector, A. stephensi. Still, both could serve as potent insecticidal agents after further identification of the responsible chemical compound and its mode of action.

Phytochemical Composition of Flower Essential Oil of Plumeria alba Grown in India

Plumeria alba (Family: Apocynaceae), commonly known as temple tree/white frangipani is an ornamental, deciduous, tropical plant grown in landscape places, gardens, parks, and home premises for its beautiful and fragrant flowers. The different parts of white frangipani are traditionally used for the treatment of several diseases. This study was executed to identify the volatile constituents of the flower essential oil of P. alba from India, as this has not been studied to date. The essential oil composition was investigated through GC/MS analysis. The isolation of essential oil through the hydrodistillation method produced a yield of 0.05±0.01 %. A total of 46 volatile constituents were identified, representing 98.11±0.5 % of the total essential oil. The essential oil was rich in esters comprising 48.61±0.3 % of the essential oil followed by oxygenated monoterpene (15.41±0.1 %), oxygenated sesquiterpene (10.43±0.08 %) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (10.39±0.1 %), etc. The dominant components of the essential oil were benzyl salicylate (33.98±0.04 %), benzyl benzoate (12.37±0.03 %), germacrene B (10.30±0.05 %), and linalool (8.17±0.11 %). Other notable constituents identified in the essential oil were (2Z,6Z)-farnesol, n-heneicosane, n-nonadecane, (Z, E)-geranyl linalool, trans-sabinene hydrate acetate, (2E,6Z)-farnesol, α-terpineol, n-docosane, geranyl benzoate, n-tricosane, α-bisabolol, nerol and 8-cedren-13-ol, etc. (1.17 % - 4.76 %).

Increasing the essential oil yield from Shorea roxburghii inflorescences using an eco-friendly solvent-free microwave extraction method for fragrance applications

The short bloom period of Shorea roxburghii G.Don is a technical challenge in the development of a fast and efficient process for recovering essential oils. This study aimed to optimize the conditions for the isolation of essential oil and the determination of the resulting oil's possible bioactivities for fragrance applications. Solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) coupled with response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to study essential oil from fresh inflorescences. The microwave power and irradiation time were chosen as crucial independent variables, while essential oil yield was the response variable. The physicochemical, antioxidant, olfactory, cytotoxic, and irritant properties of the resulting oil were evaluated. SFME yielded essential oil with a unique and pleasant scent, similar to that of fresh flowers. Increased microwave power and irradiation time increased the oil yield. The proportions of oxygenated compounds with high antioxidant properties were notably higher after SFME than after hydrodistillation. The optimal conditions for maximizing the oil yield were 800 W and 35 min. Among 51 volatile substances, germacrene B, kaur-16-ene, β-caryophyllene, and (E)-linalool oxide (furanoid) were the oil's main components. Low toxicity to primary human dermal fibroblast cells was defined at an oil concentration < 50 μg/mL. Moreover, the application of the extracted volatile oil to hen’s egg-chorioallantoic membrane resulted in a low degree of irritation. This research establishes optimal extraction conditions for the isolation of essential oil with potential for fragrance applications.

Chemical profile, stability and fungicide activity of oil-in-water nanoemulsion (O / A) incorporated with Ba-har essential oil

