Pathogenic Bacterial Isolates Research Articles

Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial isolates from different dairy products and their emergence in the food chain

Abstract The antibiotic resistance of foodborne pathogens represents a healthcare concern globally. This phenomenon has an increasing impact on medicine and economy. A total of 26 spoilage and pathogenic bacterial isolates originating from different dairy products have been screened against eight different antibiotics. Based on the type of the selective agar medium used for their isolation, the isolates were: five staphylococci isolates, six Vibrio isolates, two Pseudomonas sp. isolates, three Salmonella isolates, five E. coli isolates, and five coliform isolates. The overall resistance to the tested antimicrobials of the bacterial isolates was 31.73%, the majority being susceptible. Based on the results, there are isolates with multiple antibiotic patterns that can be possible risk factors and may call for preventive measures.

Chemical Effect of Chlorination Process on Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria

Abstract Current study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of chlorine as a simple and cheap application to inactivate antibiotic resistant bacteria. To achieve this aim, different doses of chlorine (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3 mg/l) were introduced to antibiotic resistant and sensitive isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium as an example of Gram negative bacteria for 20 min. contact time. The same chlorine doses were introduced to both antibiotic resistant and sensitive isolates of Staphylococcus aureus as an example of Gram positive bacteria for the same contact time. The antibiotic resistant isolates were obtained from antibiotic resistance genetic transformation experiment, which prove that antibiotic resistance in the aquatic environments was occurred by horizontal gene transfer (mainly genetic transformation). The obtained results showed that, antibiotic resistant and sensitive bacteria have the same chlorine susceptibility in either Gram negative and positive pathogenic bacteria. Whereas, the chlorine susceptibility in antibiotic sensitive and resistant isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium (Gram negative bacteria) was relatively higher than chlorine susceptibility in antibiotic sensitive and resistant isolates Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive bacteria). Where, 3gm/l chlorine dose was able to make complete reduction of each of resistant and sensitive Salmonella Typhimurium at 20 min. contact time. Whereas, at the same chlorine dose (3mg/l) and contact time (20min.), Staphylococcus aureus still culturable (7.0x10 and 9.0x10 CFU/ml) for sensitive and resistant isolates, respectively. And statistical analysis found that there was inverse proportion between chlorine dose and the bacterial counts in both pathogenic bacterial isolates (antibiotic sensitive and resistant).

YANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF CRUDE FROG (RANA RIDIBUNDA) SKIN SECRETIONS EXTRACT ON WOUNDS HEALING IN MICE

Amphibians cutaneous glands spread over the skin which contain different bioactive substances. So, the aim of this study is to study the effects of frog skin secretions on parasites and pathogenic bacterial isolates. Five adult frogs (Rana ridibunda) from AL-Jadria streams in Baghdad used in this study. The frogs were stimulated by single intraperitoneal injection of norepinephrine-HCl (40ng/gm) body weight. Frogs skin glands secreted bioactive substances then washed .The washing solution was centrifuged, lyophilized and re-suspended and sterilized. The result of the study revealed that the concentration (500mg/ml) inhibited bacterial growth so as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Fungi so as Candida albicans, while the concentration (250mg/ml) inhibited the growth of Salmonella typhi. All concentrations of crude extract were cytotoxic for both of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania donovani cell culture by the evidence of significant regression and correlation (P <0.071).The treatment with crud extract (500mg/ml) was active to stimulate tissue cells proliferation and eradicate pathogens inside the wound, thereby may lead to enhance healing of cutaneous wounds.

