Isolation Of Organism Research Articles

Respiratory culture organism isolation and test characteristics in children with tracheostomies with and without acute respiratory infection.

Among children with tracheostomies, little is known about how respiratory culture results differ between states with and without acute respiratory infections (ARI), or the overall test performance of respiratory cultures. To determine the association of respiratory culture organism isolation with diagnosis of ARI in children with tracheostomies, and assess test characteristics of respiratory cultures in the diagnosis of bacterial ARI (bARI). This single-center, retrospective cohort study included respiratory cultures of children with tracheostomies obtained between 2010 and 2018. The primary predictor was ARI diagnosis code at the time of culture; the primary outcomes were respiratory culture organism isolation and species identified. Generalized estimating equations were used to assess for association between ARI diagnosis and isolation of any organism while controlling for potential confounders and accounting for within-patient clustering. A multinomial logistic regression equation assessed for association with specific species. Test characteristics were calculated using bARI diagnosis as the reference standard. Among 3578 respiratory cultures from 533 children (median 4 cultures/child, interquartile range (IQR): 1-9), 25.9% were obtained during ARI and 17.2% had ≥1 organism. Children with ARI diagnosis had higher odds of organism identification (adjusted odds ratio 1.29, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16-1.44). When controlling for covariates, ARI was associated with isolation of Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pyogenes. Test characteristics revealed a 24.3% sensitivity, 85.2% specificity, 36.5% positive predictive value, and 76.3% negative predictive value in screening for bARI. The utility of respiratory culture testing to screen for, diagnose, and direct treatment of ARI in children with tracheostomies is limited.

Surgical management of chronic osteomyelitis: Organisms, recurrence and treatment outcome

PurposeThe study aimed to identify the risk factors of recurrence in chronic osteomyelitis (COM) and to document the microbiological patterns pre- and intra-operatively and at recurrence, if any. MethodsWe performed retrospective review on COM patients treated with surgical debridement and a 6-week course of antibiotics. The patients with symptoms of osteomyelitis for at least 6 weeks, present or past episodes of discharging sinus, documentation of bone sequestration in operative notes or preoperative images were included in the study. Patients with symptoms of osteomyelitis < 6 weeks, lack of history of discharging sinus or lack of evidence of sequestration in preoperative images or intraoperative notes were excluded. Logistic regression models were used to assess the impact of risk factors of recurrence. Cohen-Kappa scores were derived to see the concordance between pre-operative and intra-operative isolates and at recurrence. ResultsTotally, 147 COM patients (115 males and 32 females, mean age (33 ± 19) years) were included in this study. Recurrence was noted in 28 patients (19.0%). Polymicrobial growth and extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae increased the chance of recurrence. Cierny-Mader stage-1, hematogenous aetiology and negative intraoperative culture reduced the chance of recurrence. Concordance between pre-operative and intra-operative cultures was 59.85% (Kappa score 0.526, p < 0.001) and between index surgery and at recurrence was 23.81% (Kappa score 0.155, p < 0.001). Lack of knowledge of causative organism preoperatively did not affect outcome. At mean follow-up (42 ± 15) months, all patients were apparently infection free for at least 1 year. ConclusionPolymicrobial growth and multi-drug resistant organisms increase the risk of recurrence in COM. Patients’ age, gender, diabetes mellitus, previous failed treatment, duration of symptoms, haemoglobin, white cell count, C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate at presentation did not have any impact on the recurrence of infection. Pre-operative isolation of organism is of questionable value. Recurrences of infections do occur and are more of re-infections than relapses. Diligent isolation of organism must be attempted even in re-debridements. Even patients with recurrences do well with appropriate debridement and antibiotic therapy.

No more tears from surgical site infections in interventional pain management.

