Isolation Of Polysaccharides Research Articles

Isolation, structural characterization, and hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharides from the stems of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer

Isolation, structural characterization, and hypoglycemic activity of polysaccharides from the stems of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer

Isolation, Characterization, Moisturization and Anti-HepG2 Cell Activities of a Novel Polysaccharide from Cyanobacterium aponinum.

Polysaccharides from cyanobacteria are extensively reported for their complex structures, good biocompatibility, and diverse bioactivities, but only a few cyanobacterial species have been exploited for the biotechnological production of polysaccharides. According to our previous study, the newly isolated marine cyanobacterium Cyanobacterium aponinum SCSIO-45682 was a good candidate for polysaccharide production. This work provided a systematic study of the extraction optimization, isolation, structural characterization, and bioactivity evaluation of polysaccharides from C. aponinum SCSIO-45682. Results showed that the crude polysaccharide yield of C. aponinum reached 17.02% by hot water extraction. The crude polysaccharides showed a porous and fibrous structure, as well as good moisture absorption and retention capacities comparable to that of sodium alginate. A homogeneous polysaccharide (Cyanobacterium aponinum polysaccharide, CAP) was obtained after cellulose DEAE-52 column and Sephadex G-100 column purification. CAP possessed a high molecular weight of 4596.64 kDa. It was mainly composed of fucose, galactose, and galacturonic acid, with a molar ratio of 15.27:11.39:8.64. The uronic acid content and sulfate content of CAP was 12.96% and 18.06%, respectively. Furthermore, CAP showed an in vitro growth inhibition effect on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. The above results indicated the potential of polysaccharides from the marine cyanobacterium C. aponinum SCSIO-45682 as a moisturizer and anticancer addictive applied in cosmetical and pharmaceutical industries.

Isolation, purification, and structural elucidation of a water-soluble polysaccharide derived from Phellinus baumii Pilát mycelia

This study involved the successful production of mycelial polysaccharides by optimizing submerged culture conditions of Phellinus baumii Pilát. Then, the investigation focused on the composition and chemical structure of the water-soluble polysaccharide from P. baumii Pilát mycelia (PBMP) by extraction and purification. Specifically, this study indicated that a water-soluble PBMP fraction 1 (PBMP1) was isolated from PBMP. Moreover, this study discovered a PBMP1 isolated from PBMP, which was found to have the monosaccharide compositions comprised of fucose (Fuc), glucose (Glc), and galactose (Gal) despite the absence of proteins. Subsequently, the composition and structure of PBMP1 were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation reaction, gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS), and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The composition and structure of PBMP1 were characterized in this study, revealing an α-glycosidic bond conformational linkage with 1,4-Glc residues and 1,6-Gal residues forming the backbone. Additionally, a highly branched hetero-polysaccharide was identified with a non-reducing terminus of Fuc containing 1,3,4- and 1,4,6-Glc branching. The findings of this study offer valuable insights and information that can be utilized by researchers, manufacturers, and other stakeholders to advance the field of P. baumii Pilát product development. Moreover, these results have significant implications for future large-scale mass production and functional applications of PBMP1 products.

Isolation, physico-chemical characteristics and acute toxicity determination of water-soluble polysaccharide from basidial raw material Ganoderma lucidum

As a result of the study, branched polysaccharides were isolated from the basidiomycete raw materials of Ganoderma lucidum. It has been established that the isolated fractions contain branched polysaccharides in the form of complexes with melanin. After purification of polysaccharides by ion-exchange chromatography, two fractions were obtained from basidial raw materials: neutral polysaccharides GW-1 with a yield of 25.71% and anionic polysaccharides GW-2, the yield of which was 5.26%, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the obtained samples were studied by IR and UV spectroscopy. The degree of purity of the obtained fractions of branched polysaccharides was established. Using gas chromatography, one-dimensional (13C NMR, 1H NMR) and two-dimensional (COSY, TOCSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY) NMR spectroscopy, the composition and molecular structure of the obtained polysaccharide samples were determined. The results showed that the isolated and purified polysaccharides are branched glucans with 1,4,6- and 1,3,6-bonds between glucopyranose units. Pharmacotoxicological studies were carried out on white outbred mice and it was found that the resulting polysaccharides belong to class V, practically non-toxic compounds (LD50 ≥ 2000 mg/kg). Isolated polysaccharides (GW) are promising biologically active components, on the basis of which it is possible to create drugs with hepatoprotective and antitumor activity.

ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ПОЛИСАХАРИДОВ ПОБЕГОВ И ЛИСТЬЕВ СМОРОДИНЫ ЧЕРНОЙ

Medicinal plants occupy a special place among the sources of pharmaceutical substances. Long-term experience of folk, traditional and official medicine of different countries confirms the effectiveness of the use of medicines of plant origin for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. Advantages of their use in comparison with the products of chemical synthesis, determine the relevance of expanding the nomenclature of currently used medicines by means of studying new plant species. Black currant shoots, as easily available for harvesting raw materials, are of interest for study in order to establish the possibility of their use in scientific medicine, so at the Department of Pharmacognosy FGBOU VO "PGFA" Ministry of Health of Russia conducted studies of shoots and leaves of black currant. The article presents the results of isolation and chemical study of polysaccharides of shoots and leaves of black currant wild and cultivated by paper chromatography and spectrophotometry. It is established that this carbohydrate complex is represented by water-soluble polysaccharides (WPS), pectin substances (PS), hemicelluloses (HC). The qualitative composition of monosaccharides by fractions was established. The presence of galactose, glucose, fructose, arabinose, rhamnose in fractions of GRPS and SP and glucose and xylose in HC was proved. The quantitative content of polysaccharide fractions was studied. The predominant fraction in the polysaccharide complex of shoots and leaves of black currant is pectin substances.

Isolation and characterization of a hepatoprotective polysaccharide from Lonicera caerulea L. var. edulis Turcz. ex Herd. fruit against APAP-induced acute liver injury mice

The structure and bioactivities of a novel polysaccharide from Lonicera caerulea L. var. edulis Turcz. ex Herd. fruit (THP-3) were investigated. The crude polysaccharides of Turcz. ex Herd. (THP) were extracted by hot water extraction. After purification, the chemical structure of polysaccharides was identified. Then, a mouse model of acute drug-induced liver injury was constructed using 4-acetamidophenol (APAP) and pretreated with THP. The number-average molecular weight of THP-3 was 48.89 kDa and the mass average molar mass was 97.87 kDa. THP-3 was mainly composed of arabinose (42.54 %), glucose (27.62 %), galacturonic acid and galactose (29.84 %). The main linkage types of THP-3 were 1-linked Araf, 1,4-linked Glcp, and 1,3,6-linked Galp. In addition, after THP treatment, serum Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γGT) in AILI mice were successfully down-regulated. The results showed that THP could prevent the characteristic morphological changes of hepatic lobular injury and lipid depletion caused by APAP, reduced the level of oxidative damage in mice, increased the expression of APAP-induced hypolipidemia and related inflammatory indicators, and improved the detoxification function of liver. In general, the newly extracted THP polysaccharide has a good liver protection effect and is an ideal natural medicine for the treatment of liver diseases.

The Isolation, Structural Characterization and Anti-Inflammatory Potentials of Neutral Polysaccharides from the Roots of Isatis indigotica Fort.

Polysaccharides have been assessed as a potential natural active component in Chinese herbal medicine with anti-inflammatory properties. However, the complex and indefinite structures of polysaccharides limit their applications. This study explains the structures and anti-inflammatory potentials of three neutral polysaccharides, RIP-A1 (Mw 1.8 × 104 Da), RIP-B1 (Mw 7.4 × 104 Da) and RIP-B2 (Mw 9.3 × 104 Da), which were isolated from the roots of Isatis indigotica Fort. with sequenced ultrafiltration membrane columns, DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100. The planar structures and microstructures of RIP-A1, RIP-B1 and RIP-B2 were further determined by HPGPC, GC-MS, methylation analysis, FT-IR, SEM and AFM, in which the structure of RIP-A1 was elucidated in detail using 1D/2D NMR. The Raw 264.7 cells were used for the anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. The results showed that RIP-A1, RIP-B1 and RIP-B2 are all neutral polysaccharides, with RIP-A1 having the smallest Mw and the simplest monosaccharide composition of the three. RIP-A1 is mainly composed of Ara and Gal, except for a small quantity of Rha. Its main structure is covered with glycosidic linkages of T-α-Araf, 1,2-α-Rhap, 1,5-α-Araf, T-β-Galp, 1,2,4-α-Rhap, 1,3,5-α-Araf and 1,6-β-Galp with 0.33:0.12:1.02:0.09:0.45:11.41:10.23. RIP-A1 significantly inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines (NO, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, RIP-A1 could significantly inhibit the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and L-1β. It could also activate IKK, p65 and IκBα (the components of the NF-κB signaling pathway). In conclusion, the above results show the structural characterization and anti-inflammatory potentials of RIP-A1 as an effective natural anti-inflammatory drug.

