Isolation Of Flavonoids Research Articles

Isolation and in silico SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibition potential of chrysoeriol from Chondrilla brevirostris Fisch. & C.A. Mey.

The genus Chondrilla L. comprises 22 species on the CIS territory. 16 species of them grow in Kazakhstan. All species of the genus Chondrilla L. are rubber-bearing herbaceous plants that belong to the Asteraceae family. We picked Chondrilla brevirostris Fisch. & C.A. Mey. for the chemical study. It is a perennial herb that grows in desert steppes and forest meadows. The aboveground parts of Ch. brevirostris were extracted with ethanol at room temperature. Several fractions were obtained by separating ethanol extract on column chromatography. Rechromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography were used to further study the obtained fractions and the isolation of flavonoids. As a result of preparative thin-layer chromatography, the flavonoid 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3'-methoxyflavone (compound 1) was isolated. The chemical structure of 1 was established by spectroscopic data. Compound 1 was isolated for the first time from the species of Chondrilla. Compound 1 was subjected to a molecular docking study against COVID–19 main protease (Mpro) to investigate its expected activity against SARS-CoV-2. In this case, the substance showed a good binding mode with a free energy of –6.22 kcal/mol, while the binding energy of the co-crystallized ligand was –7.83 kcal/mol

IDENTIFIKASI SERTA UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI SENYAWA FLAVONOID EKSTRAK DAUN SRIKAYA (Annona squamosa Linn)

One of the plants containing flavonoid compounds, commonly used as traditional medicine in Indonesia, is srikaya (Annona squamosa Linn). Isolation, identification and antibacterial activity test of flavonoid compounds from srikaya leaf extract against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by using diffusion well method have been done in this research. Srikaya leaf powder with 8% moisture content was macerated with methanol then evaporated until concentrated extract of 113.85 grams was obtained. The extract was partitioned with n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol solvents and produced 3.43 grams of n-hexane extract, 2.30 grams of ethyl acetate extract and 3.85 grams of n-butanol extract. The phytochemical test showed that the ethyl acetate extract positively contained flavonoids with the highest total flavonoid levels of 26,117.4 mg QE/100 grams. Isolate F5, as the result of separation and purification of ethyl acetate extract, was positive containing flavonoids and resulting relatively pure isolate, analyzed by thin layer chromatography. Identification of isolate F5 using spectrophotometer UV-Visible and Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) showed two absorption bands at ? max of 376.40 nm (band I) and 256.40 nm (band II) as well as contained functional groups of flavonoid which was OH, C=C aromatic, C-H aliphatic, C-H aromatic, C-O ether and C-O alcohol. These isolates were able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli at the concentration of 15% (w/v) with inhibitory diameter of 7.75 and 7.25 mm, respectively. These results indicated that flavonoids isolated from srikaya leaf extract were suspected 5,3’,4’-trihydroxyflavonol and had antibacterial activity with moderate inhibitory ability.
 Keywords: antibacterial, flavonoid isolation, srikaya leaf (Annona squamosa Linn),5,3’,4'-trihydroxyflavonol.

Screening and Characterization of Vitexin from Vitex negundo by LCMS, pHPLC and 13CNMR Analysis

