Groups Of Isolates Research Articles

Virulence Spectra of Hungarian Pyrenophora teres f. teres Isolates Collected from Experimental Fields Show Continuous Variation without Specific Isolate × Barley Differential Interactions.

Pyrenophora teres f. teres (Ptt), the causal agent of net form net blotch (NFNB) disease, is an important and widespread pathogen of barley. This study aimed to quantify and characterize the virulence of Ptt isolates collected from experimental fields of barley in Hungary. Infection responses across 20 barley differentials were obtained from seedling assays of 34 Ptt isolates collected from three Hungarian breeding stations between 2008 and 2018. Twenty-eight Ptt pathotypes were identified. Correspondence analysis followed by hierarchical clustering on the principal components and host-by-pathogen GGE biplots suggested a continuous range of virulence and an absence of specific isolate × barley differential interactions. The isolates were classified into four isolate groups (IG) using agglomerative hierarchical clustering. One IG could be distinguished from other IGs based on avirulence/virulence on one to five barley differentials. Several barley differentials expressed strong resistance against multiple Ptt isolates and may be useful in the development of NFNB-resistant barley cultivars in Hungary. Our results emphasize that the previously developed international barley differential set needs to be improved and adapted to the Hungarian Ptt population. This is the first report on the pathogenic variations of Ptt in Hungary.

Molecular Study of Genetic Diversity in Escherichia coli Isolated from Tap Water in Baquba

One hundred and ten samples of the tap water in Baquba city were collection .Ten isolates were obtained.The results of the sensitivity test showed that 10 isolates were multidrug, 10 isolates exhibited moderateresistance ranging from 5-8 antagonists. Through the use of the RAPD-PCR profiling system, the vastmajority of Escherichia coli strains under study have large genomes and high virulence factors by belongingto group A2. Results of genetic profiling using the ERIC- PCR and BOX-PCR system showed several groupsof isolates were identified as having a genetic variation and B2 group was given the highest proportionof ERIC- PCR system,70% in ERIC While A2 group was given the highest proportion of BOX- PCRsystem,40% in the BOX indicating that there is a negative spread The present study indicates that there is acorrelation between taxonomic systems was evident by the distribution of isolates in each pattern and group.

Early Life Stress Induces Anxiety‐like Hyperactivity but Not Altered Ethanol Drinking in Outbred Heterogeneous Stock Rats

Early life stress (ELS) during adolescence is known to have lasting effects impacting vulnerability to psychopathological disorders in adulthood, including post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD). The mechanisms by which ELS affects an individual’s susceptibility to these psychopathological outcomes are not fully understood. There is evidence suggesting that genetics may play a role in susceptibility and resistance to ELS‐induced disorders, though few specific genes have been identified. Therefore, we investigated the outbred Heterogeneous Stock (HS) rat as a model to study the genetics contributing to ELS‐induced PTSD and AUD‐like behavior. The HS population has high genetic diversity and more closely resembles the range of phenotypes expected within a human population than inbred rodent strains. We hypothesized that adolescent social isolation (ASI) of HS rats would increase anxiety‐like behavior, induce hyperactivity in response to a novel environment, and increase ethanol self‐administration.In this study, we isolated (n=32) or group‐housed (n=32) male HS rats at 4 weeks of age. After 5 weeks of isolation (ISO) or group‐housing (GH), behavioral outcomes were measured via elevated plus maze (EPM), open field test (OFT), and forced swim test (FST). Following behavioral testing, all rats were individually housed and assessed for voluntary ethanol self‐administration.We found no differences between ISO and GH rats in EPM anxiety‐like behavior as measured via open arm time or closed arm time. However, we did find ISO increased hyperactivity in response to a novel environment compared to GH in the OFT, including increased movement time and distance, increased beam breaks, and increased rearing. Interestingly, we found that ISO rats demonstrated decreased despair‐like behavior in the FST, including decreased immobility and increased wall climbing. When presented with 20% ethanol, we found no difference in self‐administration between ISO and GH animals. At increasing concentrations of ethanol, GH rats appeared to consume more ethanol than ISO, though results did not reach significance. We observed high variability in individual propensity to self‐administer ethanol in both ISO and GH groups which may be playing a larger role than ELS in this population.We have shown that HS rats acquire hyperactivity in response to a novel environment following ELS but are resistant to ELS‐induced despair‐like behavior and alcohol consumption. There is literature to support ELS as a protective event in certain environmental situations. These results support the use of the HS rat as a model to investigate the genetics involved in resistance to ELS‐induced AUD.Support or Funding InformationFunding for this study was provided by the Wake Forest Center for Research on Substance Use and Addiction Pilot Grant with support from the Wake Forest Alcohol Center NIH/NIAAA award P50 AA26117.