Study of Pathogenic Bacterial Isolates from Patients with Skin Infections and their susceptibility to Antibiotics in Some Hospitals in Taiz City-Yemen


 Background: Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are commonly encountered in clinical practice, the spectrum of the causative bacterial agent changes constantly and so does their antibiotics. 
 Aim: This study was carried out to investigate the incidence of different aerobic bacteria isolates. 
 Materials and methods: Samples were collected from patients with skin infections at a local Hospital in Taiz City, Yemen. A cross-sectional study was conducted during the period between January to December 2014. A pus specimens were collected aseptically from 130 cases of skin and soft tissue infections in the sterile condition and cultured on blood agar, MacConkey agar and mannitol-salt agar media. After growing and staining of bacteria by gram stain, bacteria were cultured in differentiated media, strains that were isolated, undergo antibiotic susceptibility test by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. 
 Results: From a total of 130 swabs collected, 89 (68. 5%) were with bacterial growth : gram positive bacteria form [57 (64%)], while gram negative bacteria were [32 (36%)], common aerobic bacterial pathogens were: S. aureus[30 (33.7%)], S. epidermidis [18 (20.2%)], P. aeruginosa [14 (15.9%)], S. pyogenes [9 (10.1%)], E. coli [8 (8.9%)], K. Pneumoniae [6 (6.7%)], P. mirabilis [4 (4.5%)]. These results showed that in vitro antibiotic susceptibility tests among gram positive cocci susceptibility was highest to Vancomycin, Fusidic acid (except S. pyogenes) and Ciprofloxacin. Among gram negative bacilli Gentamycin, Chloramphenicol and Ciprofloxacin susceptibility was high, however, all Escherichia coli isolates were resistant to Penicillin, Ampicillin, and Tetracycline. Additionally, all Proteus mirabilis isolates were resistant to Erythromycin and Penicillin. 
 Conclusion: This study indicated that the multi drug resistance (MDR) of bacterial organisms were alarming for increase in skin infections .

Antimicrobial Effect of Lactobacillus as a Probiotic Isolated from Yoghurt Products Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia.coli

Probiotic bacteria using in commercially produced foods are at most members of the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. This research was aimed to study the antimicrobial effect of lactobacillus bacteria as probiotic against some pathogenic bacteria, strains of lactobacillus bacteria were isolated from two types of yoghurt in Baquba city, Iraq . Total of 60 yoghurt samples from 2 origins (30 locally and 30 commercial produced yoghurt) were used to isolate probiotic bacteria which were identified phenotypically and biochemically. 30 (100%) of locally produced yoghurt samples include with probiotic bacteria while 12 (40%) commercially types of yoghurt samples were contained with probiotic, the method of modified agar overlay was used to determine the antibacterial activity among the lactobacillus isolates. Results indicated spectrum of their antibacterial effects which were varied against the selected pathogenic bacterial isolates (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia.coli ). The results of this study encourage people to consume more probiotic dairy products instead of using antibiotic drugs as prophylactics which lead to health problems also encourage local industry for producing bioyoghurt products.

A Comparison of efficiency of (AMP) and its derivative (AMPAA) against some pathogenic bacteria

Eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol, AMP), is a well known a biologically active phenolic compo-nent and essential oil from Eugenia caryophyllata, which widely used of Eugenol as an antiseptic and analgesic in dental care, so it is active against oral bacteria associated with dental caries and periodontal disease as well as previous studies have shown the effect of Eugenol antifungal; anti-carcinogenic; anti-allergic; anti-mutagenic activity; antioxidant and insecticidal properties, there-fore it can be used in preparation of various food as a flavouring agent and cosmetic. This study aimed to synthesize derivative new medical material 2-(4-allyl-2-methoxyphenoxy) acetic acid (AMPAA) from eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) (AMP) and investigate the anti-microbial activities of both AMP and derivative component (AMPAA), The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC); minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and sensitivity against six pathogenic bacterial isolates: Streptococcus. pyogens; Enterococcus. faecalis; Escherichia. coli ; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Bacillus. subtilis and Proteus. mirabilis with study compare the efficien-cy for both AMP and AMPAA on the same bacterial isolate obtained from Iraqi hospitals. In this present study synthesize new medical material (AMPAA) from AMP by reacting sodium eugenate with sodium chloroacetic acid and prepare soluble water from eugenol and its derivative AMPAAto scanning the antimicrobial efficacy against some pathogenic bacteria isolatesby two common methods; well diffusion and broth dilution methods. Results of the present study show all bacterial isolates were sensitive to both AMP and AMPAA in low concentration except K. pneumoniae, also 10.0 and 5.0 μg/mL of AMP and AMPAA as MBC for bacterial isolates except K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis that’s meaning the new deriva-tive compound AMPAA has more efficacy on six bacterial isolate than eugenol (AMP). By using Well diffusion method all bacterial isolates were sensitive to both (AMP and AMPAA) in low concentration, but K. pneumoniae was killed in same concentration, so all isolates have been killed at concentrations between (10 - 50 μg/mL) of new derivative compound (AMPAA), at the same concentration of AMP were killed for K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis) ,as well as all isolates have varying degrees of sensitivity towards both (AMP and AMPAA), whereas all iso-lates where more sensitive to AMPAA than AMP. In conclusion, all bacterial isolate were sensitive to both AMP and AMPAA in low concentration except K. pneumoniae, also 10.0 and 5.0 μg/mL of AMP and AMPAA respectively conceder as MBC for bacterial isolate except K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis, that killed in these concentra-tion,so at the same concentration of AMP and AMPAA bacterial isolates were sensitivity by well diffusion method, whilst its killed by broth method, that’s consulate broth method was best than diffusion method