As the field of interventional pain management (IPM) grows, the risk of surgical site infections (SSIs) is increasing. SSI is defined as an infection of the incision or organ/space that occurs within one month after operation or three months after implantation. It is also common to find patients with suspected infection in an outpatient clinic. The most frequent IPM procedures are performed in the spine. Even though primary pyogenic spondylodiscitis via hematogenous spread is the most common type among spinal infections, secondary spinal infections from direct inoculation should be monitored after IPM procedures. Various preventive guidelines for SSI have been published. Cefazolin, followed by vancomycin, is the most commonly used surgical antibiotic prophylaxis in IPM. Diagnosis of SSI is confirmed by purulent discharge, isolation of causative organisms, pain/tenderness, swelling, redness, or heat, or diagnosis by a surgeon or attending physician. Inflammatory markers include traditional (C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and white blood cell count) and novel (procalcitonin, serum amyloid A, and presepsin) markers. Empirical antibiotic therapy is defined as the initial administration of antibiotics within at least 24 hours prior to the results of blood culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Definitive antibiotic therapy is initiated based on the above culture and testing. Combination antibiotic therapy for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria infections appears to be superior to monotherapy in mortality with the risk of increasing antibiotic resistance rates. The never-ending war between bacterial resistance and new antibiotics is continuing. This article reviews prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of infection in pain medicine.

Isolation and identification of streptococcus organisms in mastitis milk

Isolation and identification of streptococcus organisms in mastitis milk

Cross-Sectional Study to Evaluate Infection in Operation Theater and Difference in Infection Pattern Between Laminar Air Flow and Non-Laminar Air Flow Operation Theaters

This was a cross-sectional study to compare the infection rate between laminar air flow and non-laminar air flow operation theater (OT). This was bi-center study and study places were the OT complexes of Sylhet Women’s Medical College Hospital (SWMCH) and Al Haramain Hospital Pvt. Ltd. of Sylhet. A Total 24 samples were collected from 12 OTs. Air and wall swab both types of samples were collected from each OT. Out of these 12 OTs 4 had laminar air flow system. Half of the air samples (50%) and 8.3% of wall samples were infected, whereas overall organism isolation rate was 29.17%. Among all the infected samples 25% were from laminar air flow OTs and the rest 75% were from non-laminar air flow OTs. Commonest isolated bacteria was staphylococcus epidermidis (62.5%) followed by bacillusspp (25%) and staphylococcus aureus (12.5%). staphylococcus epidermidis was predominantly found in General Surgery, Obstetrics and septic OTs. Distance from entry or toilet did not show any significant difference in infection rate in operation theaters.

Boeremia Exigua Leaf Spot: A New Emerging Threat to Gossypium hirsutum L. in Pakistan

Cotton is grown all over the world including Asian countries. Severe foliar disease symptoms were observed on cotton in fields from different districts of cotton zone of the province of Punjab, Pakistan. Infected plant leaves were sampled from various areas and processed for the isolation of the causal organism. Fungal isolates were identified morphologically. The conidia of the fungus were observed oblong to ellipsoid, hyaline, and aseptate, but occasionally 1-septate with dimensions ranging from 2.7 to 7.8 × 1.6 to 3.5 μm. A total of two isolates were characterized further for genetic diversity. Both the isolates showed moderate reactions to the NaOH test for E metabolite. The pathogen was morphologically identified as Boeremia exigua. Further, the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and TUB gene of the fungal isolates were amplified and analyzed. The sequence of partial ITS and TUB showed 99% homology with the isolates of B. exigua. The pathogenicity test was performed on three months old cotton plants by using two isolates of B. exigua. After 15 days of inoculation, necrotic spots started developing on the leaves that were very similar to those observed in the field. The fungal pathogen was re-isolated from the leaves of all the inoculated plants, identified morphologically following Koch's postulates. This disease might be a potential threat to cotton production in Pakistan in the future. However, further studies are required to know the virulence, behavior, alternate hosts, and spreading nature of the pathogen.