The increase in strains resistant to conventional antifungals means that there is a need for studies related to alternative therapeutic practices, such as medicinal plants. This study aims to evaluate the chemical profile and fungicidal activity of the nanoemulsion of the essential oil obtained from Ba-har (Syrian pepper). The phytochemical profile of the plant material was performed based on the methodology of Matos (2009). For extraction of essential oil, 100g of plant material was used, with the isolation of essential oil by the hydrodistillation technique conducted at 100 °C / 3h. To quantify the total phenolics present in the OE, the Folin-Ciocalteu method was used. For the total flavonoids, the AlCl3 complexation method was used. The oil-in-water nanoemulsion was formulated by the low-energy method of phase inversion using essential oil, non-ionic surfactant and water, and the obtained nanoemulsion was subjected to thermodynamic stability tests. The essential oils and stable nanoemulsions were subjected to evaluation of the fungicidal action against strains of Aspergillus niger (ATCC 6275), Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (ATCC 96723) and Penicilium chrysogenum (ATCC 10106). The fungicidal activity was performed according to CLSI (2020) using the Broth Dilution method to obtain the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and sowing on agar for Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (CFM). The results obtained for the total phenolic content were quantified at 348.3 mg EAT g-1 and 346.21 mg EQ g-1 for flavonoids. Ba-har essential oil was more efficient in inhibiting A. niger, as it presented the lowest MIC (200 µg mL-1), followed by P. chrysogenum (250 µg mL-1) and later by C. gloeosporioides (300 µg mL-1). The identification of the secondary metabolites present in Ba-har was quite considerable, since they are responsible for the biological properties, thus inspiring the continuity of studies related to its biological activities. As for the total phenolic content and flavonoids present in the essential oil, they indicated the important antioxidant potential. The fungicidal potential of Ba-har oil showed strong inhibition and mortality, however the nanoemulsion product with the essential oil incorporated showed a more efficient action against the pathogenic fungi tested,

ISOLATION OF CLOVE ESSENTIAL OIL BY FERMENTATION PROCESS

Clove essential oil is processed product of clove leaves which is used as perfumes and medicines. In general, the method used to extract clove leaf essential oil is the steam distillation method. This method has not maximized the yield essential oils produced because a lot of essential oils are still trapped in plant tissues. Modification of the essential oil isolation methods to produce more yields needs to be done, one of which is the fermentation method with the help Rhizopus oligosporus before the distillation process is carried out. The fermentation method is able to destroy the oil tissues on the leaves using enzymes produced by rhizopus oligosporus. The aims of this study were to isolate the essential oil clove leaves and look for the effect of the mass and fermentation time on the yield and content of clove leaf essential oil compounds produced. The results showed that the isolation essential oils using fermentation methods was successfully carried out, the mass and fermentation time had a significant influence on the yield and content of essential oil chemical compounds. The best result was obtained at a mass of 35 grams with a fermentation time of 36 hours with a yield 0.32% and the content eugenol, caryopillene compounds obtained respectively at 93.43% and 2.28%.

Development of a Novel Microwave Distillation Technique for the Isolation of Cannabis sativa L. Essential Oil and Gas Chromatography Analyses for the Comprehensive Characterization of Terpenes and Terpenoids, Including Their Enantio-Distribution.

A microwave distillation method was optimized for the extraction and isolation of cannabis essential oil from fresh and dried hemp inflorescences. The developed method enabled us to obtain a distilled product rich in terpenes and terpenoid compounds, responsible of the typical and unique smell of the cannabis plant. The distillate from different hemp cultivars, including Kompolti, Futura 75, Carmagnola, Felina 32 and Finola were characterized by using a gas chromatograph equipped with both mass spectrometer and flame ionization detectors. In a single chromatographic run, the identity and absolute amounts of distilled compounds were determined. Peak assignment was established using a reliable approach based on the usage of two identification parameters, named reverse match, and linear retention index filter. Absolute quantification (mg g−1) of the analytes was performed using an internal standard method applying the flame ionization detector (FID) response factors according to each chemical family. An enantio-GC-MS method was also developed in order to evaluate the enantiomeric distribution of chiral compounds, an analytical approach commonly utilized for establishing the authenticity of suspicious samples.