Robust, linear correlations between growth rates and β-lactam–mediated lysis rates

It is widely acknowledged that faster-growing bacteria are killed faster by β-lactam antibiotics. This notion serves as the foundation for the concept of bacterial persistence: dormant bacterial cells that do not grow are phenotypically tolerant against β-lactam treatment. Such correlation has often been invoked in the mathematical modeling of bacterial responses to antibiotics. Due to the lack of thorough quantification, however, it is unclear whether and to what extent the bacterial growth rate can predict the lysis rate upon β-lactam treatment under diverse conditions. Enabled by experimental automation, here we measured >1,000 growth/killing curves for eight combinations of antibiotics and bacterial species and strains, including clinical isolates of bacterial pathogens. We found that the lysis rate of a bacterial population linearly depends on the instantaneous growth rate of the population, regardless of how the latter is modulated. We further demonstrate that this predictive power at the population level can be explained by accounting for bacterial responses to the antibiotic treatment by single cells. This linear dependence of the lysis rate on the growth rate represents a dynamic signature associated with each bacterium-antibiotic pair and serves as the quantitative foundation for designing combination antibiotic therapy and predicting the population-structure change in a population with mixed phenotypes.

Prevalence of pathogenic bacterial isolates in wound infection and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern: a study conducted at burdwan medical college and hospital, india

Prevalence of pathogenic bacterial isolates in wound infection and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern: a study conducted at burdwan medical college and hospital, india

Bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among pediatric patients with urinary tract infections.

Urinary tract infection is a common pediatric problem with the potential to produce long-term morbidity. Therefore, appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment is required. However, studies about magnitude of uropathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance pattern of pediatric urinary tract infection (UTI) are lacking in resource limited countries including Ethiopia. This study was aimed to determine bacterial isolates, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among pediatric patients with UTI. A cross- sectional study was conducted. Pathogenic bacterial isolates were identified by culture and biochemical methods following standard procedures. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the isolates for commonly used antibiotics was done using the standard disc diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar. Associations between dependent and independent variables were measured using chi-square test and within 95% confidence interval. P values <0.05 were considered as statistically significant. A total of 310 pediatric patients were included in the study, and 82 (26.45%) bacterial isolates were detected. Gram- negative bacteria were predominant etiologic agents of UTI in this study. E. coli was the most frequently occurring pathogen (n=45; 54.88%) followed by S. aureus and P.aeruginosa (n=8; 9.75% for both), P. vulgaris, P.aeruginosa (n=4; 4.88%, for both) and Enterococcus species (n=3; 3.66%). All K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis, and K. ozanae straines were 100% resistance to ampicillin, followed by P. aeruginosa (87.5%) and E. coli (69%). While all Gram- positive bacterial isolates were 100% sensitive to ciprofloxacin. Malnutrition, history of catherization and previous history of UTI were independently associated with UTI (p=0.000). There was a high prevalence of uropathogenic bacteria and drug resistance particularly to ampicillin (72%) and tetracycline (37.80%). This condition indicates that antibiotic selection should be based on knowledge of the local prevalence of bacterial organisms and antibiotic sensitivities rather than empirical treatment.