Bacterial Contamination of Door Handles of Commercial Buses in Umuahia Metropolis Abia State

Commercial vehicles are all kinds of vehicles used to transport goods and people. Microbiological investigationof publicly touchable surfaces has become an interest to researchers because surfaces that are contaminated can function as reservoir of potential pathogens. This study was carried out to determine the levels of bacterialcontamination on the surfaces of two door handles on public buses within Umuahia metropolis. A total of 70samples, 35 each from the passengers and driver’s door handles surface were collected and analyzed. The analysisinvolved bacterial isolation and identification of organisms by standard microbiological procedures. Theprevalence and bacteria count were carried out. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolates were done usingthe disc diffusion method. A total number of 73 bacterial organisms were isolated. The following potentialpathogenic bacteria were observed; Staphylococcus aureus (6.8%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (5.5%),Streptococcus faecalis (2.7%), Escherichia coli (6.8%), Klebsiella spp. (5.5%), Enterobacter spp. (4.1%), Pseudomonasaeruginosa (17.8%), Proteus spp. (23.3%), Micrococcus spp. (6.8%) and Bacillus spp. (20.5%). Ofloxacin, Pefloxacinand Gentamicin are effective and exhibited encouraging results while Ampicillin and Trimethoprim were resistant to most isolates. The result actually shows that the door handles of motor vehicle used for public transportationcan be a significant reservoir for spreading potential pathogenic microorganisms.

1020. The Impact of COVID-19 on Outpatient Intravenous Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT) at an Academic Medical Center

Abstract Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic dramatically affected the delivery of healthcare. Patients discharged on outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy (OPAT) require clinic follow-up and laboratory monitoring which is a logistical challenge to standardize across discharge locations. We sought to investigate how COVID-19 impacted patients discharged with OPAT at an academic medical center. Primary objectives included 30-day readmission rates and ID clinic follow-up before and during COVID-19. Secondary outcomes included whether suspected infection type, antimicrobial selection and discharge location differed between the two cohorts. Baseline Patient Characteristics &amp; Outcomes between pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 cohorts Methods Patients discharged on OPAT were evaluated in two 3-month cohorts from Oct-Dec 2019 (pre-COVID-19) and compared to Oct-Dec 2020 (COVID)-19. Demographics, infection type, discharge location, therapy characteristics, and outcomes were compared retrospectively (Fig 1). Statistical analysis was performed using Chi-square and Wilcoxon rank-Sum test with p&amp;lt; 0.05 considered statistically significant. Suspected Infectious Source among the two cohorts Results A total of 316 pre-COVID patients were discharged with OPAT compared to 263 COVID-19 patients. Table 1 shows the comparison of OPAT characteristics between 2019 and 2020. There were significantly more patients discharged home and fewer patients discharged to facilities in COVID-19 group(p=0.001 and p=0.011, respectively). LOS, ID clinic follow-up, and 30-day readmission did not differ between groups. Reasons for readmission were similar (Fig 1). Antimicrobial prescribing was generally similar except for more vancomycin prescribed in the COVID-19 group (12.5% versus 7.3%, p=0.033). Suspected source of infection did not differ between groups (Fig 2), nor did isolation of pseudomonas, MRSA, or drug resistant organisms (Table 2). Conclusion Sources of infection and antimicrobial classes were generally similar despite decrease in elective procedures during a COVID-19 related winter surge. Rates of readmission and clinic follow did not differ, however, patients discharged with OPAT post-COVID were more likely to go home versus a facility. Further analysis of this difference may help determine best practices to facilitate improved monitoring and clinic follow-up among OPAT patients. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

211. Outcomes Following a Protocol Change to decrease Perioperative Antibiotic Duration Among Liver Transplant Recipients