Preparation, structural characterization and protective effect on PC12 cells of polysaccharides from the stipe of Morchella esculenta

Morchella esculenta is a type of edible mushroom used in traditional medicine, which is popular among consumers, and the stipe of M. esculenta is the industrial waste of M. esculenta. This study reports the isolation and purification of a novel polysaccharide (MP-C) from the stipe of M. esculenta, and we analyzed its chemical structure. The results showed that→4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→,T-α-D-Glcp,→4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→,→6)-α-D-Manp-(1→,→3)-α-D-Glcp-(1→and→3)-α-D-Manp-(1→) comprise the main chain of MP-C. More importantly, reactive oxygen species (ROS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels within cells were all dramatically reduced by MP-C, while superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels were elevated. Western blot results showed that MP-C increased the expression level of Bcl-2, while inhibiting the expression of Caspase-3 and BAX. In addition, we found that the PI3K/Akt pathway was involved in the regulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells by MP-C. In conclusion, MP-C attenuated the oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide in PC12 cells. This study for the development and utilization of the stipe of Morchella esculenta stipes provides certain theoretical basis.

Isolation and Free Radical Scavenging Ability of Linear Polysaccharides From Cuttlebone of Sepia prashadi.

Background This study aimed to isolate linear polysaccharides from Sepia prashadi cuttlebone with the objective of evaluating their ability to scavenge free radicals. By providing new natural components for pharmaceutical and functional food uses, this research advances our understanding of the potential health benefits of polysaccharides originating from marine sources and their antioxidant properties. Objective The objective of the study is to isolate a linear polysaccharide chitosan from Sepia prashadi cuttlebone(produced by the partial deacetylation of chitin),characterize its structure using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and explore the isolated polysaccharide's free radical scavenging potential. Material and methods Linear polysaccharide, chitosan was extracted chemically from Sepia prashadifrom cuttlebone waste, by demineralization and deproteinization.Chemical characterization of chitosan was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in the 400-4000 nm frequency range. The surface characteristics of chitosan, such as its texture, porosity, and roughness, are visible in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. X-ray diffraction (XRD) canbe utilized to examine how chitosan interacts with other substances, such as medications or nanoparticles, by analyzing alterations in thediffraction pattern during complexation or formulation. Scavenging ability was demonstrated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide radical, and chelating ability of ferrous ions assays. Results Chitosan is formed from chitin. The extraction yields of chitosan and chitin were 78% and 39%, respectively. High levels of superoxide radical scavenging activity (76.1%), DPPH radical scavenging activity (62.1%) and chelating activity (127.5% at 100 g/mL) were observed in cuttlebone chitosan. Sepia prashadi showed an increased antioxidant activity in chitosan. Conclusion The goal of this study was to determine the effectiveness of various extraction techniques for preserving the antioxidant activity of chitosan derived from Sepia prashadicuttlebone waste. The maximum scavenging activity was demonstrated by both the chelating ability and antioxidant activity. Considering that this raw material is derived from renewable resources and produces highly valued chemicals, it is a profitable endeavor.

The isolation, structure characterizations and anti-photoaging activities of sulfated polysaccharides isolated from Sargassum fusiforme

BackgroundOur previous study found that crude polysaccharide extracted from Sargassum fusiforme (PSF) exhibited excellent anti-photoaging activity, but the composition responsible for this activity remained unknown.ResultsIn this study, three fractions (P1, P2 and P3) obtained by hot water extraction and column chromatographic separation from PSF were structurally characterized. The anti-photoaging activities of these isolated polysaccharides were evaluated using HaCaT cells. The results showed that P1, P2 and P3 were acidic polysaccharides with 42.94%, 40.75% and 2.21% uronic acid. In addition, the contents of sulfate groups were 3.01%, 10.05% and 7.44%, respectively. Moreover, their content of reducing sugar was low, and none of the fractions had a triple-stranded helical structure. P1 had the largest average molecular weight of 208.89 kDa, while P2 and P3 had a relatively lower molecular weight of 154.09 and 151.71 kDa, respectively. Treatment with P2 effectively safeguarded the viability of HaCaT cells exposed to UVB irradiation. Additionally, it inhibited the secretion of MMP-1 and MMP-3 while elevating the content of hydroxyproline (HYP) in the cell supernatant. Methylation and NMR analysis suggested the main structure of P2 might be → [4)-β-ManA-(1]23 → 4)-β-ManA-(1 → 3)-β-d-Glcp-(1 → 4)-β-d-Glcp-(1 → 4)-β-d-Glcp-(1 → . The two terminal groups of β-ManA-(1 → and β-d-Glcp-(1 → were connected via the glycosidic bonds of → 3, 4)-O-3 in β-ManA-(1 → and O-6 in → 4, 6)-β-d-Glcp-(1 → , respectively.ConclusionsThese findings will open new avenues for exploring the potential use of Sargassum fusiforme polysaccharide, particularly P2, as a functional ingredient with anti-photoaging activity.Graphical