The uniqueness of isolation of nutmeg essential oil from nutmeg seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) and its effects on physical and chemical properties

Isolation of nutmeg essential oil from nutmeg seeds (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) using the steam distillation method is a unique technique because nutmeg essential oil contains heavy and light oil. Nutmeg essential oil is the main product produced by nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), isolated by the steam distillation method. The main component of nutmeg essential oil is myristicin and several other typical compounds of essential oils. This study discusses the results of steam distillation from nutmeg seeds, characterizing nutmeg essential oils, and analyzing their suitability for INS number 06-2388-2006. From the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) results, the main content of nutmeg essential oil is myristicin (30.30%) and followed by α-Pinene (12.01%). The physical characteristics of nutmeg essential oil are colourless. They have a distinctive scent of nutmeg oil, a density of 0.8822 g/mL, a refractive index of 1.4781, solubility in ethanol 90% obtained at a concentration ratio of 1:3, optical rotation (+) 24,3714o, and the remaining evaporation is 1.72%. It can see that the overall results of this nutmeg essential oil quality test are following the Indonesian National Standard (INS) number 06-2388-2006 (INS No. 06-2388-2006). From this research, it can conclude that the steam distillation method for 24 hours with 12 hours without pressure and 12 hours last with pressure can be used as a reference method for the isolation of nutmeg essential oil.

Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity of essential oils of Cymbopogon citratus and Ocimum americanum : a comparative account

The present study highlights the extraction of essential oils from C. citratus and O. americanum using Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity method (MHG) and Hydrodistillation Method (HD), the qualitative and quantitative screening along with determination of antibacterial potential. For the study, extraction of essential oils was performed using Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity method and Hydrodistillation Method. Comparative study was performed to check the total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC), biochemical test, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and determination of antibacterial activity of the essential oils. The results of the study depicted that the MHG method for extraction of essential oils was much better compared to extraction by HD method as supported by the biochemical tests, TFC, TPC and TLC results. However, the essential oils did not show antibacterial activity. More study related to the antimicrobial activity needs to be performed. Essential oils form an integral part of the pharmaceutical and healthcare industry hence, detailed study regarding the isolation and application of essential oils is required. The present study suggests the use of MHG method for extraction of essential oils.

In situ microwave assisted extraction of clove buds to isolate essential oil, polyphenols, and lignocellulosic compounds

Clove buds is a spice of relevance in food, traditional medicine, pharmaceutics and cosmetics and, among the spices, they have the highest content of total polyphenols with exceptional antiviral and antimicrobial properties. Various approaches have been reported for the isolation of essential oil from clove buds. Nonetheless, the qualitative and quantitative analysis of hydrosoluble polyphenols and solid residues simultaneously yielded during the extraction process has not been explored yet. This work is focused on the analysis of some variables effect on yield and composition of the clove buds essential oils on a green microwave assisted extraction, and the characterization and quantification of the different compounds obtained from the extraction process. A versatile coaxial dipole antenna, to directly apply the electromagnetic energy inside the extraction medium, was used to thermally activate the hydrodistillation. The composition profiles of clove buds essential oil and hydrosoluble polyphenols obtained during in-situ microwave assisted extraction (IMWAE) were analysed and quantified by head space gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-GC–MS) and liquid chromatography with UV/visible diode array/fluorescence detector (HPLC-DAD-FD). The solid residue was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and its composition in term of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose was predicted. The green IMWAE process was compared with the conventional hydrodistillation (CH) in terms of yield and quality of isolated products. Thermogravimetry coupled to FTIR analyses of the evolved gases from the solid residue evidenced that the solid residue obtained from IMWAE of clove buds is richer in cellulose-hemicellulose than the residue obtained from CH. This can be because of microwaves that allow to remove a higher amount of phenolic compounds/lignin oligomers. The enthalpy of combustion values (ΔcH) (kJ/g) of IMWAE and CH residues were determined by calorimetric combustion and were compared with the –ΔcH (kJ/g) values calculated using the hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin compositions predicted by partial least square chemometrics. The ΔcH highlighted the energetic features of solid residues from IMWAE and CH for their potential uses as alternative biomass for fuel production and here firstly reported for this kind of biomass. The extraction approach here presented is environmentally friendly, highly flexible, easily controllable, time saving, and enables to break the scale-up barrier in microwave assisted industrial processes aimed to valorise aromatic herbs and eventually to exploit vegetable wasting materials. This leads to a lowering of production costs and, therefore, of the market price of isolated extracts from aromatic herbs.