Abstract Background Liver transplant recipients (LTRs) are at high risk for infections. The optimal duration of perioperative antibacterial prophylaxis remains unclear, particularly in patients hospitalized prior to transplant. Our study examines the impact of a change in our institutional perioperative antibiotic protocol in LTRs on post-transplant infection and antibiotic-associated toxicity. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all adult LTRs at our center who underwent transplant from 1/1/2018 until 9/1/2021. Patients were categorized as low risk if they are hospitalized &amp;lt; 24 hours prior to transplant and high risk if they were hospitalized ≥ 24 hours prior to transplant. We investigated patient outcomes after a change to our perioperative antibiotic guideline on 1/19/21, which reduced the duration of post-operative antibiotics for low risk patients from 48 to 24 hours and for high risk patients from 5 days or duration of post-operative ICU stay to 72 hours. Outcomes included post-transplant infection within 30 days (composite outcome of bacteremia and surgical site infection), C. difficile infection (CDI), and isolation of multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs) from any site. Chi-squared and Fisher’s exact test were performed with p &amp;lt; 0.05 considered significant. Results There were 154 LTRs who underwent transplantation during the study period, including 63 high risk patients (43 before and 20 after the protocol change). The median duration of prophylactic antibiotics in the high risk group decreased from 6 (IQR 5-8) to 4.5 (IQR 4-5) days after the protocol change (p = 0.04), and in the low risk group decreased from 2.5 (IQR 2-5) to 1 (IQR 1-2) day (p = 0.04). Prophylactic antibiotics consisted of piperacillin-tazobactam in 145 (94%) and vancomycin in 104 (68%) of cases. In the high risk group, infection occurred in 4 (9%) patients before and 0 patients after the protocol change (p=0.3). CDI occurred in 4 (9%) patients before and 1 (5%) patient after the protocol change (p=1). Resistant organisms were isolated in 10 (23%) patients before and 1 (5%) patient after the protocol change (p=0.15). Figure 1.Antibiotic duration as a percentage of each cohortTable 1.Clinical outcomes before and after protocol change among low and high risk patientsTable 2.Antibiotic-associated outcomes before and after protocol change among low and high risk patients Conclusion The policy change reduced the median duration of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis but was not accompanied by an observed increase in postoperative infection. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

Bacterial urinary tract infection in diabetes patients and evaluation for multidrug resistant organisms

Bladder infection exists as frequently occurring infectious disease in diabetic mellitus of all distinct age groups. Acute cystitis is recognised as higher frequency in person with diabetes. Urinary Tract infection is most familiar and widespread infection in world-wide. The frequency of urinary tract infection is at peak in patients with diabetic mellitus. Diabetic mellitus (DM) is a group of metabolic impairment characterised by hyperglycaemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. It’s a common disease that affects health in many ways and relevant problems one of the leading illness world-wide. Urinary tract infection medical aid experimental is less execution of urine culture and sensitivity. In the present study designed to find out occurrence of bacterial urinary tract infection, Multidrug resistant organisms, health risk and antimicrobial drug medication for UTI’s. To hypothesize the spectrum of uropathogens and the profile of antibiotic resistance pattern in both diabetic and non-diabetic patient with asymptomatic urinary tract infection.The research study was performed for the duration of 6 Months (April-September 2022) in Vydehi Institute of medical science and research centre (VIMS &amp; RC) Whitefield Bangalore. Diabeticas well as non-diabetic patientsabove 18 years of age, from OPD and also admitted in General medicine department of VIMS &amp; RC was considered. A total of 247 diabetic and non-diabetic urine samples from outpatients and inpatients was collected and processed in the microbiology laboratory. In accordance to principle of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, the urine samples was collected and analysed. VITEK 2 Automated system analyser was used to determine Antimicrobial Sensitivity. Bacterial Multidrug Resistant Organism isolates in diabetes mellitus with bacteriuria is 48 (53%). Bacterial isolates in non-diabetic mellitus with bacteriuria is 29 (17%). and is frequently isolated. Gram-negative bacteria are highly resistant to multiple drugs like, Amikacin, Nitrofurantoin, Ceftriaxone, Clavulanic acid, Cefpirome, etc moreover increasingly resistant accessible antibiotics. and was the most familiar isolated microorganisms.

Fluoroscopy-Guided Percutaneous Transpedicular Biopsy Versus Posterolateral Endoscopy for Infective Spondylodiskitis Diagnosis: A Comparative Study

We sought to determine the concordance in frequency of microbiologic isolation and species identification in specimens obtained by 2 methods. Intervertebral disk specimens were taken simultaneously from each patient using percutaneous needle and posterolateral endoscopic biopsies. The isolates were reported in frequencies and concordance using the chi square and Cohen kappa tests. Thirty patients were recruited. The average age was 58.1 years, and 15 patients were women. The clinical evolution time was 7 ± 4 months. The causative organism was identified in 12 (40%) specimens obtained by fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous transpedicular biopsy and in 14 (46.6%) obtained by posterolateral endoscopy. The most common organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus in 3 patients with the percutaneous technique and in 5 with the endoscopic one; Escherichia coli was isolated in 3 patients with each method. The kappa test showed a high degree of agreement between both methods (kappa= 0.86); the agreement in bacterial species identification was 100%. Fluoroscopy-guided percutaneous biopsy and endoscopic sampling have a good degree of concordance for both, frequency of organism isolation and identification in patients with infectious spondylodiskitis.

