Isolation Of Microcrystalline Cellulose Research Articles

Isolation of microcrystalline cellulose from Musa paradisiaca (banana) plant leaves: physicochemical, thermal, morphological, and mechanical characterization for lightweight polymer composite applications

Isolation of microcrystalline cellulose from Musa paradisiaca (banana) plant leaves: physicochemical, thermal, morphological, and mechanical characterization for lightweight polymer composite applications

Isolation of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from pistachio shells and preparation of carrageenan-based composite films

Utilizing agricultural waste for material innovation, particularly in food packaging, is an emerging trend aimed at enhancing sustainability and reducing environmental impact. In this study, the goal was to valorize agricultural waste by isolating microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from pistachio shell powder (PSP) and integrating it into carrageenan films as a filler. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) was used to extract PSP fiber at various AHP liquor ratios (NaOH:H2O2), followed by hydrochloric acid hydrolysis of the PSP fibers. Detailed analyses assessed the impact of AHP concentration on the thermal, morphological, microscopic, and crystalline properties of the resulting MCC. Elevated NaOH and H2O2 ratio in the AHP process notably improved the MCC's thermal stability and crystallinity index. FTIR spectroscopy indicated the efficient removal of amorphous regions and impurities, such as lignin and hemicellulose, during AHP pre-hydrolysis. The 4.0:4.4 AHP liquor ratio emerged as particularly promising, considering thermal stability, impurity removal, and crystallinity index. Carrageenan films with the derived MCC showed improved UV resistance, oxygen barrier, thermal stability, and mechanical properties. This research highlights the potential of pistachio shell-derived MCC as a sustainable filler, emphasizing a novel strategy for repurposing agricultural waste.

Isolation of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Wood and Fabrication of Polylactic Acid (PLA) Based Green Biocomposites

Isolation of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Wood and Fabrication of Polylactic Acid (PLA) Based Green Biocomposites

Physicochemical characterization of novel biomass‐based microcrystalline cellulose derived from agro‐industrial residues of Rosa indica petals

AbstractThe growing demand for sustainable materials is driving the adoption of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from renewable plant sources. This study investigated the isolation of MCC from Rosa indica petal (RIP) waste via acid hydrolysis. RIP was pretreated with alkali extraction and bleaching prior to acid hydrolysis. Chemical analysis revealed the composition of pretreated RIP was 79.56 wt.% cellulose, 9.87 wt.% hemicelluloses, and 5.69 wt.% lignin. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed reduced peaks at 3332.88, 2851.95, and 1577.75 cm−1 after alkali treatment, indicating removal of hemicelluloses and lignin. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) found the crystallinity index of the isolated Rose indica petals cellulose (RIPC) MCC was 72.31%, suggesting effective purification. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed RIPC MCC had a decomposition temperature of 296.65°C, superior to raw RIP at 211.25°C. In addition, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed RIPC MCC had fibrous morphology with fiber diameters ranging from 16.2–22.4 nm. In summary, RIPC MCC with high purity, crystallinity and thermal stability was successfully isolated from RIP waste via acid hydrolysis. The high performance of RIPC MCC demonstrates the potential of RIP leftovers as a renewable source for MCC production. RIPC MCC could serve as a promising reinforcement filler in nanocomposites due to its advantageous properties.

Microcrystalline Cellulose Isolation and Impregnation with Sappan Wood Extracts as Antioxidant Dietary Fiber for Bread Preparation.

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) has gained considerable attention as a functional ingredient in bread making. This work demonstrates the isolation of MCC from sugar cane bagasse (SCB) for preparing bread. The effect of MCC on bread attributes and antioxidant activity by impregnation with sappan wood extract (SAP) was evaluated. The highest crystallinity index and suitable size of MCC were achieved at 85 °C under 90 min hydrolysis condition. Increasing MCC/SAP levels in bread showed a significant increase in bread color with decreases in the specific volume and baking loss. There was a positive correlation between bread texture and the MCC/SAP level. The addition of MCC/SAP interfered with the bread hardness. Low MCC/SAP levels have no effect on springiness and cohesiveness; however, 4% MCC/SAP has significantly decreased these attributes, with the highest antioxidant activity and phenolic content. Therefore, MCC can be functionalized with SAP as an antioxidant fiber additive for health benefits in bakery products.

Characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from red seaweed Gracilaria verucosa and Eucheuma cottonii

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) is pure cellulose isolated from alpha cellulose. The demand for renewable and sustainable raw materials for the industry has developed as one of the most pressing challenges in recent decades. The seaweed processing industry produces a large amount of solid fibrous waste, which can be utilized as an additional source of cellulose feedstock. The increase in seaweed production continues to increase, as well as waste that can be used as another source of cellulose raw materials. This study used red seaweed i.e., Gracilaria verucosa and Echeuma cottonii to produce high-quality MCC. Gracilaria verucosa and Echeuma cottonii are treated chemically through alkali, bleaching, and acid hydrolysis to obtain pure MCC. Following the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis result, MCC in the standard had a crystallinity of 67.2%, while the Gracilaria verucosa-MCC (GV-MCC) sample was 53.0% and Echeuma cottonii-MCC (EC-MCC) was 58.4%. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that GV-MCC and EC-MCC almost resemble the MCC standard. The morphology characteristic from Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis presented the difference between raw material before and after isolation into MCC. According to the Particle size analyzer (PSA) result, the mean sizes of EC-MCC and GV-MCC are 0.786 and 0.522 µm, respectively. The isolation of MCC from red seaweed has the potential to be used in a wide range of industries.

Microcrystalline cellulose isolation – Proposed mechanism: Enhanced coupling

Cellulose-derived materials are an emergent opportunity for reducing the environmental impact of polymers. Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) has increasing relevance in many sectors, including pharmacy, food, and reinforcement of polymers, but its application is limited by the low coupling between it and nonpolar polymers and the polar behavior of cellulose derivates. There is not a well-defined model for the isolation of MCC and the factors involved in the length and width, which are elements of high influence on the reinforcement effect of MCC. This study proposes a mechanism for the size reduction of cellulose fibrils isolated through acid hydrolysis and a post-plasma surface modification (PSM) to enhance coupling of the MCC with hydrophobic polymer matrixes. MCC was characterized by FTIR, XRD, and SEM before and after the plasma surface treatment with caprolactone, a biodegradable polymer. There were no changes in the FTIR spectra; however, in XRD the sample exhibited a decrease in intensity. These results suggest that PSM did not change the structure of MCC or chemical composition. However, an increase in the peak temperature of degradation confirmed the surface modification of MCC.

A Preliminary Study of Isolation and Characterization of Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Microcrystalline Cellulose by Acid Hydrolysis Process

This research focuses on the isolation of MCC (microcrystalline cellulose) into NCC (nanocrystalline cellulose) by acid hydrolysis process. The sulfuric acid hydrolysis (44 wt.% H2SO4) aims to fibrillation from MCC into NCC material. NCC has good properties such as high-surface-area, high-aspect-ratio, weight light, and reactive materials. The morphology of NCC was characterized by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and TEM. The physical characterization was tested using FTIR, XRD, and TGA. The morphological result showed that the particle size of NCC was more homogeneous with a diameter size of 25±3 nm with 310±5 nm in length. The physical properties of NCC better slightly than MCC, indicated by the increasing crystallinity index value from 74.8 to 76.4%, and it has a high thermal resistance of 330°C.