Isolation of essential oil from lauraceous leaves and Schiff’s reaction based cinnamaldehyde derivatization

The barks of Cinnamomum species found to contain essential oil, namely, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, C. camphora, C. tamala etcetra. The major component is Cinnamaldehyde. Essential oils from leaves of Lauraceae family have not yet been isolated. It was therefore thought to isolate essential oils from leaves of mentioned species and check presence of Cinnamaldehyde presence. It was found that Cinnaldehyde is found only in C. zeylanicum. At same time, as Cinnamaldehyde is a chief constituent present in Cinnamomum species; it was observed that Cinnamaldehyde has been derivatized to make Schiff’s bases for very few compounds. For example, Cinnamyl chitosan Schiff base was prepared by coupling chitosan with trans-Cinnamaldehyde -the mean component of cinnamon oil- under acidic conditions to form cinnamyl chitosan Schiff base. Therefore, it was further thought worthwhile to derivatise Cinnamldehyde with available Substituted amines available in the local market followed by physical characterization. Keywords: Cinnamomum zeylanicum, C. camphora, C. tamala, Cinnamaldehyde, Essential oils, Clevenger Apparatus, LC-MS, Schiff’s bases.

Composition of Essential Oil of Artemisia macrocephala Jacque ex Besser. Growing in Mongolia

The composition of the essential oils of the plant Artemisia macrocephala, grown in the central (aimak Arkhangai), northeastern (aimak Khentii) parts of Mongolia and compared with literature data are presented in this paper. Essential oil was obtained by the hydrodistillation method from dried aerial parts of plants. Gas chromatography (GC) analyses was performed on an Agilent Technologies 6890 gas chromatograph equipped with a quadrupole mass selective detector HP 5973 (MS) and an HP-5MS capillary column (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.2 μm). Dark-blue essential oil was isolated from the aerial part of the plant. Chamazulene (7.4–16.1%) and α-bisabolol (3.4–20.7%) are the main components of the essential oil of A. macrocephala, which indicates the promise of using this species as a raw material for the isolation of essential oils with anti-inflammatory, bactericidal, and regenerative properties. Oils are characterized by a significant content (sum 20–28.9%) of derivatives of nerol (neryl-2-methylbutanoate, neryl-3-methylbutanoate, nerylpentanoat) and its isomer of geraniol (geranyl-2-methylbutanoate, geranyl-3-methylbutanoate). Six compounds (1,8-cineol, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol, β-selinene, T-cadinol, methylisocostate) are also constant for the studied samples. Comparison with the literature data shows that the compositions of essential oils of A. macrocephala of Mongolian and Russian (Siberian) flora are close.

Aqueous enzyme-ultrasonic pretreatment for efficient isolation of essential oil from Artemisia argyi and investigation on its chemical composition and biological activity

The in-depth study of plant essential oil (EO) to provide valuable resources for the development of natural medicinal products is one of the current research hotspots. The present work realized the efficient isolation of EO from Artemisia argyi leaves using aqueous enzyme-ultrasonic pretreatment followed by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (EUP-MHD). Because of the synergistic reaction mechanism, the combination of enzyme and ultrasound doubly improved the separation of EO. After the optimization process (single factor experiments, Plackett–Burman design, and Box–Behnken design), mixed enzyme (cellulose + pectinase + papain), concentration of 10 U/mg, ultrasonic frequency of 45 kHz, ultrasonic power of 200 W, ultrasonic time of 20 min, reaction temperature of 50 °C, pH of 5, microwave power of 650 W, microwave time of 10 min, and liquid-solid ratio of 10 mL/g performed best, with the yield of EO of 5.32 ± 0.20 mg/g. A distinct advantage of this technique was found as compared with other techniques, which highlighted the positive influence of the pretreatment process. Additionally, the oxygenated components of EO from EUP-MHD accounted for a higher proportion than other methods, including eucalyptol, borneol, camphor, neointermedeol, and terpinen-4-ol. Finally, the evaluation of the biological activity of A. argyi EO pointed out that the EO had excellent antioxidant activity and higher inhibitory activity against Phytophthora capsica but presented weaker cytotoxic activity. In general, the technique used in this study is promising in the field of separating EO from crop materials.