The Epidemiology, Associated Factors and Bacterial Profile of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria in Pregnant Women: A Retrospective Chart Review Study in Saudi Arabia.

Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is the presence of significant amounts of bacteria within the urinary tract in the absence of urinary tract infection (UTI) symptoms, resulting in negative neonatal and pregnancy consequences. This study determined the prevalence, bacteriology patterns, and associated factors with ASB among pregnant women in both primary and hospital levels of care in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. This retrospective chart review study included pregnant women between 18 and 50 years who performed the screening urine culture test during their first antenatal visit between 2017 and 2021, without UTI symptoms. The collected data involved the demographic, medical, and obstetric characteristics, and urine culture results. T-tests and chi-squared tests were used for bivariate associations followed by binary logistic regression models. ASB was positive among 03.42% of the 6471 pregnant women included in the study. Logistic regression revealed that the risk of positive ASB increased in pregnant women in the first and second trimesters (OR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.41-2.93 and OR= 1.50, 95% CI = 1.03-2.19, respectively), as well as pregnant women with a history of previous UTI (OR = 2.98, 95% CI = 2.14-4.15). The predominant organism isolates were E. coli, followed by GBS, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis. With limited data on ASB among pregnant women in Saudi Arabia, findings from the current study could help decision-makers in the country assess the epidemiological characteristics of the condition. Further study is recommended to investigate the susceptibility patterns of commonly prescribed antibiotics with different uropathogens to guide the clinicians who deal with these cases. Additionally, a large national study across the other regions in the kingdom is suggested to calculate the prevalence of ASB in Saudi Arabia.

Fungi Associated with Deterioration of Onion Variety (Colour)

The incidence of fungi associated with deterioration of three varieties of onion bulbs was investigated in Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto. The bulbs were purposively collected in sterile polyethene bags through random sampling from kasuwan daji in Sokoto and brought to Mycology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences for analysis. Samples were prepared using standard procedures for Isolation and Inoculation of fungal organisms. Isolates were identified based on Morphological and cultural identification using mycological atlas. Pathogenicity test was out carried out using standard procedures. The result obtained revealed the presence of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus and Rhyzopus oryzae. R. oryzae had the highest percentage of occurrence (47.4%) in Red onion, A.niger and A. fumigatus had the highest occurrence (39.1%) in white onion, and in the purple onion A. niger and A. flavus had the highest percentage of occurrence with (42.8%). The pathogenicity test indicated that all the isolates were found to facilitate spoilage of the bulbs. R. oryzae was found to be more pronounced on white onion, A. niger was prominent in purple onion, A. flavus on red onion. Therefore, fungal spoilage of onion could be determined base on the type of fungal organisms and the type of onion variety. The study could help formers to detect the type of organisms that are responsible for spoilage on the different onion varieties thus, determine the appropriate type of pesticides to apply either in the field or on storage.

Pneumonia and HIV Types: A Case Control Study in Gadarif State, Sudan

Background: Pulmonary infections remain one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality among HIV patients, and the first cause of hospital admission in the HAART era. Achieving an etiological diagnosis of pulmonary infection in these patients is important due to its prognostic consequences. This is a case control study conducted at ART Center in Gedarif Teaching Hospital between the periods January 2020 to October 2021. Oro pharyngeal swabs were collected for isolation and identification of organisms from fifty HIV patients suffering from pneumonia with ages from 15 years old to 65 years old were included in this study to elicit the microorganism insulted to pneumonia among them. And also to detect types of HIV which are most associated with those pneumonic patients. Results: The results revealed that all pneumonic patients were type (1) HIV patients (100%), the most common microorganisms isolated were Staphylococcus auras (60%), Haemophilus influenzeae (20%), Pseudomonas aerugnosa (18%),and Streptococcus pneumonia (2%). Conclusion: This study indicated that all HIV patients are type 1, and revealed that the most common cause of pneumonia in HIV infected patients was Staphylococcus auras. So Accurate diagnosis, and appropriate treatment and prevention of HIV-associated opportunistic pneumonias is an important strategy for reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with HIV/AIDS.