Isolation of microcrystalline alpha-cellulose from jute: A suitable and economical viable resource

Cellulose is a natural linear chain homopolymer that is an abundant and common component in all plants. Partially pure depolymerized cellulose, known as microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), is synthesized by mineral acids hydrolysis from α-cellulose precursors obtained from fibrous plants such as jute. Virgin soft and hardwoods are used as the main source of cellulose for raw materials of MCC production. These can be replaced by jute fiber to a great extent as it is considered one of the most promising alternatives. A proximate analysis had been carried out to determine the percentage of cellulose, hemicellulose, fats, and lignin in cellulose by standard methods. The cellulose purity of BJRI Tossa Pat-8 (Robi-1) fiber is identified from FT-IR. The IR results of MCC analysis were indicated 3,337.40cm-1 for the moisture and 1656.45cm-1 for carboxyl groups. In thermogravimetry analysis, at the first phase, 20-95oC is associated with moisture release. The oxidation of Tossa Pat-8 (Robi-1) MCC occurred in the range of 200-400oC. The remaining 0.65% of inorganic materials ash, was obtained at 425oC. This study indicates the cost-effective isolation of MCC from Tossa Pat-8 (Robi-1) and that can be promisingly applicable in several fields such as coatings and membranes explosives, cellulose, textiles, adhesives, films, textiles, food and tobacco, films, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry, which needs further research.

Optimization of Acid Concentration and Hydrolysis Time in the Isolation of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes solm)

a peer-reviewed, open access online international journal which publishes original research papers. The journal welcomes submission from scholars and experts for possible publication from all over the world. The scope of the journal includes: Pharmaceutical research, chemistry and biochemistry of naturally occurring compounds, biological evaluation of crude extracts, ethnomedicine, traditional and complementary medicine, ethnopharmacology, biomedical research, Biotechnology, Evaluation of natural substances of land and sea and of plants, microbes and animals, pharmacognosy, bioavailability, clinical, pharmacological, toxicological studies and pharmacokinetics of phytochemicals, Isolation and characterization of compounds, structure elucidation, synthesis and experimental biosynthesis of natural Product as well as developments of methods in these areas are welcomed in the journal.

Preparation of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibre Using Steam-Assisted Acid Hydrolysis

The isolation of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from empty fruit bunch fibre (EFB-fibre) using acid hydrolysis through steam treatment (autoclave) followed by ultrasonication has been successfully established. The important parameter studied was the concentration of sulphuric acid (5%, 15% and 25%) at variable fixed reaction time and temperature. The resulting MCC was characterized using FTIR, TGA, XRD and SEM. FTIR transmission at 1163 cm-1 confirmed that the structure of cellulose was retained after undergoing acid hydrolysis. Thermal stability of MCC increased after being treated with H2SO4, which was determined using TG analysis. The morphological features were identified using Scanning Electron microscope (SEM), which showed the diameters of MCC to be in the range of 10 to 200 µm. The structural property of MCC was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the results showed that the MCC produced has crystallinity index of 72%. The results revealed that the parameters used tend to influence the physicochemical properties of MCC produced. Therefore, the MCC isolated from EFB fibres will be used as precursor for future EFB derived nanocellulose as well as a promising subject in nanocomposite research.

Microcrystalline Cellulose from Groundnut Shell as Potential Adsorbent of Crystal Violet and Methylene Blue. Kinetics, Isotherms and Thermodynamic Studies

The isolation of microcrystalline cellulose from a groundnut shell is reported. Adsorption experiments were carried out for the removal of cationic crystal violet and methylene blue and it follows Langmuir model. Positive enthalpy and negative free energy changes have shown endothermic and favorable processes. The results reflect good adsorption process.