Effects and Potential Mechanisms of Mixed-Salt Substrate on Yield, Hydrodistillation Kinetics and Essential Oil Composition of Flowers of Tree Peony ‘Taiping Hong’ (Paeoniaceae)

The use of a mixed-salt substrate (sodium chloride-choline bromide-1-ethyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium bromide; molar ratio: 1:1:1) has been proposed for hydrodistillation of essential oils. Tree peony ‘Taiping Hong’ (Paeoniaceae), a cultivated essential oil-bearing plant, was investigated. After using the salt substrate, distillation time decreased from 140 to 40 min, essential oil yield increased from 0.48 % to 0.69 % and the pseudo-first-order rate constant increased from 0.0233 to 0.123 min-1. Potential mechanisms are (1) osmosis effect and hydrogen-bond interactions, which improve cell wall rupture; (2) the increase in polarity of aqueous distillation media, which prevents emulsification. The essential oil composition was influenced by an increase in oxygenated compound content (32.9 % to 49.0 %) and a decrease in hydrocarbon content (65.3 % to 49.6 %). Furan linalool oxide (cis and trans), linalool and α-terpineol contents increased by 400 %, 250 % and 200 %, respectively. (E,E)-α-farnesene, α-muurolene and octadecane contents decreased by 50 %, 46 % and 38 %, respectively. Possible mechanisms are: (1) improved cell rupture, which significantly facilitates extraction of oxygenated compounds; (2) hydrogen bonding with oxygenated compounds, which enhances their transfer from the inside of cells to bulk solution; (3) salting-out effect, which decreases dissolution of oxygenated compounds and improves their distillation. The essential oil obtained was mainly composed of phloroglucinol trimethyl ether (21.9 %), nerol (10.2%), tricosane (9.1 %), nonadecane (9.0 %), α-muurolene (5.0 %) and furan linalool oxides (3.0 %). Target prediction analysis indicated that it has potential applications in aromatherapy. In conclusion, the use of the mixed-salt substrate combined with hydrodistillation can result in efficient isolation of essential oils.

Ferulago nodosa Subsp. geniculata (Guss.) Troia & Raimondo from Sicily (Italy): Isolation of Essential Oil and Evaluation of Its Bioactivity.

Ferulago nodosa (L.) Boiss. (Apiaceae) is a species occurring in the Balkan-Tyrrhenian area. The object of the present study is Sicilian F. nodosa subsp. geniculata (Guss.) Troia & Raimondo, classified as an endemic F. nodosa subspecies. Aerial parts of this plant species were subjected to hydrodistillation to obtain an essential oil. A total of 93 compounds were identified with 2,3,6-trimethyl benzaldehyde (19.0%), spathulenol (9.0%), (E)-caryophyllene (5.4%), and caryophyllene oxide (5.4%) as the main components. The biological activities of F. nodosa essential oil were also investigated. This oil showed an interesting antioxidant potential in a 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) test (IC50 of 14.05 μg/mL). Additionally, hypoglycemic and antilipidemic effects were evaluated. Lipase enzyme was inhibited with an IC50 value of 41.99 μg/mL. Obtained data demonstrated that F. nodosa could be considered a promising source of bioactive compounds useful for the treatment and management of obesity.