Isolation, structural characterization and biological activities of polysaccharides from Chondrus crispus

Biomedical applications often exploit the biodegradability and biocompatibility of natural polysaccharides. In this study, polysaccharide extracts from Chondrus crispus (CC) were characterized using HPLC-SEC, FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The proliferative and migrative capacities of various extracts on RAW264.7 cells, along with their impact on nitric oxide (NO) production and phagocytosis, were assessed. Polysaccharide bioactivity was also explored using HDF and HaCaT cell lines. This study additionally investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of CC fractions on Caco-2 cells, examining their impact on cytokines (TNF-α, TGF-β1) and chemokine (MCP-1) expression. CC-derived polysaccharides effectively modulated inflammatory activity and improved scratch or exclusion wound healing. Hot (95 °C) extracted polysaccharides fraction CC-2B (λ and, κ-carrageenan) stimulated RAW264.7 cell proliferation, while cold (25 °C) extracted polysaccharides fraction CC-1A (0.5 μg/μL) inhibited cell proliferation at 24 h (69.7 ± 4.8%, p<0.001), while exhibiting increased phagocytosis activity. Furthermore, RAW264.7 cells treated with hot-extracted fraction CC-2B showed a significant reduction in LPS-stimulated NO production (p<0.0001) over 24 h. HaCaT and HDF cell proliferation were stimulated when treated with fraction CC-2B (p<0.0001). Moreover, Caco-2 cells treated with all fractions displayed enhanced TGF-β1 expression and reduced TNF-α expression at 24 h, indicating the potential of these fractions for future medical applications. Polysaccharide cold-extracted fraction (CC-1A) exhibited highly effective anticoagulant properties. All polysaccharide fractions (0.13 μg/μL) appeared to be non-cytotoxic for Caco-2 cells during 24 h. CC-derived polysaccharides have potential applications in the medical (wound healing, gastrointestinal distress), food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.

Isolation, purification, and biological activities of polysaccharides from Amorpha fruticosa flowers

The extraction, isolation, structural characterisation and biological activities of polysaccharides from Amorpha fruticosa flowers were investigated. First, the crude polysaccharide AFP was extracted, and two major purified polysaccharide fractions AFP-2 and AFP-3 were isolated. The molecular weight and monosaccharide compositions of AFP-2 and AFP-3 were determined. Then the antioxidant activities of AFP, AFP-2 and AFP-3 were assessed by DPPH radical, β-Carotene bleaching and hydroxyl radical assays. All three tested polysaccharides showed good antioxidant activity while AFP was the strongest one. The study also showed that AFP, AFP-2 and AFP-3 have good tyrosinase inhibition, moisture absorption and retention activities. The results will provide a helpful reference for the application of polysaccharide from Amorpha fruticosa flowers as a natural cosmetic ingredient.

Construction of emulsion gel based on the interaction of anionic polysaccharide and soy protein isolate: Focusing on structural, emulsification and functional properties

In this study, the effects on the structures and emulsion gels of carrageenan (CA) and gum arabic (GA) with soybean protein isolate (SPI) were investigated. The results showed that CA and GA exposed hydrophobic groups to SPI, and formed complexes through non-covalent interactions to improve the stability of the complexes. Furthermore, the emulsion gels based on the emulsions exhibited that CA formed emulsion-filled gels with higher elasticity, stronger gel strength, and thermal reversibility, whereas GA formed emulsion-aggregated gels with higher viscosity, and a weak-gel network. The results of digestion showed that, CA was more helpful to slow down the release of free fatty acids and protect vitamin E during digestion. Compared with SPI-GA emulsion gel, SPI-CA emulsion gel had better physicochemical properties and stronger network structure. The results of this study may be useful in the development of anionic polysaccharides that interact with SPI, and they may provide new insights on the preparation of emulsion gels that slowly release fat-soluble nutrients.