A Prospective Study of Bacteriological Etiology in Hospitalized Acute Exacerbation of COPD Patients: Relationship with Lung Function and Respiratory Failure.

Bacterial infections are the major cause of acute exacerbation of COPD (AE-COPD). The relationship between lung functions and respiratory failure (arterial blood gas parameters) with the etiology of AE-COPD has not been clearly understood. We conducted this study to determine the bacterial profile in AE-COPD and to identify the associated risk factors and drug sensitivity pattern. Seventy-two patients hospitalized for AE-COPD were prospectively evaluated. Quantitative sputum culture, blood gas analysis, and drug sensitivity testing were performed at the time of admission, and pulmonary function testing was performed 6 weeks after discharge as per standard guidelines. Bacterial pathogens were isolated in 34 (47.22%) cases. Pathogens isolated were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38.23%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (29.41%), Staphylococcus aureus (23.53%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (5.88%), and Acinetobacter spp. (2.94%). Isolation of bacterial pathogen was observed in patients with advancing age (p=0.02), frequent exacerbations (p<0.001), systemic steroid use (p=0.005), and deranged lung function (p=0.02). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) was independently associated with isolation of K. pneumoniae (p=0.025) and P. aeruginosa (p=0.001). Additional independent factors that favor isolation of K. pneumoniae were age >55 years (p=0.017) and systemic steroid use (p=0.017). Antibiotic sensitivity testing showed that ciprofloxacin and piperacillin/tazobactum were effective in 27/34 (79.41%) of isolates followed by gentamycin in 26/34 (76%). Hypercapnic respiratory failure is an independent risk factor for isolation of K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa in addition to advanced age and systemic steroid use. These findings may be an important adjunct in deciding the initial antibiotic therapy.

Assessment of Antibiotics and Fluoride Toothpastes against Pathogenic Bacteria associated with Dental Caries

Dental caries is the most contagious disease throughout the world. In the present study, a total of 100 dental caries patients were selected and samples from these patients were collected through sterile pincers for microbiological examination. A total of 9 different pathogenic bacterial isolates were identified through conventional culturing technique and among them maximum number of occurrence was by Salmonella spp (26.13%), followed by E. coli (17.39%), Proteus spp (17.39%), Shigella spp (8.69%), Pseudomonas spp (8.69%), Vibrio spp (8.69%), Enterobacter spp (4.34%), Yersinia spp (4.34%) and S. mutans (4.34%). Furthermore, antibiotic susceptibility tests were performed by 9 different commercially available antibiotics i.e. vancomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, rifampicin, ampicillin, ticarcillin and metronidazole/silver sulphadizine. Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method was used against test organisms and it was observed that all these antibiotics expressed significant activity against greater part of test organisms but few of them showed resistance to metronidazole/silver sulphadizine. In addition to this, different toothpastes encoded as TP-1, TP-2, TP-3, TP-4 and TP-5 were used at a concentration of 20 mg/mL in order to evaluate their activity against test organisms and it was observed that all these toothpastes showed significant activity against isolated bacteria. It was concluded that all these toothpastes contained fluoride which supports to avoid tooth decay and promote minty fresh breath. Furthermore, it was recommended that avoid usage of too much sweets, chocolates, candies especially in children/adults, and there must be a proper use of toothpastes twice a day at every stage of life. Keywords: Dental Caries, Pathogenic Bacteria, Antibiotics, Fluoride Toothpastes

Isolation of Bacterial Pathogens Causing Urinary Tract Infections and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Among Patients at Misurata Teaching Hospitals, Libya

Isolation of Bacterial Pathogens Causing Urinary Tract Infections and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Among Patients at Misurata Teaching Hospitals, Libya

Antibacterial Activity of Boswellia dalzielii Leaves Extracts against Some Pathogenic Bacterial Isolates