Microcrystalline Cellulose from Fruit Bunch Stalk of Date Palm: Isolation and Characterization

Present study deals with the extraction and isolation of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from date palm fruit bunch stalk (DPFS) of date palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.) through integrated chemical method. To facilitate comparative study, each DPFS-treated, DPFS-pulp and DPFS-MCC samples were produced through respective bleaching, alkaline and acid hydrolysis treatments. The obtained samples were characterized in aspects of structural, morphological, elemental, crystallinity and thermal properties. From physicochemical analysis, fourier transform infrared ray (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed the improved cellulose crystalline structure from DPFS-treated to DPFS-MCC. Morphology analysis revealed that the isolated DPFS-pulp and DPFS-MCC samples had microfibrillar structure, which achieved through the fibre disintegration by a series of chemical treatments. Moreover, the rigidity was also found the highest for isolated DPFS-MCC with 79.4% crystallinity degree. Further, the DPFS-MCC sample manifested better thermal properties for its high weight loss (84.15%), low residual weight (15.44%) and high decomposition temperature (364.2 °C) compared to the other fibre samples. Also, the DSC analysis showed the thermal behaviour which is in line with the thermal decomposition of those fibre samples. Therefore, in view of the overall result, the isolated DPFS-MCC could act as potential filler for reinforcing polymeric materials in composite field of applications.

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) based materials as emerging adsorbents for the removal of dyes and heavy metals - A review.

In an attempt to overcome such threats posed by water pollution, various processes ranging from physical, chemical as well as biological were applied to get rid of wastewater pollutants. The simplicity, high efficiency and cheapness of an adsorption process make it the most widely used among various other processes. Adsorbents with different properties were used in the adsorption process but this paper was focused on reviewing various articles published by numerous researchers on the isolation of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), a popular carbohydrate polymer from lignocellulosic biomass and utilization of MCC based materials as effective adsorbents for the successful removal of dyes and heavy metals from synthetic wastewater. The sudden interest on MCC and MCC-based materials as adsorbents cannot be separated from their excellent properties such as renewability, biodegradability, biocompatibility, economic value, non-toxicity, high mechanical properties and surface area. Upon comparison with established adsorbents reported from literature, MCC-based materials performed excellently well in the adsorption of dyes and heavy metals with Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second order reported mostly as the best fit models for the generated equilibrium and kinetic data, respectively pointing at the distribution of adsorption sites to be homogeneous as well as the formation of monolayer adsorbate on their surfaces. The various thermodynamic studies reported further revealed the adsorption processes of both dyes and heavy metals onto MCC-based materials to be entropy driven processes, spontaneous, and endothermic. Finally, future research was suggested to focus on optimization to enhance the performance of the MCC-based adsorbents, carrying out the adsorption on real wastewater instead of synthetic ones as well as expanding the range of adsorbates to include other contaminants such as chlorophenols, herbicides, pesticides and others in addition to dyes and heavy metals.

Isolation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose and Preparation of Nano-Crystalline Cellulose from Tropical Water Hyacinth

Because of the conservation problems causes by the existence of water hyacinth (W.H) as an watery plant in water bodies of Iraq, our study aimed to make use of (W.H) by isolation of microcrystalline cellulose, and a new method of preparation of Nano crystalline cellulose. Microcrystalline cellulose was produced using base bleaching method by sodium hypochlorite [NaOCl] to remove unorganized region of cellulose and lignin to create particles comprising of micro crystal and preparing of Nano crystalline cellulose from microcrystalline cellulose by acid hydrolysis and ultrasonic treatment. The Nano crystalline and microcrystalline cellulose characterized by AFM, FTIR, XRD and TGA. FT-IR spectra of microcrystalline cellules and Nano crystalline cellulose show peaks at (1076.28, 1058.92) cm-1 and (1118.71, 1112.93) cm-1 refer to the stretching vibration of C–O and stretching vibration intermolecular ester bonding. 
 The AFM image shows that isolated microcrystalline cellulose have a diameter of (141.37 nm) and the prepared Nano crystalline have a diameter of (87.39 nm). The Thermo gravimetric analysis of cellulose showed a high decomposition temperature at (283°C) for microcrystalline cellulose and (253)°C for Nano crystalline cellulose .The thermal stability of microcrystalline cellulose was more than Nano crystalline cellulose XRD result possessed a segal crystallinity index of 92.8 % and a average crystal size of 41.7 A ° for Nano crystalline cellulose and a Segal Crystallinity Index of 86.4 % and a average crystal size of 55.3°A of microcrystalline cellulose.

