Isolates Of Trichoderma Spp Research Articles

KARAKTERISASI MORFOLOGI DAN UJI ANTIFUNGI ISOLAT JAMUR Trichoderma spp. DARI TANAH GAMBUT TERHADAP PATOGEN PADA JARAK KEPYAR (Ricinus communis L.)

Castor oil (Ricinus communis L.) is an oil producing commodities that plays a role in meeting industrial and economic needs. Infection with the pathogen fungi caused a decrease in the production of castor oil. Biological control using Trichoderma spp. has been widely used. Trichoderma spp. known as one of the benefical biofungicide because it has high antagonistic properties inhibiting the growth pathogenic fungi. The purpose of this study was to obtain isolates and characters as well antifungal test for Trichoderma spp. isolated from peat soil to control pathogen Aspergillus sp. on castor been (Ricinus communis L.). Trichoderma spp. isolated from peat soil in Meranti Islands, Riau. The antagonistic activity the isolates against pathogen Aspergillus sp. was studied in vitro using dual culture and in vivo assay. In this study, six isolates of Trichoderma spp have isolated. Trichoderma sp. GBA5 has the highest growth rate on PDA and TSM medium. Trichoderma sp. GBA3 and Trichoderma sp. GBA4 were most effective in percentage inhibition of mycelial growth of test pathogen i.e 84,55% and 83,71% respectively. In in vivo assay, only Trichoderma sp. GBA5 inhibited pathogen with the percent infected castor capsule was 51.66%.

Screening of Trichoderma spp. isolates based on antagonism and chitinolytic index against Xylaria sp.

Sugarcane disease disturbance is one of the limiting factors in achieving high productivity. Xylaria sp. has become endemic to sugarcane plantations in Lampung and South Sumatra. The intensity of disease attacks in Indonesia by 25% and 26% can reduce sugar production 12.3 and 15.4%, respectively. Losses due to disease attacks are greater in ratoons because plant cane sugarcane which is attacked by this disease, in ratoon stage, there will be a decrease in the number of shoots. The aim of this study was to obtain isolates of Trichoderma spp. which have antagonistic abilities and have chitinase enzymes so that they are effectively used as biological agents against Xylaria sp. The research method of antagonist test used dual culture test and qualitative test of chitin substrate was used to assess the chitinolytic index of four isolates of Trichoderma spp. The parameters were the inhibition of Trichoderma spp. isolates and the chitinolytic index of the four isolates moreover the value of the chitinase enzyme activity of the selected isolates. Mechanism of antagonist T10 are competition, antibiosis and mycoparasitism. The results showed that the Indonesian Sugar Research Institute (ISRI) T10 isolate could be used as a biological agent against Xylaria sp. The isolate had an inhibitory ability 73.33% with a chitinolytic index value 1.15 and the activity value of the chitinase enzyme crude extraction at a dilution 10-1 was 10.99 units/mL.

In vitro antagonistic activity of soil microbes isolated from oil palm to Ganoderma zonatum

Ganoderma zonatum is the causal agent of basal stem rot of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) in Riau. The research objective was to explore and select soil microbial antagonists to Ganoderma zonatum. Soil samples were taken from the non/rhizosphere of 27 oil palm plants in Kampar and Siak Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia, in 2018-2019. The soil microbes were grown on Potatoes Dextrose Agar for fungus and Tryptic Soy Agar for the bacterium. The antagonist was measured by a dual culture method. The colony diameter of G. zonatum the (dual) culture was measured to assess the inhibition potency of the potential microbial antagonists. The soil microbial collected was 138 isolates, including 58 of Trichoderma spp. and 80 of bacteria. The inhibition against the isolated soil microbes to G. zonatum growth ranged from 46-74% for Trichoderma spp. and 0-86% for the bacterium. Seven isolates of Trichoderma spp and 13 of bacterial inhibited G. zonatum growth >70%, have potential as biocontrol agents. Two isolates that showed the most potential as antagonists, i.e Trichoderma harzianum (AC2, rhizosphere) and Burkholderia gladioli (N1, non-rhizosphere) could be developed for further as microbial antagonists.