Effects of environmental enrichment on reinstatement of methamphetamine-induced conditioned place preference

ObjectiveThe influence of environmental enrichment (EE) on reinstatement to methamphetamine (METH) seeking in rat model was investigated. MethodsWistar rats were divided to receive saline (1 ml/kg) or METH (1 mg/kg, i.p.) for 8 days during the conditioning training in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm, which is one of the most popular models to study the motivational effects of drugs and non‐drug treatments in experimental animals. Rats were then kept in either isolated (IE) or enriched environment (EE) for 30 days during the extinction training. Animals were finally examined for reinstatement provoked by i.p. injections of METH. ResultsSaline injections during the conditioning phase did not change CPP during reinstatement in animals of IE or EE control groups. METH injections reinstated place preference in the IE animal group. Interestingly, EE significantly blocked this reinstatement effects of METH. ConclusionThese results show the important role of social interactions and positive environment conditions in preventing reinstatement to drug use.

Enriched Environment Exposure Enhances Social Interactions and Oxytocin Responsiveness in Male Long-Evans Rats.

Both social and physical stimuli contribute to the complexity of an animal’s environment, influencing biobehavioral responses to subsequent challenges. In the current study, male Long-Evans rats were randomly assigned to an isolate (ISO), social control (SC) or social enriched (SE) group (n = 8 per group). The SC and SE conditions were group housed with the SE group exposed to physical enrichment stimuli that were natural as opposed to manufactured (e.g., hollowed out log instead of plastic hiding place). On three occasions during their 40-day enriched environment exposure, night/dark phase videos were obtained for 1 h during the early part of the dark phase. During this time, the SE animals exhibited significantly more social grooming with no differences between the SE and SC in the frequency of play or self-grooming bouts. Subsequently, all animals were assessed in social interaction and problem-solving escape tasks during the last week of the enriched environment exposure. SE rats exhibited increased digging bouts toward the restrained conspecific in the social interaction task whereas the other groups exhibited more escape responses. In the problem-solving task, SE animals exhibited a decreased latency to cross the barrier to escape from the predator odor (i.e., cat urine and fur). Neural analyses indicated increased oxytocin-immunoreactive (OT-ir) tissue in the SE supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus compared to the other groups. Interestingly, blood samples indicated lower peripheral corticosterone (CORT) and higher OT levels in the ISO animals when compared to the SC and SE animals, an effect retrospectively attributed to separation anxiety in the SE and SC animals in preparation for histology procedures. When the behavioral, neural and endocrine data were visualized as a multifaceted dataset via a multidimensional scaling analysis, however, an association between social enrichment and higher OT involvement was observed in the SE animals, as well as heightened stress responsivity in the ISO and SC groups. In sum, the SE animals exhibited a facilitation of social responses, problem-solving ability and OT immunoreactive responsiveness. These findings provide new information about the influences of both physical and social stimuli in dynamic and enriched environments.