Conventional versus microwave-assisted hydrodistillation of sage herbal dust: Kinetics modeling and physico-chemical properties of essential oil

Sage herbal dust generated as a by-product from filter-tea factory contains various bioactive compounds which secured its economic potential towards valorization of under-utilized stream. The aim of this work was to utilize sage herbal dust as raw material for the recovery of value-added product. Comparative evaluation of hydrodistillation (HD) and microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MWHD) processes applied for isolation of sage herbal dust essential oil (EO) were applied for this purpose and EO yield varied from 0.50 to 1.90%. Distillation experiments performed at different levels of power and kinetics of EO recovery were monitored, while four empirical kinetic equations were successfully applied for modeling of process kinetics according to appropriate values of statistical parameters (R2 and AARD). GC-MS analysis was applied for chemical characterization of sage EOs, while DPPH assay was used to determine in vitro bioactivity and results suggested that power affected terpenoid profile and antioxidant activity in case of HD and MWHD. Thermal analysis of obtained EOs was utilized to establish correlation between thermal behavior and terpenoids profile. Results suggested that MWHD could provide excellent alternative for production of high-quality sage EO with high content of oxygenated terpenoids and adequate bioactivity.

Smart sensor based distillation for fractionating citronella oil: current research challenges

Citronella oil is one of the essential oils derived from the leaves and stem of lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus). At present, most of the lemongrass oil industry in Indonesia is still in the form of upstream industries which only provide crude purified oils with low purity for export with a fairly low sales value. Technology in improving the purity of citronella oil needs innovation in following the development of the industrial revolution 4.0. This article presents an overview of the research opportunities in the development of distillation for fractionating citronella oil referring to automation of optimization processes in the vacuum fractional distillation accompanied by inspection of the quality of essential oil isolation run in the line process based on smart sensors integrated in a computer program. The combination technique of quality control of essential oils in line process system combined with the optimization technique of the vacuum fractional distillation process has not been studied by advanced researchers. Therefore, this study has a state of the art process engineering and smart sensor-based quality control systems that can be developed for strengthening the Indonesian citronella oil industry.

Isolation of Chemical Compounds and Essential Oil from Agrimonia asiatica Juz. and Their Antimicrobial and Antiplasmodial Activities.

Agrimonia asiatica is a perennial plant with deep green color and covered with soft hairs and has a slightly aromatic odor. This genus Agrimonia has been used in traditional medicines of China, Greece, and European countries. It was mainly used as a haemostatic, a tonic for asthenia, and an astringent for diarrhea. Agrimony is part of the division Magnoliophyta; class is represented by order Rosales, family Rosaceae, of the genus Agrimonia. Family Rosaceae—or pink eels—is one of the largest families of flowering plants, including about 100 genera and 3000 species. Rosaceae is common in almost all areas of the globe where flowering plants can grow, but most of them are concentrated in the temperate and subtropical zones of the Northern Hemisphere. Phytochemical investigation on ethanolic extract of A. asiatica led to isolation of four flavonoid derivatives (kaempferol-3-glycoside, quercetin-3-O-α-arabinofuranosyl-β-D-galactopyranoside, 3-O-kaempherol 2,3-di-O-acetyl-4-O-(cis-p-coumaroyl)-6-O-(trans-p-coumaroyl)-β-D-glucosopyranoside, and catechin) alongside of sucrose. All the extracts, fractions, and isolated compounds were tested for antimicrobial and antiplasmodial activities. We also studied the chemical composition of essential oil obtained from the aerial part of A. asiatica. The essential oil constituents from the aerial part of A. asiatica were obtained using a steam-distillation method in wild growing conditions in Kazakhstan. The essential oil extracted from the aerial part of the plant was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and its major components amounting to 100% were found to be β-selinene (36.370%), α-panasinsene (21.720%), hexadecanoic acid (7.839%), and 1,2-nonadiene (6.199%). Neither the extract nor the isolated compounds showed antimicrobial and antiplasmodial activities.

Hemijski sastav, antioksidativna i antimikrobna aktivnost etarskog ulja i ekstrakta najkvirca (Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.)