Engineering heterogeneous hierarchical hydrogels based on Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch polysaccharide/whey protein isolate fibrils aqueous two-phase emulsion

Emulsion-templating techniques have been used to develop structurally anisotropic hydrogels. This paper proposes a method to couple biopolymer assembly behavior with a phase-separated aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) to construct a hierarchical structure on protein-polysaccharide hydrogels. Based on the phase separation of Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch polysaccharide (ASKP) and whey protein isolate (WPI) fibrils, a bi-continuous hydrogel was fabricated through spontaneous iron-facilitated molecular chelation. The impact of WPI fibrils under ultrasonic treatment for varying durations on gel structurization and physicochemical properties was also exploited. Shorter length of WPI fibrils facilitated stepwise cross-linking gelation during the oxidation of ferrous ions to ferric ions. Specifically, ultrasonic treatment for 6 min and 8 min promoted the accumulation of shorter fibrils, resulting in the formation of a more intensive clockwise-oriented hierarchical network. Compared to the hydrogels with longer linear aggregates without the ultrasonic treatment, the incorporation of the shorter aggregates resulting from ultrasonic treatment for 6 min and 8 min significantly increased the gel's water holding capacity and mechanical properties. Additionally, the fibrils that underwent ultrasonic treatment for 6 min resulted in a more stable three-dimensional network with optimal elastic performance. This study presents a new water-in-water emulsion-templated strategy for structural regulation and stabilization of multiform hydrogel.

Isolation and purification of polysaccharides from Bupleurum marginatum Wall.ex DC and their anti-liver fibrosis activities.

Bupleurum marginatum Wall.ex DC [Apiaceae] (BM)is widely grown in southwestern China, and the whole plant is used as Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Polysaccharides are main natural products in lots of TCM and have been studied for their effects of reducing oxidative stress, anti-inflammation and immune regulation. Herein, we investigated the extraction techniques of Bupleurum marginatum Wall.ex DC polysaccharides (BMP), the identification of their key components, and their ability to inhibit liver fibrosis in both cellular and animal models. Component identification indicated that monosaccharides in BMP mainly consisted of glucose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose, arabinose, and xylose. In vivo analysis revealed that BMP provided significant protective effects on N-Nitroso dimethylamine (NDMA)-induced liver fibrosis rats through reducing hepatomegaly, reducing tissue inflammation, and reducing collagen deposition. BMP also improved the hepatobiliary system and liver metabolism in accord to reduce the serum levels of ALT, AST, ALP, r-GT, and TBIL. In addition, BMP could reduce the level of inflammation and fibrosis through inhibition of IL-1β and TGF-β1. Cellular studies showed that the BMP could provide therapeutic effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cellular fibrosis model, and could reduce the level of inflammation and fibrosis by decreasing the level of TGF-β1, IL-1β, and TNF-α. Our study demonstrated that BMP may provide a new therapy strategy of liver injury and liver fibrosis.

Isolation, purification, and structural characterization of polysaccharides from Codonopsis pilosula and its therapeutic effects on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in vitro and in vivo

Codonopsis pilosula is a famous edible and medicinal plants, in which polysaccharides are recognized as one of the important active ingredients. A neutral polysaccharide (CPP-1) was purified from C. pilosula. The structure was characterized by HPSEC-MALLS-RID, UV, FT-IR, GC–MS, methylation analysis, and NMR. The results showed that CPP-1 was a homogeneous pure polysaccharide, mainly containing fructose and glucose, and a small amount of arabinose. Methylation analysis showed that CPP-1 composed of →1)-Fruf-(2→, Fruf-(1→ and Glcp-(1→ residues. Combined the NMR results the structure of CPP-1 was confirmed as α-D-Glcp-(1 → [2)-β-D-Fruf-(1 → 2)-β-D-Fruf-(1]26 → 2)-β-D-Fruf with the molecular weight of 4.890 × 103 Da. The model of AML12 hepatocyte fat damage was established in vitro. The results showed that CPP-1 could increase the activity of SOD and CAT antioxidant enzymes and reduce the content of MDA, thus protecting cells from oxidative damage. Subsequently, the liver protective effect of CPP-1 was studied in the mouse model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) induced by the high-fat diet. The results showed that CPP-1 significantly reduced the body weight, liver index, and body fat index of NAFLD mice, and significantly improved liver function. Therefore, CPP-1 should be a potential candidate for the treatment of NAFLD.