Chronic social instability increases anxiety-like behavior and ethanol preference in male Long Evans rats

Chronic stress during adolescence is related to increased prevalence of anxiety disorders and alcohol use disorders in humans. This phenotype has been consistently recapitulated in animal models with male subjects, but models using female subjects are fewer. The aim of these studies was to test the hypothesis that chronic social instability (CSI) during adolescence engenders increased anxiety-like behavior, increased corticosterone, and greater ethanol intake and/or preference than control groups in male and female rats. A chronic social instability (CSI) procedure was conducted in separate cohorts of female and male adolescent Long Evans rats. CSI included daily social isolation for 1h, and then pair housing with a novel cage mate for 23h until the next 1h isolation period from PND 30–46. Control groups included social stability (SS), chronic isolation (ISO), and acute social instability (aSI). At PND 49–50, anxiety-like behavior was assessed on the elevated plus maze, and on PND 51 tails bloods were obtained for determination of corticosterone (CORT) levels. This was followed by 4weeks of ethanol drinking in a home cage intermittent access ethanol drinking paradigm (PND 55–81 for males, PND 57–83 for females). Planned contrast testing showed that the male CSI group had greater anxiety-like behavior compared controls, but group differences were not apparent for CORT. CSI males had significantly higher levels of ethanol preference during drinking weeks 2–3 compared to all other groups and compared to SS and ISO groups in week 4. For the female cohort, we did not observe consistent group differences in anxiety-like behavior, CORT levels were unexpectedly lower in the ISO group only compared to the other groups, and group differences were not apparent for ethanol intake/preference. In conclusion, chronic stress during adolescence in the form of social instability increases anxiety-like behavior and ethanol preference in male rats, consistent with other models of chronic stress during adolescence. Conversely, and contrary to our hypothesis, female rats' anxiety-like behavior, CORT level, and ethanol intake/preference were not altered by CSI. New paradigms must continue to be explored for study of clinically relevant relationships in female preclinical models.

Three books, two movements, one story

These three books take different approaches to analysing the transformative potential of the Landless Workers Movement (MST) in Brazil. Vergara‐Camus' book also examines the Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN). Carter solicited essays from numerous specialists and sees his book as contributing to existing efforts to overcome inequality. Mészáros emphasizes the influence of power relations on the law, determining that it takes an organized pressure group such as the MST to ensure that authorities implement policies that challenge the status quo. Vergara‐Camus' grassroots approach, which involved periods of living with peasant families, concludes that the MST's strategies for building alternative, autonomous rural communities is more realistic – more universalistic – than that of the Zapatistas, whose military tactics tend to reinforce the group's isolation in the forests of Mexico's southernmost state. The review evaluates these arguments, the authors and their evidence from the perspective of a researcher experienced with the objects studied.

Characterisation and diversity of Pyrenophora teres f. maculata isolates in Western Australia

Spot type net blotch caused by Pyrenophora teres f. maculata (Ptm) has become a prominent disease in Western Australia, as has also occurred elsewhere. The disease has a negative impact on both grain yield and quality resulting from reduced grain size. Lack of resistance and stubble retention are the likely factors in the increased severity of the disease in barley growing areas of Western Australia. Because of the increasing importance of spot type net blotch and the need to improve barley resistance, understanding pathogen virulence is a high priority as this has direct impact on the identification and utilization of resistance genes in breeding programs. Ninety nine isolates of Ptm were collected from geographically dispersed barley fields of Western Australia during 2001 and 2002. Forty nine sporulating isolates of Ptm were classified into seven isolate groups (IGs) on the basis of their infection responses on 26 differential barley lines. The 26 lines were likewise classified into four line groups (LGs) based on their distinguishing response to the spot type net blotch isolates. The varied infection responses among the differential barley lines demonstrated a wide geographic dispersal of IGs as well as previously undetected virulence in Ptm in Western Australia. The commercially grown barley cultivars Baudin and Gairdner are regarded as susceptible to spot type net blotch, but showed a range of reactions to the various Ptm isolates as seedling plants. The variability in the pathogen and the resistance identified in some genotypes used in this study are being investigated further to develop superior, adapted germplasm for use in barley breeding programs in Australia.