Complementary herbal medicines are currently required to overcome the drastic side effects of chemical based Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS) and Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS). Herbal based drugs may include herbal preparations, purified compounds, vitamins and their products. Vitex negundo commonly called ‘Nochi’ in Tamil is an annual edible medicinal plant predominantly used as mosquito repellent. Traditionally leaves and root of V. negundo are used to treat cough, asthma, colitis, dysentery, diarrhoea, flatulence, fever, vomiting, and rheumatism. V. negundo is also found to possess analgesic, anti-oxidant, antiinflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-hyper pigmentation, immuno-stimulant, hepato-protective, anti-androgenic, pesticidal, anti-cancerous and anti-metastatic activity. V. negundo contains ample bioactive leads that might be pharmacologically beneficial. Therefore, the scientific validation of this folkloric herbal practice is needed. The present study aimed to assess the free radical scavenging role of methanolic extract of leaf and root of Vitex negundo. The study also focused on screening, isolation and characterization of bioactive compound Vitexin. Vitexin is a pharmacologically beneficial flavonoid found to be in the root extract of V. negundo. The roots of V. negundo were subjected to in vitro qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening and the results showed that both the leaf and root extract may possess effective free radical scavenging role. Studies on root extract revealed the presence of abundant flavonoids in comparison with leaf extract of V. negundo. The root extract was further subjected to preparative Thin Layer Chromatography (pTLC), Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrophotometry (LCMS), and preparative High performance Liquid Chromatography (pHPLC) for the screening and isolation of flavonoids. The structure of Vitexin was confirmed by 13C NMR characterization analysis on comparison with the literaure. The present work may develop simple and reliable method for the purification of bioactive flavonoids from the methanolic root extract of the medicinal plant V. negundo which may possesses abundant biomedical importance against inflammatory diseases.

Chemical Composition Analysis andIn Vivo Anti-diabetic Activity of Aqueous Extract of Aerial Part ofPallenis spinosa in Diabetic Rats

Background: This work aims to confirm the anti-diabetic activity of Pallenis spinosa, as recommended in traditional medicine, and perform a chemical analysis of the aerial part of Pallenis spinosa. Methods: The isolated compounds have been identified by chemical methods and spectrometric analysis, such as UV, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. With regard to the anti-diabetic activity, a series of experiments have been carried out in vivo on Westar albino rats. Diabetes has been induced in animals by an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocine. They have been treated with an aqueous extract from the aerial part of Pallenis spinosa (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) and glibenclamide (5 mg/kg body weight) every day for 21 days. Results: The chemical analysis of the aerial part of Pallenis spinosa led to the isolation of five known flavonoids, including patuletin 7-galactopyranoside, patuletin-3-O-α-L-rharnnopyranosyl (1-6)-β-D-galactopyranoside, tricin 7-glucopyranoside, tricin, and quercetin. The aqueous extract of both doses, 250 mg and 500 mg, has shown significant activity in reducing blood sugar, with 43.38% for the dose of 250 mg/kg and 37.76% for the dose of 500 mg/kg, as well as a significant decrease in the total fatness, triglycerides, and the total cholesterol levels in animals. The treatment was compared to the diabetes control group (p = 0.05). We used glibenclamide as a reference, and it showed similar results. Conclusion: In order to explore and develop new anti-diabetic drugs, more studies are needed on this plant for scrutinizing its mechanism of activity.

Triterpenoids and triterpenoid saponins from leaves of Bougainvillea spectabilis

The genus Bougainvillea with about 18 species belonging to the family Nyctaginaceae is a widespread group throughout the world. Bougainvillea spectabilis was traditionally used in Indian and Mexico for treatment hepatitis, cough, and diarrhea. Ethanolic and methanolic extracts from leaves and stems of this plant showed anti–inflammatory activity. Some pharmacological studies have focused on antidiabetic activity of this species. Some extracts from leaves, bark exhibited hypoglycemic, -glucosidase, and amylase inhibitor activities. Phytochemical investigations have reported the isolation of flavonoids, triterpenoid saponins, and steroids. Leaves of B. spectabilis were collected and extracted with ethanol at room temperature by maceration method to obtain the ethanolic extract. By partitioning with n–hexane, ethyl acetate successively yields n–hexane and ethyl acetate extracts. Column chromatographies on normal phase silica gel, reversed–phase RP–18, and Sephadex LH–20 were used to isolate compounds 1–6. Their chemical structures were elucidated by HRESIMS, 1D, and 2D–NMR and compared with those reported in the literature, including lupeol (1), (20S)–3β–acetoxylupan–29–oic acid (2), maslinic acid (3), 3–O––D–(6'–O–methyl)glucuronopyranosyloleanolic acid (4), 3–O––D–(6'–O–ethyl)glucuronopyranosyloleanolic acid (5), and 3–O––D–glucopyranosyl–(14)––D–(6'–O–methyl)glucuronopyranosyloleanolic acid (6). All these compounds were isolated for the first time from the genus Bougainvillea.

In vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity, isolation of flavonoids, and in silico molecular docking of stem extract of Merremia tridentata (L.)

The antidiabetic activity of stem-ethanol extract (SE) and the flavonoid-rich fraction (FF) of Merremia tridentata (L.) were investigated on alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Apigenin, cosmosiin, and quercitrin are flavonoids isolated for the first time from stem extracts. In addition, cynaroside was found to be at the highest level in SE and FF with a percentage of 4.375% and 58.430%, respectively. The administration of SE (100 mg/kg) and FF (50, 75 mg/kg) daily for 20 days resulted in a better hypoglycemic effect than the reference drugs, glibenclamide (5 mg/kg), and metformin (10 mg/kg). Furthermore, SE and FF were shown to significantly improve the plasma lipid profiles at the end of the study. Docking’s study suggests that cynaroside, cosmosiin, and quercitrin are the most desirable compounds for hypoglycemic effects in many antidiabetic targets. Especially, SE and FF showed strongly α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities (IC50 = 1.61–1.72 mg/mL on α-amylase and IC50 = 0.24–0.44 mg/mL on α-glucosidase). Therefore, SE and FF of Merremia tridentata is a potential drug with antidiabetic and hypoglycemic action as indicated by in vivo, in silico, and in vitro studies.

Isolation and identification of flavonoids from avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill)

Leaves of avocado (Persea americana Mill) contains bioactive compounds that can act as natural antioxidants. This study was conducted to isolate and identify the flavonoid compounds of avocado leaves. Research stages includes maceration, fractionation, thin-layer chromatography analysis, isolation and purification of compounds also identification of isolates in two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and by using three different types of solvents. Isolates were identified using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry and infrared spectrophotometry. From the results obtained one isolate FA6 showed a single compound. Based on the results by testing the purity of isolates using two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography and by using three different types of solvents, isolates FA6 is a pure compound. Identification by using ray-visible spectrophotometry FA6 isolates showed maximum wavelength at 280.6 nm and 342.0 nm on bands II and on band I. Infrared spectrum ofisolate FA6 showed aromatic OH groups, aliphatic CH, C = O stretching, C = C aromatic, and C-O-C stretch. From the results obtained isolates FA6 is a class of flavonoids group flavones or flavonol (3-OH substitional).

Phytochemicals, pharmacological and ethnomedicinal studies of Artocarpus

This article aims to review the scientific data on phytochemical and pharmacological studies of Artocarpus collected from Malaysia as well as to highlight their usage as ethnomedicine worldwide. About 55 Artocarpus species are distributed worldwide and 32 of the Artocarpus species can be found in Malaysia. Artocarpus species are well known worldwide for their edible fruits such as Artocarpus heterophyllus (jackfruit), Artocarpus integer (chempedak), and Artocarpus communis (breadfruit). Aside from its edible fruits, the timber is valued for light constructions, crates, large canoes, and boats. The literature for this review was searched using the term ‘Artocarpus’, ‘Artocarpus Malaysia’, ‘Artocarpus extracts’, ‘Artocarpus traditional medicine’ and ‘Artocarpus ethnomedicine’ from published books and scientific journals via various engines such as The Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Research Gate, and Google Scholar. The references cited from the retrieved articles were also scanned and cross-checked. All published studies on phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Malaysia's Artocarpus species up to January 2021 were included in this review. Articles on phytochemical studies of Malaysia's Artocarpus revealed the isolation of flavonoids as the major constituents. Research on pharmacological activities of the isolated phytochemicals showed that these compounds exhibited significant disease-linked-enzyme (tyrosinase, cholinesterase, glucosidase) inhibitors as well as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities. The ethnomedicinal data gathered are useful to understand and prioritize Artocarpus species that can contribute to potent phytochemicals and possibly new drug leads. This review also provides valuable information for the future development of isolated compounds from Artocarpus species.