Anti-Aging in Caenorhabditis elegans of Polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua.

Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua, the dried rhizome of Polygonum multiflorum from the Liliaceae family, is a widely used medicinal herb with a long history of application. Its main active ingredients are polysaccharides, which have been demonstrated in contemporary studies to effectively delay the aging process. In the present study, homogeneous polysaccharide (PCP-1) was obtained after the purification and isolation of polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua (PCP). The anti-aging activities of both were compared, and the possible mechanism of action for exerting anti-aging activity was explored using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Research has indicated that PCP and PCP-1 exhibit potent anti-oxidant and anti-aging properties. Of particular note is that PCP-1 acts better than PCP. The two were able to prolong the lifespan of nematodes, improve the stress resistance of nematodes, reduce the accumulation of lipofuscin in the intestine, decrease the content of ROS and MDA in the body, increase the activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT, promote the nuclear translocation of DAF-16, down-regulate the mRNA levels of the age-1 and daf-2 genes of the IIS pathway in nematodes, and up-regulate the expression of the daf-16, skn-1, sod-3, and hsp-16.2 genes. Based on the aforementioned findings, it is possible that the mechanism by which PCP and PCP-1 exert anti-aging effects may be through negative regulation of the IIS pathway, activation of the transcription factor DAF-16/FOXO, and enhancement of oxidative defenses and stress resistance in nematodes. Overall, the present study illustrated the great potential of polysaccharides from Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua in anti-aging and antioxidant activities. Specifically, PCP-1 demonstrated superior characteristics, which provides a reference for the future development of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides.

Isolation, Purification, Fractionation, and Hepatoprotective Activity of Polygonatum Polysaccharides.

In this study, three homogeneous fractions, PSP-N-b-1, PSP-N-b-2, and PSP-N-c-1, were obtained from an aqueous extract of Polygonatum using DEAE cellulose column chromatography, CL-6B agarose gel chromatography, and Sephadex G100 chromatography. Their monosaccharide compositions and molecular weights were analyzed. The results revealed that PSP-N-b-1, PSP-N-b-2, and PSP-N-c-1 are primarily composed of six monosaccharides: Man (mannose), GlcA (glucuronic acid), Rha (rhamnose), GalA (galacturonic acid), Glc (glucose), and Ara (arabinose), with molecular weights of 6.3 KDa, 5.78 KDa, and 3.45 KDa, respectively. Furthermore, we observed that Polygonatum polysaccharides exhibited protective effects against CCL4-induced liver damage in HepG2 cells in vitro, operating through both anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Our research findings suggest that Polygonatum polysaccharides may emerge as a promising option in the development of hepatoprotective drugs or functional foods with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Isolation, Physico-Chemical Characteristics, and Acute Toxicity Evaluation of Water-Soluble Polysaccharide from Basidial Raw Material Ganoderma lucidum

Isolation, Physico-Chemical Characteristics, and Acute Toxicity Evaluation of Water-Soluble Polysaccharide from Basidial Raw Material Ganoderma lucidum

The isolation, characterization and biological activities of the non-glucan polysaccharides from the high-starch-content plant Pueraria mirifica

The dried root of Pueraria mirifica (P. mirifica) is an edible foodstuff widely used in Asian countries. P. mirifica is known for its high starch content. The isolation of polysaccharides from high-starch plant parts is challenging due to the interference of starch. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a technique for isolating and investigating the structure and activity of non-glucan polysaccharides from P. mirifica (PMP). An effective starch removal process was developed using α-amylase hydrolysis and thorough membrane dialysis. Four non-glucan polysaccharides were isolated, and PMP-2 was subjected to structural elucidation. The results indicated that PMP-2 has a molecular weight of 124.4 kDa and that arabinose and galactose are the main components, accounting for 27.8 % and 58.5 %, respectively. Methylation and NMR analysis suggested that PMP-2 is an Arabinogalactan composed of 1,6-linked Galp and 1,4-linked Galp as the main chain, with arabinan and rhamnose as side chains. Furthermore, PMP-C and PMP-2 exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activities against DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radicals and certain immunomodulatory activities related to the release of NO, TNF-α and IL-6. These findings suggest that PMP-2 has potential therapeutically active ingredient in functional foods. The developed method successfully removed starch and isolated non-glucan polysaccharides from the high-starch content plant P. mirifica and can be applied to other high-starch plants.