Isolation of Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) from Oil Palm Frond as Potential Natural Filler for PVA-LiClO4 Polymer Electrolyte

Isolation of Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) from Oil Palm Frond as Potential Natural Filler for PVA-LiClO4 Polymer Electrolyte

Preparation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Sacred Bali Bamboo as Reinforcing Filler in Seaweed-based Composite Film

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) isolated from cheap, fast-growing and abundant accessible Sacred Bali bamboo (Schizostachyum brachycladum) was utilized as reinforcement material in the seaweed-based composite film. Isolation of MCC was carried out by using a combination of pulping, bleaching and acid hydrolysis process. This study emphasized on the feasibility of MCC production from Sacred Bali bamboo by studying its properties using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The commercial-MCC (CMCC) was used as reference material. Results showed that the production yield, moisture content (MC) and fiber length of bamboo-MCC (BMCC) were 83.37±1.48 %, 4.50±0.5 %, and 0.47±0.02 mm, respectively. According to the chemical analysis by FTIR, both lignin and hemicellulose were completely removed from BMCC, and thus, improved the crystallinity (78 %) and thermal stability (≈325 °C) of BMCC. This study also revealed that MCC produced from Sacred Bali bamboo demonstrated strong mechanical reinforcement effect in the seaweed-based film. Hence, Sacred Bali bamboo-MCC could be used as reinforcement material in the polymer.

Influence of alkaline hydrogen peroxide pre-hydrolysis on the isolation of microcrystalline cellulose from oil palm fronds

In the present study, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was isolated from oil palm fronds (OPF) using chemo-mechanical process. Wherein, alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) was utilized to extract OPF fibre at different AHP concentrations. The OPF pulp fibre was then bleached with acidified sodium chlorite solution followed by the acid hydrolysis using hydrochloric acid. Several analytical methods were conducted to determine the influence of AHP concentration on thermal properties, morphological properties, microscopic and crystalline behaviour of isolated MCC. Results showed that the MCC extracted from OPF fibres had fibre diameters of 7.55–9.11nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses revealed that the obtained microcrystalline fibre had both celluloses I and cellulose II polymorphs structure, depending on the AHP concentrations. The Fourier transmission infrared (FTIR) analyses showed that the AHP pre-hydrolysis was successfully removed hemicelluloses and lignin from the OPF fibre. The crystallinity of the MCC was increased with the AHP concentrations. The degradation temperature of MCC was about 300°C. The finding of the present study showed that pre-treatment process potentially influenced the quality of the isolation of MCC from oil palm fronds.

Sago seed shell: determination of the composition and isolation of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)

Sago seed shells are agricultural wastes that are discarded after taking the pith. The composition of sago seed shells has been determined by using standard methods. Parameters such as extractives (ASTM D1107-96), Klason lignin (ASTM D1106-96), holocellulose (Wise et al. in Paper Trade J 122(2):35–42, 1946), α-cellulose (ASTM D 1103-60), hemicellulose (by difference) and ash content (T 211 om 02) were determined. The components were characterised using FTIR, TGA, XRD, SEM, TEM and AFM. The detailed spectral, thermal, XRD and SEM analyses show the presence Klason lignin, holocellulose and α-cellulose. α-Cellulose has been converted into microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) by acid hydrolysis. MCC was also characterised by using FTIR, TGA, XRD, SEM, TEM and AFM. Frequencies of the FTIR spectrum are similar to those of α-cellulose, and the TGA data reveal increased decomposition temperatures for MCC and well as a well defined TGA curve, indicating the increased structural order or crystallinity. This is further supported by XRD. SEM, TEM and AFM results, which reveal the microstructural behavior of isolated MCC.