Isolation and purification of flavonoids from Euonymus alatus by high-speed countercurrent chromatography and neuroprotective effect of rhamnazin-3-O-rutinoside in vitro.

The flavonoids from Euonymus alatus exhibit many biological activities including significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer. In this work, a high-speed countercurrent chromatography method for the isolation and purification of flavonoids from crude extracts of Euonymus alatus was established. The effects of several solvent systems on the separation efficiency of target compounds in the extract of Euonymus alatus were studied. The solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water at a volume ratio of (3:5:3:5, v/v) was chosen, in which the lower phase was used as the mobile phase at the rotation speed of 800 rpm and flow rate of 2.0 mL/min. The three flavonoids were obtained and identified as patuletin-3-O-rutinoside, rhamnazin-3-O-rutinoside, and dehydrodicatechin A by mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance, and the quantities of patuletin-3-O-rutinoside, rhamnazin-3-O-rutinoside, and dehydrodicatechin A were 2.2, 9.7, and 1.8 mg, respectively. The results indicated that high-speed countercurrent chromatography was a simple and efficient method for the isolation and purification of flavonoids from the crude extracts of Euonymus alatus. The cellular antioxidant activity experimental result indicated that rhamnazin-3-O-rutinoside could alleviate H2 O2 -induced oxidative stress.

Isolation, Identification and Characterization of Flavonoids from Basella alba L.

Basella alba is a perennial plant of the Basellaceae and is known by various common names including Malabar spinach. Various parts of the plant are used for treatment of the diseases as well as for different healing activities of human beings as well as animals across the globe especially in India and China. There are several phytochemical present in plants, viz. flavonoids,tannins phytosterols, alkaloids and triterpenes, etc. Flavonoids are an unusually large group of naturally occurring phenolic compounds ubiquitously distributed in plant kingdom.Basella alba L. used as medicinal herbs for rubefacient and catarrhal infections. In the present study, focus has been made to identify the flavonoid in different samples of Basella alba L.by TLC and IR. Further, the isolation of the same compound was confirmed by GC- MS analysis.Total amount of flavonoids were found in Basella alba (0.45 mg/gdw in stem and 0.36 mg/gdw in seeds ). Forty nine compounds found in GC-MS analysis .1–Methyl-4 – isopropylcyclohexyl 2- hydroperfluoro butanoate (Area of % 24.50) was found in highest amount.

Isolation and Characterization of Flavonoids of the Ethanolic extracts of stems of Mimosa hamata (Willd.) by Chromatographic techniques

Since there are many bioactive compounds present in plant material containing various multi-component mixtures, their separation and determination is important to identify the active phytoconstituents responsible for pharmacological activity. Practically most of them have to be separated by column chromatographic techniques. The present study deals with the identification and characterization of bioactive principles from the stems of Mimosa hamata. The isolated fractions from the ethanolic extracts of stems of Mimosa hamata was carried out by column chromatography. For separation of a bioactive compound, the solvent system tried for column chromatography was Chloroform: Methanol in various ratios like 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, and 60:40 amongst these we could separate the first fraction at 80:20 and second fraction at 70:30. Two flavonoids compounds were isolated from the ethanolic extracts of stems of the medicinal plant Mimosa hamata (Willd). Based on chemical and spectral analyses their structures were elucidated as Quercetin and Cirsimaritin. From the above study it reveals the presence of flavonoids in the ethanolic extracts of stems of Mimosa hamata (Willd.) was isolated using column chromatography further subjected to characterization of isolated compounds including UV, IR, NMR and Mass spectroscopic study for elucidating the structure of the two separated compounds. The interpreted data concluded that, both isolated compounds are flavonoids i.e. Cirsimaritin and Quercetin. The pharmacological effect of Mimosa hamata stems may be due to the presence of its phytoconstituents flavonoids.