Elucidating the Effectiveness of Antibiotic Treatments in Eliminating the Black Dots Contamination from Vero Cell Line Culture

The present study was conducted to identify the effectiveness of various antibiotics and antibiotic combinations in eliminating the black dots contamination in cell culture and to identify its effect on cell growth kinetics. Isolation of contaminant organism (Black dots) observed in our laboratory, was attempted by inoculation of harvested cell supernatant and pellet into Nutrient broth, Luria broth, and Pleuropneumonia-like organisms’ broth but no visible growth was observed. To analyze the effect of antibiotics in elimination of contamination, the cell monolayer was incubated with different antibiotics and combination of antibiotics till 120 hrs. Withdrawal effect of antibiotics was observed by further incubation cells in maintenance media for another 48 hrs. To investigate the effect of different antibiotics on cell growth kinetics, cell seeding was done in media containing antibiotics. A subset of cells was harvested every 24 hrs and counted till 120 hrs. Among all antibiotics, Ampicillin reduced the contamination, the Piperacillin and Tazobactam combination diminished the contamination to a great extent. At the studied concentrations of the antibiotic trio of piperacillin, tazobactam, and ampicillin, black dot contamination was eliminated and found 100% effective in inhibiting contamination within 120 hrs of the study period; but, after 48 hrs of antibiotic withdrawal, contamination reappears in cell culture. The growth kinetics showed no significant impact of antibiotics treatment on the cell growth curve. The growth kinetics showed that cell growth was not interfering significantly by individual or combination of antibiotics. Therefore, in the presence of black dot, a combination of three antibiotics (piperacillin, tazobactam, and ampicillin) should be effective in cell culture.

PREVALENCE AND ANTI MICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF CLINICAL ISOLATES OF ENTEROCOCCUS SPECIES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VANCOMYCIN RESISTANCE

Background: Among enterococcus species , 80 -90% and 5-10% of human infection are caused by enterococcus faecalis and faecium respectively .The rate of isolation of Enterococcus faecium and other species is increase at recent times from various clinical samples . Enterococcus faecium showing higher degree of drug resistance. Enterococcus gallinarum and Enterococcus casseliavus are intrinsically resistant to vancomycin thereby inappropriate treatment can be avoided. Materials and methods: The clinical samples included blood, urine and exudates (pus,tissues, sterile body uids) were collected aseptically and processed as per standard methods for isolation and identication of organism. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. A total of 64 Enterococcus strains were isolated from clinic Result: al samples during the study period.The maximum number of Enterococcus isolates were obtained from Exudates 37(57.8%) ,urine 23(35.9%) followed by blood 4(6.2%) .Among Enterococcus species ,E.faecalis 59 (92.2%) and E.faecium 5 (7.8%) was isolated. The isolates from urine and exudates were predominantly resistance to antimicrobials like ampicillin, high level aminoglycoside, ciprooxacin and sensitive to linezolid, vancomycin and nitrofurantoin for urine samples. Enterococcus faecalis isolates were uniformly sensitive to Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Ciprooxacin, Linezolid and Vancomycin. Enterococcus faecium isolates were sensitive to Linezolid and Vancomycin and resistant to Ampicillin, Gentamicin, Ciprooxacin. Conclusion: This study illustrates the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of enterococcus species from various clinical samples . In our study Enterococci did not show resistant to vancomycin.