Inhibition of mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici by isolates of Trichoderma spp.

Tomato crops have great economic importance in Brazil and worldwide; however, its economic return is dependent on the control of several diseases, including Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. The control of this disease is usually based on biological products, which are commonly manufactured with antagonist isolates of Trichoderma sp. Therefore, the antagonistic potential of Trichoderma sp. should be better studied against other phytopathogens, thus expanding the biofungicide options on the market. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the antagonistic potential of different isolates of Trichoderma against the in vitro mycelial growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Four isolates of Trichoderma spp. were tested, three collected in litterfall and one commercial isolate (T. asperellum). The Trichoderma spp. isolates were evaluated for antagonistic potential against F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici using the culture pairing technique. The variables evaluated were: mean colony size (MCS), mycelial growth inhibition percentage (MGIP), mycelial growth rate index (MGRI) of phytopathogen, and antagonism of isolates of Trichoderma spp. through a scale of grades. All isolates of Trichoderma spp. tested reduced the in vitro mycelial growth of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.

UJI KEMAMPUAN ISOLAT JAMUR Trichoderma spp. SEBAGAI ANTAGONIS Ganoderma boninense DAN PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING FUNGI (PGPF)

This study aims to determine the ability of Trichoderma spp. Isolate that collection of Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung as an antagonist againstGanoderma boninense and also its ability as a Plant Growth Promoting Fungi (PGPF). Testing of Trichoderma spp. as an antagonist include tests for growth, spore density, and viability. Testing of Trichoderma spp. as PGPF (Plant Growth Promoting Fungi) using cucumber plants F1 variety to obtain the ability of Trichoderma spp. in improving cucumber plant performance. The data obtained were analyzed by analysis of variance and further tested DMRT (Duncan's Multiple Range Test) at 5% level. The results showed that all isolates of Trichoderma spp. can act as an antagonist againstGanoderma boninense. In the PGPF test, there were 3 isolates of Trichoderma spp. which showed the best performance as a plant growth promoting namely L1, L5 and L10 isolates. In addition, these isolates also have good antagonistic.

Evaluation of Trichodermaspp., Pseudomonasfluorescens and Bacillus subtilis for biological control of Ralstonia wilt of tomato.

Background:Ralstonia spp. is a major pathogenic microbe for tomato, which invades the roots of diverse plant hosts and colonizes xylem vessels causing wilt, especially in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate regions. Ralstonia spp. produces several virulence factors helping it to invade the plant's natural defense mechanism. Native isolates of Trichoderma spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis can be used as biocontrol agents to control the bacterial wilt and combined application of these beneficial microbes can give better results. Methods: Bacterial wilt infection in the field was identified by field experts and the infected plant part was used to isolate Ralstonia spp. in CPG media and was positively identified. Subsequently, the efficacy of the biocontrol agents was tested and documented using agar well diffusion technique and digital microscopy. 2ml of the microbial concentrate (10 9 cells/ml) was mixed in one liter of water and was applied in the plant root at the rate of 100 ml per plant as a treatment method. Results: It was observed that the isolated Trichoderma spp. AA2 and Pseudomonas fluorescens PFS were most potent in inhibiting the growth of Ralstonia spp. , showing ZOI 20.67 mm and 22.33 mm, respectively. Digital microscopy showed distinct inhibitory effect on the growth and survival of Ralstonia spp . The results from the field data indicated that Trichoderma spp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens alone were able to prevent 92% and 96% of the infection and combination of both were more effective, preventing 97% of infection. Chemical control methods prevented 94% of infection. Bacillus subtilis could only prevent 84 % of the infection. Conclusions: Antagonistic effect against Ralstonia spp. shown by native isolates of Trichoderma spp. and P. fluorescens manifested the promising potential as biocontrol agents. Combined application gave better results. Results shown by Bacillus subtilis were not significant.