Antibacterial Activity of Boswellia dalzielii Leaves Extracts against Some Pathogenic Bacterial Isolates

Phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Psidium guajava L. leaf extracts

The increasing menace of antimicrobial resistance in many pathogenic microbes has led to the search for long lasting remedy. The aim of this study was to examine the phytochemical and antimicrobial properties of extracts of Psidium guajava leaves against some clinical bacterial isolates. The plant leaves were extracted in three solvents namely; water, ethanol and methanol. The pathogenic bacterial isolates were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae all isolated from urine samples. The phytochemical analysis showed the presence tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, glycosides and terpenoids in different proportions. The mean antibacterial activity of the extracts in vitro showed that the ethanolic extract was most efficacious at 25 mg concentration, inhibiting P. aeruginosa (9.50 mm), E. coli (9.00 mm), S. pneumoniae (10.50 mm) and K. pneumoniae (9.50 mm). The aqueous extract at 100 mg concentration inhibited E. coli (12.50 mm), S. aureus (14.50 mm) and S. pneumoniae (9.00 mm). This study has revealed that the leaves extract of P. guajava contains antibacterial and phytochemical substances which can be harnessed in satiation of human quest for better and healthier living.

Antibacterial Activity of Azadirachta indica Leaf Extracts Against Some Pathogenic Standards and Clinical Bacterial Isolates

Background: Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Neem) has been used against a few diseases in traditional medicine. This study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Neem leaves extract against some antibiotic sensitive and resistant strains of important human pathogenic bacteria. Methods: The antimicrobial activities of ethanol, methanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of Azadirachta indica A. juss leaves were evaluated against some pathogenic bacterial strains including S. aureus ATCC 6538, E. faecalis ATCC 1394, P. aeroginosa ATCC 9027, E.coli, ATCC 25922, and their clinical isolates using agar well diffusion and MTT microdilution methods. MBC was determined by subculturing from microdilution assays. Results: The results revealed that methanol extract has the strongest growth inhibitory effect on both standard and clinical isolated strains of P. aeroginosa. Ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts, showing a growth inhibitory effect on both standard and hospital isolated strains of S. aureus. In the case of E. faecalis, ethanol and methanol extracts showed the highest growth inhibitory effect against standard and clinical strains, respectively. According to the MIC index results, the methanol extract has a bactericidal activity against both standard and nosocomial strains of S. aureus and P. aeroginosa and bacteriostatic activity against nosocomial strain of E. faecalis. Ethanol extract showed bactericidal activity against both standard and nosocomial strains of E. faecalis and P. aeroginosa and bacteriostatic activity against nosocomial strain of S. aureus. Ethyl acetate extract had shown bactericidal activity against standard strains of S. aureus and P. aeroginosa and bacteriostatic against nosocomial strain of S. aureus and standard strain of E. faecalis. Conclusions: Results revealed that Neem may be a prospective therapeutic agent to combat antibiotic resistant bacteria.

Efficiency of Egyptian Plant Extracts on the Antibiotic Susceptibleand Resistant Pathogenic bacterial Isolates

S UCCESSIVE leaf extracts of three Egyptian plant species: Datura stramonium L., Withania somnifera (L.) Dun. in DC. and Ziziphus spina-christi (L.)Willd were studied for their antimicrobial activity against susceptible and Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) bacteria isolated from chickens. Four bacterial spp. namely: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella sp. were isolated from 463 different chicken samples. The sensitivity of these bacterial isolates was tested against 11 types of antibiotics: Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Cefaclor, Gentamicin, Amikacin, Tobramycin, Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid, Erythromycin, Tetracycline and Vancomycin. The isolates of E. coli, S. aureus, P.aureugenosa and Salmonella sp. showed notable bacterial resistance against the used antibiotics with percentages: (68.18%), (59.09%), (54.54%) and (54.54%); respectively. Chloroform extract of Datura stramonium showed the highest antibacterial activity against all the studied bacterial isolates with MICs values varying from 75.0 to 0.037 mg/ml. In conclusion, the present work indicated the potentiality of Datura stramonium chloroform extract as a promising national source for drug industry to produce antibiotics to be used against pathogenic multidrug resistant bacteria.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis patients with c.1652G›A (G551D)-CFTR treated with ivacaftor-Changes in microbiological parameters.