Prevalence of Asymptomatic Bacteriuria Among Pregnant Women Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Western India

Introduction: Asymptomatic bacteriuria refers to the presence of bacteria in urine having overall incidence during pregnancy ranges between 2%-10%. The study was conducted to assess prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnant women. The study also aimed to find out the most common Pathogenic organism isolates from urine sample.&#x0D; Methodology: Pregnant women with varying gestational periods attending the tertiary care hospital without any symptoms of UTI were included in the study. Their urine was tested for routine microscopy, culture, and certain biochemical testing.&#x0D; Results: Prevalence rate of asymptomatic bacteriuria was seen 13.8% in pregnant women. Proportion of asymptomatic bacteriuria is highest 14.70% in age group 26-30 year, 23.33% in first trimester. Both gram negative and gram-positive bacteria were isolated, but gram-positive cocci isolates were higher comparatively gram-negative bacilli. Organisms recovered in order of frequency were E. coli, Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CONS), S. aureus, Klebsiella spp, Acinetobacter spp, Citrobacter spp and Enterobacter spp.&#x0D; Conclusion: High prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria demands routine bacteriological screening of pregnant women. This will help in early treatment of asymptomatic bacteriuria which will help in prevention of acute and chronic pyelonephritis.

Isolation and Identification of Bacterial and Fungal Spoilage Organisms in Branded and Unbranded Milk; Consumer Perception of Safety Hazard for Milk

Background: This research aims to isolate and identify bacterial and fungal spoilage organisms in branded and unbranded milk, as well as to assess the parameters linked to milk safety risk. A total of 30 samples were collected for laboratory testing. For analysis, the samples were inoculated on several mediums. The bacterial and fungal isolates were identified using Gram staining and biochemical identification methods. Results: According to the findings, Klebsiella spp. and Escherichia coli are the most common bacteria found in isolated organisms from branded and unbranded milk (22.6%). Meanwhile, 8.8% of both Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus faecalis were found in the samples. 3.7% of Serratia marcescens and some Streptococcus species were all identified in the samples. At the milk outlets, regularly opening containers to sell milk and predisposing the milk to hand contamination increased the risk of contamination by environmental contaminants. Survey was done with 60 respondents, 37 (61.67%) said they were aware of the health risks associated with milk. Twenty-three people (38.33%) said they knew about diseases linked to drinking contaminated milk. It also discovered that there was no formal food hygiene training for any of the food handlers. However, 11.7% of the workers had advanced training in a variety of fields. Conclusions: The microorganisms associated with milk products' spoilage in this study are of economical and public health significance. Some strains of A. flavus have been reported to produce potent mycotoxins called ochratoxin that can be harmful to human beings and animals. Cares should be taken on the handling of milk and milk products. And the improved preservation methods should be suggested to enhance the quality of milk products. The findings of the study provide a foundation for developing better milk policies.

Effects of reported beta‐lactam allergies on pneumonia outcomes in lung transplant recipients

The effects of reported beta-lactam allergies on clinical outcomes have been understudied in lung transplant recipients. We evaluated reported beta-lactam allergies on clinical outcomes in this population. A single-center retrospective cohort analysis was performed. One hundred and nine lung transplant recipients were identified and screened for a diagnosis of pneumonia. This cohort was divided into those with a reported beta-lactam allergy and those without a beta-lactam allergy. Antibiotic use was compared between groups. We also compared several clinical metrics, including rates of readmission, mortality, Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), allograft dysfunction, and isolation of carbapenem or fluoroquinolone non-susceptible organisms after treatment. Of the 109 lung transplant recipients, 18 (16.5%) were identified as having a reported beta-lactam allergy. Patients with a beta-lactam allergy label (BLAL) were found to have decreased utilization of beta-lactams (p<.001) and a trend toward increased use of carbapenems (p = .062) and aztreonam (p = .080). BLAL patients were found to have higher rates of CDI (p = .049) but were not found to have increased readmissions, mortality, allograft dysfunction, or isolation of carbapenem or fluoroquinolone non-susceptible organisms. Patients without a BLAL were found to have higher rates of acute kidney injury (AKI) (p = .035). Lung transplant recipients with BLAL are more likely to develop CDI, possibly due to increased use of carbapenems. We also found that patients without beta-lactam allergy were more likely to develop AKI. A multicenter study with a larger sample size might clarify the individual contributions of mutually confounding clinical parameters.

CASE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI NECROTIZING PNEUMONIA WITH CAVITARY LESIONS

CASE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI NECROTIZING PNEUMONIA WITH CAVITARY LESIONS