Evaluation of Trichoderma spp., Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis for biological control of Ralstonia wilt of tomato

Background:Ralstoniaspp. is a major pathogenic microbe for tomato, which invades the roots of diverse plant hosts and colonizes xylem vessels causing wilt, especially in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate regions.Ralstoniaspp.produces several virulence factors helping it to invade the plant’s natural defense mechanism. Native isolates ofTrichoderma spp., Pseudomonas fluorescensandBacillus subtiliscan be used as biocontrol agents to control the bacterial wilt and combined application of these beneficial microbes can give better results.Methods:Bacterial wilt infection in the field was identified by field experts and the infected plant part was used to isolateRalstoniaspp.in CPG media and was positively identified. Subsequently, the efficacy of the biocontrol agents was tested and documented using agar well diffusion technique and digital microscopy. 2ml of the microbial concentrate (109cells/ml) was mixed in one liter of water and was applied in the plant root at the rate of 100 ml per plant as a treatment method.Results:It was observed that the isolatedTrichodermaspp. AA2 andPseudomonas fluorescensPFS were most potent in inhibiting the growth ofRalstoniaspp.,showing ZOI 20.67 mm and 22.33 mm, respectively. Digital microscopy showed distinct inhibitory effect on the growth and survival ofRalstoniaspp.The results from the field data indicated thatTrichodermaspp. andPseudomonas fluorescensalone were able to prevent 92% and 96% of the infection and combination of both were more effective, preventing 97% of infection. Chemical control methods prevented 94% of infection.Bacillus subtiliscould only prevent 84 % of the infection. Conclusions:Antagonistic effect againstRalstonia spp.shown by native isolates ofTrichodermaspp. andP. fluorescensmanifested the promising potential as biocontrol agents. Combined application gave better results. Results shown byBacillus subtiliswere not significant.

Effect of Nutrient Combinations of Cheaper Organic Substrates on the Mass Multiplication of Virulent Isolates of Trichoderma spp

Effect of Nutrient Combinations of Cheaper Organic Substrates on the Mass Multiplication of Virulent Isolates of Trichoderma spp

Biological control of Rosellinia sp. causing of the sudden death of the macadamia (Macadamia integrifolia) with isolates of Trichoderma spp.

Para evaluar la eficiencia del control biologico ejercido por aislados nativos de Trichoderma spp. sobre Rosellinia sp. causante de la muerte de plantas de macadamia, se realizaron dos experimentos en el Laboratorio de Fitopatologia de la FCA-UNA, San Lorenzo, Central y en el vivero San Joaquin, Caraguatay, Cordillera. Para las pruebas in vitro se obtuvieron 19 aislados de Trichoderma spp. de parcelas productoras de macadamia del Paraguay y se enfrentaron en cultivo pareado con Rosellinia sp. para medir su capacidad antagonica, utilizando el Diseno Completamente al Azar (DCA) con cinco repeticiones. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron seleccionar a los aislados GS18 (Itapua), GS13 (Central), GS10 (Cordillera) para su evaluacion in vivo. Para el segundo experimento en condiciones in vivo se utilizo el DCA, los tratamientos consistieron en T1: Testigo (solo el patogeno), T2: Mezcla de aislados de Trichoderma spp. y T3: Carbendazim al 0,1%, con cinco repeticiones. Las plantas de macadamia de 12 meses fueron tratadas con los aislados de Trichoderma spp.. Transcurridas 2 semanas se infesto el sustrato de todas las plantas con propagulos de Rosellinia spp.. Se aguardaron otras 2 semanas que permitieron el establecimiento del patogeno y se aplico Carbendazim al 0,1%. En las plantas testigo se constato 53% de incidencia de la enfermedad, en las tratadas con Trichoderma spp. 26%, y en las plantas tratadas con Carbendazim se verifico 7%. Se concluye que los aislados nativos Trichoderma spp. presentan potencial como agentes biocontroladores de Rosellinia sp. al reducir la incidencia de la enfermedad en condiciones in vivo.