The CFTR potentiator, ivacaftor (IVA), has been widely used in the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with the G551D mutation. To date, there has been limited information on the microbiological status of patients on this therapy and no data on the effect (if any) on the in vivo antibiotic susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients on therapy. Although IVA intervention is not designed per se as anti-infective, the effect (if any) of this molecule to CF patients' microbiological status merits careful monitoring. Therefore, it was the aim of this observational study to examine the effect in patients, both before and after commencement of IVA therapy, on several commonly reported microbiological markers in CF patients, including (i) bacterial density, (ii) frequency (rate) of isolation of bacterial pathogens, particularly P.aeruginosa, and (iii) antimicrobial susceptibility of these isolates to commonly prescribed oral and iv antibiotics. In addition, we wished to examine the requirements for these antibiotics in CF patients, before and after commencement of IVA therapy. Archived data from 15 adult cystic fibrosis patients with the c.1652G›A (G551D) mutation were followed from two years pre-IVA therapy to two years after commencement of IVA therapy. The microbiological parameters examined included (i) oral antibiotic courses taken, (ii) intravenous (iv) antibiotic courses taken, (iii) rate of isolation of non-mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa (NM-PA) and mucoid P.aeruginosa (M-PA), (iv) density of NM-PA and M-PA and (v) antimicrobial susceptibility of NM-PA and M-PA to 11 antibiotics [aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, polymyxin and fluoroquinolone]. Following commencement of IVA therapy, patients required less iv antibiotic courses but no change in number of oral antibiotics courses. There was significant reduction in both the rate of isolation and density of M-PA (P=.02; P=.006, respectively). In contrast, there was no significant reduction in both the rate of isolation and density of NM-PA (P=.90; P=.07, respectively). Antimicrobial susceptibility in NM-PA and M-PA was not significantly reduced within any of the antibiotics classes or individual antibiotics examined. Increased susceptibility was noted in the beta-lactam class for NM-PA and M-PA, in particular with ceftazidime. Overall, (i) the requirement for less iv antibiotic therapy, (ii) a reduction in the rate and density of M-PA and (iii) no reduction in antibiotic susceptibility indicate that microbiological parameters with patients on IVA therapy were not detrimentally affected.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry as a reliable proteomic method for characterization of Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates.

Aim:Identification of pathogenic clinical bacterial isolates is mainly dependent on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the microorganisms. These conventional methods are costive, time-consuming, and need special skills and training. An alternative, mass spectral (proteomics) analysis method for identification of clinical bacterial isolates has been recognized as a rapid, reliable, and economical method for identification. This study was aimed to evaluate and compare the performance, sensitivity and reliability of traditional bacteriology, phenotypic methods and matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) in the identification of clinical Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates recovered from chickens.Materials and Methods:A total of 110 samples (cloacal, liver, spleen, and/or gall bladder) were collected from apparently healthy and diseased chickens showing clinical signs as white chalky diarrhea, pasty vent, and decrease egg production as well as freshly dead chickens which showing postmortem lesions as enlarged liver with congestion and enlarged gall bladder from different poultry farms.Results:Depending on colonial characteristics and morphological characteristics, E. coli and Salmonella isolates were recovered and detected in only 42 and 35 samples, respectively. Biochemical identification using API 20E identification system revealed that the suspected E. coli isolates were 33 out of 42 of colonial and morphological identified E. coli isolates where Salmonella isolates were represented by 26 out of 35 of colonial and morphological identified Salmonella isolates. Serological identification of isolates revealed that the most predominant E. coli serotypes were O1 and O78 while the most predominant Salmonella serotype of Salmonella was Salmonella Pullorum. All E. coli and Salmonella isolates were examined using MALDI-TOF MS. In agreement with traditional identification, MADI-TOF MS identified all clinical bacterial samples with valid scores as E. coli and Salmonella isolates except two E. coli isolates recovered from apparently healthy and diseased birds, respectively, with recovery rate of 93.9% and 2 Salmonella isolates recovered from apparently healthy and dead birds, respectively, with recovery rate of 92.3%.Conclusion:Our study demonstrated that Bruker MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper is a reliable rapid and economic tool for the identification of Gram-negative bacteria especially E. coli and Salmonella which could be used as an alternative diagnostic tool for routine identification and differentiation of clinical isolates in the bacteriological laboratory. MALDI-TOF MS need more validation and verification and more study on the performance of direct colony and extraction methods to detect the most sensitive one and also need using more samples to detect sensitivity, reliability, and performance of this type of bacterial identification.