Anti-Atherosclerosis and Anti-Hypertensive Effects of Flavonoid Isorhamnetin Isolated from the Bark of Cordia dichotoma L

Aims: This study aimed to investigate the anti-atherosclerotic and anti-hypertensive ability of isolated Isorhamnetin from the bark of Cordia dichotoma L.
 Study design: Experimental study
 Place and Duration of Study: The extraction and isolation of bark of Cordia dichotoma L bark (ACDL) was done at Biosapience lab, Bhopal, India. Anti-atherosclerotic activity was done at IFTM University, Moradabad, India. Anti-hypertensive activity was done at BilwalMedchem and Research Laboratory, Pvt. Ltd, Jaipur, India. All the studies was conducted from 2015 to 2021 depending upon the availability of resources.
 Methodology: Column chromatography was done for Ethyl acetate soluble fraction of successive alcoholic extract of Cordia dichotoma L bark (ACDL), followed by successive fractionation using benzene, n-butanol, and acetone. Eluents with similar Rf values were pooled and underwent flavonoid test. Only a single eluents that passed the test was underwent purification. The crystallized powder obtained underwent UV, FTIR, Mass, 1H NMR and 13C NMR analysis for structural identification.
 The evaluation of anti-atherosclerotic activity of isolated Isorhamnetin from bark extract of plant C. dichotoma L was done in high fat induced atherosclerosis rats. The seven groups of Wistar rats were taken and each group containing six rats. To evaluate the anti-hypertensive activity of the plant extract, L-NAME induced hypertension model was used.
 Results: The structural identification and confirmation of flavonoid Isorhamnetin was analyzed by characterizations of isolated product. Lipid, lipoprotein profile and body weight were determined in high fat diet induced atherosclerosis rats. Isorhamnetin isolated from bark of C. dichotoma L produced a significant and dose-dependent anti-atherosclerotic activity in terms of reduction in low density lipoprotein (LDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), Total cholesterol (TC), and Triglyceride (TG) level; and elevation of high density lipoprotein (HDL). Isorhamnetin isolated from the bark of plant C. dichotoma L reduced the elevated arterial pressure of L-NAME induced hypertensive rat significantly to the level of normotensive animal group. The isolated Isorhamnetin have shown its potential as an efficient source for the treatment of hypertension.
 Conclusion: The present study has identified the isolation and characterization of isorhamnetin flavonoid from bark of plant C. dichotoma L. This study also provides evidences of anti-atherosclerotic and antihypertensive effects of C. dichotoma L.

Extraction, isolation and identification of flavonoids in Holothuria leucospilota

Sea cucumber is one of the most important marine invertebrates with many properties, including antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, anticancer. These properties are attributed to important compounds such as flavonoids, glycoltropenoids, chondroitin sulfate, amino-glycolic glucose, and fatty acids. The present study was conducted to extract, isolate, and identify flavonoids from Holothuria leucospilota species of sea cucumber. Samples of the H. leucospilota species of sea cucumber were collected from Hengam Island in Persian Gulf, and once dried, the extract was obtained from their powder. The extraction process involved soaking in 70% methanol solution, filtering with Whatman paper filter, and isolation of the extract in a rotary device. The flavonoids were isolated from the pure extract using silica gel column. The presence of flavonoids in isolated fractions was examined using Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Gas Chromatography (GC-Mass) techniques. The color change to dark purple in TLC indicated the presence of flavonoids in the H. leucospilota species of sea cucumber. Then, the presence of flavonoids in samples was identified and confirmed through GC-Mass technique. The dry fraction contained 37.47mg of flavonoids. The present study results showed that H. leucospilota species of sea cucumber is a rich source of Flavylium type of flavonoids, and its antioxidant and anti-radical properties can be examined as a source of medication and food.