Control of lettuce bottom rot by isolates of Trichoderma spp

Bottom rot, caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG 1-IB, is an important disease affecting lettuce in Brazil, where its biological control with Trichoderma was not developed yet. The present study was carried out with the aim of selecting Trichoderma isolates to be used in the control of lettuce bottom rot. Forty-six Trichoderma isolates, obtained with baits containing mycelia of the pathogen, were evaluated in experiments carried out in vitro and in vivo in a greenhouse in two steps. In the laboratory, the isolates were evaluated for their capabilities of parasitizing and producing toxic metabolic substances that could inhibit the pathogen mycelial growth. In the first step of the in vivo experiments, the number and the dry weight of lettuce seedlings of the cultivar White Boston were evaluated. In the second step, 12 isolates that were efficient in the first step and showed rapid growth and abundant sporulation in the laboratory were tested for their capability of controlling bottom rot in two repeated experiments, and had their species identified. The majority of the isolates of Trichoderma spp. (76%) showed high capacity for parasitism and 50% of them produced toxic metabolites capable of inhibiting 60-100% of R. solani AG1-IB mycelial growth. Twenty-four isolates increased the number and 23 isolates increased the dry weight of lettuce seedlings inoculated with the pathogen in the first step of the in vivo experiments.In both experiments of the second step, two isolates of T. virens, IBLF 04 and IBLF 50, reduced the severity of bottom rot and increased the number and the dry weight of lettuce seedlings inoculated with R. solani AG1-IB. These isolates had shown a high capacity for parasitism and production of toxic metabolic substances, indicating that the in vitro and in vivo steps employed in the present study were efficient in selecting antagonists to be used for the control of lettuce bottom rot.

Evaluation of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Trichoderma Species for the Control of Onion White Rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk)

The present study was carried out to evaluate the indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Trichoderma species isolated from rhizosphere soils of onion cultivated fields at Ambo and Toke Kutaye districts of West Showa, Ethiopia, and their effect on plant growth, and their biocontrol against onion white rot caused by Sclerotium cepivorum Berk. Five species with twenty isolates of Trichoderma were isolated and screened in vitro for the inhibition of S. cepivorum. Out of these, four isolates of Trichoderma spp viz. T. harzianum (ATh1), T. viride (ATv1), T. hamatum (NThm3), and T. koningii (QTk2), were found potent antagonists with mean percent inhibition of the pathogen, 65.4, 64.8, 54.3 and 53.5, respectively. Altogether, 10 AMF species representing four genera viz. Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Glomus, and Scutellospora, were isolated and identified. Six dominant species of AMF were selected and mass multiplied by using Sorghum vulgare Pers. as the compatible host plant. Among six AMF species, the potential efficient strain, Glomus aggregatum (Awaro isolate), was selected for using as bio control agent. The bio-control potential of these bio-agents against white rot pathogen was carried out under pot culture condition, using G. aggregatum alone or in combination with four isolates of Trichoderma spp. Incidence of S. cepivorum was significantly reduced in bulbs of onion (66.19%), and also improved plant growth was observed in plants inoculated with combined inoculation of G. aggregatun and T. harzianum (ATh1 isolate), followed by the combined inoculation of G. aggregatum and T. viride (ATv1) with pathogen (59.75%). Plants inoculated with S. cepivorum alone showed pronounced disease symptoms with mean disease incidence of 90.5%. The overall reduction in the incidence of white rot was 56.22% in the treatment of T. harzianum ATh1 isolate with pathogen, followed by 53.72% for G. aggregatum with pathogen. These results clearly pointed out that G. aggregatum and T. harzianum ATh1 isolate can block the severity of disease caused by S. cepivorum in onion. Use of these bio-control agents could be promoted as an active component of bio-intensive Integrated Disease Management Program (IDMP), under organic mode.