A Deep Nasopharyngeal Swab Versus Nonendoscopic Bronchoalveolar Lavage for Isolation of Bacterial Pathogens from Preweaned Calves With Respiratory Disease.

BackgroundNonendoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a practical alternative for a deep nasopharyngeal swab (DNS) to sample the airways of a large number of calves in a short period of time. The extent of commensal overgrowth and agreement of BAL with DNS culture results in preweaned calves are unknown.ObjectivesTo compare commensal overgrowth and bacterial culture results between DNS and BAL samples.AnimalsA total of 183 preweaned calves (144 with bovine respiratory disease and 39 healthy animals).MethodsCross‐sectional study. Deep nasopharyngeal swab and BAL samples were taken from each calf and cultured to detect Pasteurellaceae and Mycoplasma bovis. Agreement and associations between culture results of DNS and BAL samples were determined by kappa statistics and logistic regression.ResultsBronchoalveolar lavage samples were less often polymicrobial, more frequently negative and yielded more pure cultures compared to DNS, leading to a clinically interpretable culture result in 79.2% of the cases compared to only in 31.2% of the DNS samples. Isolation rates were lower in healthy animals, but not different between DNS and BAL samples. Only Histophilus somni was more likely to be isolated from BAL samples. In clinical cases, a polymicrobial DNS culture result did not increase the probability of a polymicrobial BAL result by ≥30%, nor did it influence the probability of a negative culture. A significant herd effect was noted for all observed relationships.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceNonendoscopic BAL samples are far less overgrown by bacteria compared to DNS samples under the conditions of this study, facilitating clinical interpretation and resulting in a higher return on investment in bacteriologic culturing.

Comparison the Antibacterial Activity of Vitamin D2 and D3

An attempt has been made to determine the antimicrobial activity of vitamin D; D3 &amp; D2 against clinical bacterial isolates as well as perform a comparative analytical study between the effects of both forms of vitamin. The ability of vitamin D (both D2 ergocalciferol&amp; D3 cholecalciferol ) to inhibit bacterial growth of some clinical isolates have been tested . Forty - three pathogenic bacterial isolates (Gr+ ,Gr- ) have been identified from fifty - five specimen was collected from different sources ; 24 urine, 17 sputum , 9 blood , 5 skin at Al-Kindey hospital for a period of two months . Antibiotic sensitivity was carried out towards 12 different antibiotic discs. The most resistant isolates have been chosen to be tested in the study. Two bacterial suspensions of the selected isolates have been prepared; the first was adjusted to McFarland standard No. 0.5 (1 ×10 8 CFU /mL); the second = 1×1010 CFU /mL. Three concentrations of both vitamins have been prepared; 50,000, 70,000 and 90,000 IU/mL as well as the control ( solvent only ). Antibacterial activity has been examined by using agar diffusion (pore plating method) to determine the most effective concentration among the three concentrations of the two forms of vitamin D. Results were suggesting the important role of vitamin D specially D3 as antibacterial agent .The third concentration (90,000) IU/mL was causing the largest inhibition zone with all tested isolates even with the high turbidity culture (1010CFU/mL) ,followed by the second one (70,000) IU/mL, the lower inhibitor concentration was (50,000) IU/mL. Significant differences have been appeared among the measurements of the diameters of inhibition zones towards three vitamin concentrations when compared one to another and to control.