Allspice (Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr.) fruit was used for the essential oil and ethanolic extract isolation in the present study. The essential oil was obtained by Clevenger-type hydrodistillation from allspice fructus with hydromodule 1:10 m/v during 180 minutes, while the ethanolic extract was obtained by reflux extraction at the boiling temperature with solvomodule 1:10 m/v during 120 minutes. The qualitative and quantitative composition of the essential oil was determined by GC/MS and GC/FID methods, respectively. The total phenolic and total flavonoid content in the extract was determined according to the Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminium chloride methods, respectively the antioxidant activity of allspice fructus essential oil and the extract was determined spectrophotometrically by DPPH assay and the antimicrobial activity using the microdilution method on the following microorganisms: two types of bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Salmonella spp.) and one yeast (Candida albicans), pairs of reference strains and their isolates. The obtained results proved the presence of 20 components in the essential oil, mainly oxygenated monoterpenes. The extract and essential oil have shown the best antioxidant activities after 20 and 60 minutes of incubation with EC50 values of 0.011 mg/cm³ and 0.023 mg/cm³, respectively. Both the essential oil and the extract have shown an inhibitory effect on all investigated microorganisms. Allspice ethanolic extract showed a better inhibitory effect on B. cereus and S. enterica (isolate and ATCC strains) than the essential oil. On the other side, allspice essential oil showed a better inhibitory effect on C. albicans strains. The results obtained indicate that both the essential oil and the extract isolated from allspice fructus are a good source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents with potential applications in food and pharmaceutical industries as a safer alternative to the synthetic additives.

Anty-microbial, and anty-biofilm-forming properties of Origanum vulgare L. essential oils on Staphylococcus aureus and its antioxidant action

Essential oils (EOs) have been widely used in folk and traditional medicine, cooking, cosmetology and other sectors of the economy. The antimicrobial properties of essential oils determine the relevance of the study of their effectiveness against antibiotic-resistant biofuel clinical isolates. Our research was aimed to determine the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of essential oil of Origanum vulgare L. on clinical isolates of bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus and its antioxidant effect. The raw materials of Origanum vulgare L. for large-scale essential oil isolation were donated by established growers in Slovakia (Agrokarpaty, Ltd.). EOs were obtained by the large-scale distillation apparatus specifically designed for the aromatic and medicinal plants. Calendula Co., in Nova Lubovna, Slovakia. The analysis of EOs was carried out using a gas chromatograph Varian 3090. Antimicrobial activity of EOs was determined using well agar diffusion method. Quantification of biofilm formation was carried out using a microtiter plate assay and the spectrophotometric method. Biofilm formation was quantified by measuring optical density at 550 nm. Biochemical analysis of O. vulgare essential oil showed a high content of carvacrol and thymol (72%). All strains of Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to this essential oil. At the same time, the lowest indicators of growth retardation zones were characteristic of S. aureus MRSA clinic biofilm creation. We have determined the antibio­film effect of O. vulgare essential oil on S. aureus isolates. The study showed the degradation of the biofilm under the influence of essential oil decreased with decreasing concentration. At the same time, even with the action of essential oil, the concentration of 0.01% showed a 42% decrease in the process of biofilm formation. At the highest concentration of 0.10%, a destruction of the biofilm by 78% was found. The study of the influence of essential oils on the formed biofilm showed that 0.1% solution of oil causes degradation of the biofilm by 73.2%; 0.05% – by 58% and 0.01% – by 51.5%. O. vulgare essential oil also showed high antioxidant properties. The neutralization rate of free radicals was 83%. The revealed antimicrobial properties of O. vulgare essential oil make it promising to be used as an antistatic agent, including as a component that contributes to the disintegration of biofilm in the treatment of boils, carbuncles, panari­tiums, phlegmon, wound suppuration, inhalation for respiratory diseases, as a component of rinses in inflammatory periodontal diseases.