Comparative analysis of antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of crude and purified flavonoid enriched fractions of pods/seeds of two desert legumes Prosopis cineraria and Cyamopsis tetragonoloba

Cyamopsis tetragonoloba and Prosopis cineraria are two legumes of the semi-arid region of Indian subcontinent which are unexplored with respect to their medicinal potential. Moreover, there is considerable lack in the comparative analysis of the biological properties of crude and enriched fractions obtained from the pods and seeds. Therefore, this study aims in investigating the effect of purification on the antioxidant and anticancerous activities of the extracts from the two legumes. This is the first study to purify an enriched methanolic fraction using Amberlite XAD7HP column chromatography followed by analysis using Thin Layer Chromatography. This matrix provided an economic and time efficient isolation of flavonoids and isoflavonoids from the seeds and pods of the above mentioned legumes. In addition, antioxidant activity carried out using DPPH assay showed that purification process did not contributed to enhanced antioxidant potential. However, inverse results were obtained during anticancerous activity assay on Huh-7 cell lines.

ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI SENYAWA FLAVONOID EKSTRAK ETANOL PANDAN HUTAN JENIS BARU FREYCINETIA SESSILIFLORA RIZKI

West Kalimantan is a tropical area whose territory consists of swampy areas, highlands, lowlands, and mountains which have the potential to be a place to live for medicinal plants. One of the new types of forest pandanus plant, Freycinetia sessiliflora Rizki, found on Mount Passi, Singkawang, has not been widely exposed to scientific knowledge. This study aims to isolate the flavonoid compounds contained in pandan ethanol extract by maceration extraction using 96% ethanol. Identification of flavonoid compounds was carried out by wiltrater, 10% NaOH, and H2SO4 (concentrated) tests. Isolation of flavonoids by Thin Layer Chromatography and Column Chromatography. The results of several tests showed that there were flavonoids contained in the ethanol extract pandanus Freycinetia sessiliflora Rizki.

Isolation and analysis of flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase (F3’H) genes from cyclamen ‘Strauss’

Isolation and analysis of flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase (F3’H) genes from cyclamen ‘Strauss’

Isolation and characterization of flavonoids from fraction of Blepharis persica (Burm. f.) O. Kuntze upregulated testosterone biosynthesis in vitro using TM3 leydig cells

Background: Seeds of Blepharis persica (Burm. f.) O. Kuntze are mentioned in Ayurveda to treat male reproductive functions debilities. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of extract and fraction prepared from seeds of B. persica, in vitro using TM3 Leydig cells and isolation of constituents from bioactive fraction. Materials and Methods: Methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction prepared that were tested in vitro, using TM3 cell line for the testosterone production. Cell viability was evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Ethyl acetate fraction of methanol extract was further taken up for detailed chemical investigations, considering biological potential. The fraction was subjected to column chromatography. The column was eluted with a step gradient of the proportion of methanol in chloroform for the separation of compounds. The isolated compounds were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C), and mass spectroscopy for identification. Results: MTT assay performed using TM3 cells revealed that extract and fraction had a half-maximal inhibitory concentration value of more than 300 μg/ml. The methanol extract showed more than half-fold and ethyl acetate fraction of methanolic extract showed a one-fold increase in testosterone at a concentration of 150 μg/ml as compared to nontreated cells. Two constituents isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of methanolic extract were identified as apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside and naringin using comparative spectral studies. Conclusion: The studies suggested that the plant extract and fraction could upregulate testosterone biosynthesis in Leydig cells. Two compounds isolated from the bioactive fraction might serve as a marker for assessment of the quality of plant material.

Isolation and Characterization of Methylated Flavones from Artemisia kermanensis.