Avaliação antagônica in vitro e in vivo de Trichoderma spp. a Rhizopus stolonifer em maracujazeiro amarelo

Para estudar a potencialidade antagônica de espécies de Trichoderma spp. in vitro e in vivo a Rhizopus stolonifer, patógeno causador da podridão floral do maracujazeiro, foram estudadas as espécies de Trichoderma viride, T. virens, T. harzianum e T. stromaticum. O crescimento micelial do fitopatógeno foi realizado pelo teste do pareamento de culturas, para crescimento individual foram utilizadas cinco temperaturas. Avaliou-se também o crescimento micelial em 24h e 48h, avaliando a taxa de crescimento dos isolados. Na produção de metabolitos voláteis e não voláteis foram utilizados papel celofane e sobreposição de placas. Em condição de campo os frutos/planta foram tratados com a suspensão na concentração de 2 x 10(8) Conídios/mL sendo avaliado o número médio de frutos aos 15 e 30. No pareamento de cultura todos os isolados de Trichoderma spp. apresentaram crescimento micelial, impedindo o desenvolvimento do fitopatógeno, para todos os isolados as temperaturas ideais de crescimento foram de 25ºC e 30ºC. Nos períodos de incubação de 24 e 48h, foram constatadas diferenças significativas no crescimento micelial entre os isolados os antagonistas apresentaram velocidade de crescimento maior que o fitopatógeno. Houve uma produção de metabólitos voláteis e não voláteis de ação antifúngica ao R. stolonifer. No ensaio em campo houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, verificando-se que o melhor resultado entre os antagonistas em estudo cujos percentuais de pegamento foram 74% para os tratamentos Trichoderma harzianum e T. virens, e os tratamentos T. viride e T. stromaticum obtiveram um porcentual de 75% enquanto a testemunha obteve um percentual de 42%.

Interaction between Colletotrichum falcatum pathotypes and biocontrol agents

To select efficient antagonistic strain(s) of biocontrol agents against most of the existing pathotypes of Colletotrichum falcatum, an in vitro interaction study was carried out with 13 pathotypes, 12 isolates of Pseudomonas spp. and 6 isolates of Trichoderma spp. Antagonistic pseudomonad strains exhibited greater variation in their activity depending on the virulence of the pathotype. The lower the pathogen virulence, the higher was the antagonistic activity noticed. In general, sub-tropical pathotypes were suppressed at a comparatively higher level than the tropical pathotypes. Among the four efficient P. fluorescens strains selected based on their inhibitory effect against various pathotypes, ARR1G and VPT4 were effective against tropical pathotypes and FP7 showed moderate effect against all the pathotypes. The strain KKM2 was effective against sub-tropical and weaker tropical pathotypes. Strains of Trichoderma spp. did not show much variation in antagonism, but varied in their mode of action in suppressing the pathogen growth. However, based on higher rate of hyperparasitism, T. harzianum strains T5 and T62 were selected against all the pathotypes.

Wood rotting fungi and pine mulches enhance parasitism of Ciborinia camelliae sclerotia in vitro

Nineteen fungal isolates were evaluated in vitro in a study to determine their ability to colonise pine sawdust and subsequently degrade sclerotia of the camellia flower blight fungus Ciborinia camelliae. The fungal isolates included saprophytic wood rot fungi and a mixture of Trichoderma spp. isolated from decaying sclerotia of C. camelliae. The white rot isolates, Schizophyllum commune Sc3, Phanerochaete cordylines HR469, and Pycnoporus coccineus HR582 were effective in degrading 60–80% of sclerotia after incubation for 11–16 weeks. In addition, both P. cordylines HR496 and P. coccineus HR582 degraded melanin in agar, suggesting that they may have potential to degrade melanin in the protective rinds of sclerotia. Sclerotial mortality was 77% when sawdust was amended with a mixture containing isolates of Trichoderma spp. When the mix of Trichoderma isolates was added to assays containing white rot isolates, they increased sclerotial mortality over that caused by each isolate alone. Incorporating saprophytic white rot fungal species or Trichoderma spp. into pre‐prepared tree mulches under camellia bushes warrants investigation for long‐term control of camellia flower blight.