Background:Artemisia kermanensis Podl. is a green aromatic perennial shrub that belongs to the family Asteraceae and it grows widely in central deserts and south-eastern mountains of Iran such as Taftan Mountain in Sistan and Baluchestan Province. Artemisia species have been used traditionally as a remedy for various feverous diseases, including malaria, treatment of colds, infections, parasites, inflammations of the liver, as well as dyspepsia, diabetes, hypertension, and so many other conditions.Materials and Methods:Air-dried A. kermanensis extraction from all parts of the plant was done using different organic solvents. The methanolic extract was selected for isolation of flavonoids, using thin-layer chromatography. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were determined based on analysis of mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.Results:Two flavone aglycones were isolated and identified for the first time from this plant's methanolic extract, including 5,7-dihydroxy-3',4',6-trimethoxyflavone (eupatilin) and 5,7,3'-Trihydroxy-6,4',5'-trimethoxyflavone.Conclusions:Eupatilin is known for its anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. In future researches on A. kermanensis, as a rich source of these flavone compounds, it is wise to investigate for the proven eupatilin's biological activities that have been mentioned.

Bioassay-guided Isolation of Flavonoids from Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. and Evaluation of Their Cytotoxicity.

Cancer is one of the most important causes of death all around the world. Screening plants and their secondary metabolites as cytotoxic agents is one of the common methods for identifying new compounds used in chemotherapy and inhibition cancer process. Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. from the Fabaceae family was used for improving wound, fever, tumor, hydrocele, hernia, smallpox, toothache, inflammation, and as astringent, anthelmintic, antidiabetic, and antimalarial agent in traditional medicine. A bioassay-guided study of this species led to the isolation of three flavonoids. At first, the cytotoxicity of methanol extract of aerial parts (leaves and stems), seeds, and legumes of this plant was tested against MCF-7 and PC-3 by MTT assay. The methanol extract of legumes showed better inhibitory activities (IC50 < 500 µg/mL). As a result, this extract was selected for fractionation. In the next step, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction was selected for phytochemical analysis based on the inhibitory activity (IC50 = 170 ± 0.9 µg/mL). In this way, total phenol content (625 ± 7.2 GAE/g extract) and antioxidant activity (IC50 = 6.1 ± 0.3 µg/mL) was compared by BHT (IC50 = 13.5 ± 0.7 µg/mL). Finally, three compounds including, quercetin-3-methyl ether (1), kaempferol (2), and kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-1→2)-β-D-xylopyranoside (3) were isolated from EtOAc fraction, and all isolated compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity and compound 1 showed better inhibitory activity than other two compounds. This study suggests that Caesalpinia bonduc could be considered for further investigations as a natural source of biological compounds.

Detection and isolation of flavonoid and aromatic acid from Cynara scolymus different parts cultivated in iraq

The target of this study was to study the natural phytochemical components of the head (capsule) of Cynara scolymus cultivated in Iraq. The head (capsule) of plant was extracted by maceration in70% ethanol for 72 hours, and fractioned by hexane, chloroform and ethyl acetate. Preliminary qualitative phytochemical screening was performed on the ethyl acetate fraction for capsule was revealed the presence of flavonoid and aromatic acids. These were examined by (high -performance liquid chromatography) (HPLC diodarray), (high- performance thin-layer chromatography)(HPTLC). Flavonoids were isolated by preparative layer chromatography and aromatic acid was isolated by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography HPLC from the ethyl acetate fraction of capsule. Then identified by High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography HPTLC, High performance liquid chromatography HPLC diode array , ultraviolet diode array UV-diode array and Liquid Chromatography /Mass Spectroscopy LC/MS. The chloroform fraction from the capsule was evaluated by Gas Chromatography//Mass Spectrometer(GC/MS). The different chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques revealed the presence of luteolin, apigenin and cinnamic acid in capsule of Cynara scolymus, also 9-octadecanoic acid (oleic acid), Oxalic acid, allyl tetradecyl ester, limonene, in chloroform of Cynara scolymus. The results of the current study proved the presence of luleolin, apigenin, and cinnamic acid in the ethyl acetate fraction of Cynara scolymus capsule.