Susceptibility to antifungal agents of Candida spp. from blood and feces collected in Novi Sad in 3-year period (2008-2010)

Candidemia is an important emerging nosocomial infection in patients with risk factors. Candida species from nonsterile sites can give insight into the characteristics of strains that may cause invasive disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate antifungal susceptibility of Candida blood and fecal isolates in Novi Sad, Vojvodina. During a 3-year period (2008 to 2010), 424 isolates of Candida spp. were collected, 30 bloodstream isolates and 394 strains from fecal samples. In vitro susceptibility of these isolates to five antifungal agents was established using commercial ATB FUNGUS 3 (Bio-M?rieux). Predominant species was Candida albicans (6 isolates from blood and 269 from feces). Resistance to one or more antifungal agents was less common in Candida albicans (3.63%) than in other species (24.83%). Resistance to itraconazole was the most commonly found in both groups of isolates, 9.64% strains from feces and 20% from blood samples. Twelve isolates were multiply resistant, usually to fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole. Resistance to amphotericine B was extremely rare. Although resistance to antimycotics of Candida spp. is rare at present, continued surveillance of antifungal susceptibility is necessary in order to monitor trends, and to choose the right empiric therapy.

Brief periods of positive peer interactions mitigate the effects of total social isolation in youngOctodon degus

We investigated whether positive daily peer-interactions counteract the effects of isolation in Octodon degus. Twenty-five-day-old degus were either isolated (ISO), socially housed (SOCIAL), or isolated and allowed 1-hr daily peer interaction (PARTIAL-ISO). The animals were observed over 4 weeks. Just prior to isolation and after 2 weeks of individual housing, the subjects were assessed for response to pleasant stimuli via a sucrose preference test and to fearful situations in open field and startle tests. Two weeks after the previous tests, the subjects were retested as above and observed in novelty and sociability tests. Only the ISO group showed significant alterations in sensitivity to reward and increased risk-taking behavior in fearful situations. The ISO group consumed more sucrose, spent less time freezing in the startle test and exhibited increased exploration in open field and novelty tests compared to PARTIAL-ISO and SOCIAL groups. In the sociability test, the SOCIAL group vocalized more than the other two groups during encounters with an unfamiliar degus. Our findings suggest that (i) chronic isolation induces alteration of hedonic, emotional and social profiles, with a maturational delay in fear-related responses; (ii) friendly interaction attenuates most behavioral changes induced by total social isolation. However, the positive effects of daily social interactions did not fully counteract deficits in social vocalizations. Our study represents one of the few available studies focused not only on the consequences of negative life events in this species, but also the protective role of relatively short periods of positive social activity on subsequent emotional development. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:280-290, 2011.

Marketplace Activism

A distinct and significant African American elite market segment began its growth prior to the U.S. Civil War, flourished as a result of two world wars, and has continued to expand and diversify. Today, the segment comprises three subsegments including a conventional upper middle-class, the traditional elite, and the nouveau riche. This market segment is distinct both from other African American groups and from the white elite in terms of products and services consumed. This distinction results from this group's isolation and lack of opportunities through the civil rights era and the importance placed on such factors as ancestry and affiliation within this group. This paper presents a four-phase periodization model of the development of the African American elite market segment, linking its development to key events and historical eras. This segment has practiced a unique form of economic consumer activism in the marketplace—referred to as ``marketplace activism''—in the quest for respect and equal treatment in American society.

Critères de marginalité spatiale dans un contexte urbain nord-américain. Le cas de Little Armenia à Los Angeles (Criterions of spatial marginality in a north-american urban context : the case of Little Armenia in Los Angeles)

La marginalité spatiale correspond à un processus de mise à l'écart qui répond à plusieurs critères, telle que l'appartenance ethnique ou encore sociale. Le cas de Little Armenia, à Los Angeles, permet d'analyser les facteurs de marginalisation subie et choisie. L'expression symbolique et concrète des frontières du quartier, les pratiques et les discours des Arméniens et de leurs voisins, sont révélateurs du fonctionnement cloisonné des grands centres urbains nord-américains. La marginalisation de Little Armenia, au sein de Los Angeles, pourra également être analysée au sein de la diaspora arménienne, dont une partie des membres développe des discours stigmatisants à son encontre.

Poster 191: Rehabilitation outcomes in spinal cord injury: persons in isolation versus nonisolation.

Objective: To compare the rehabilitation outcomes of persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) on isolation precautions for antibiotic resistant organisms (for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium or methcillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) with patients who are not. Design: Retrospective chart review. Setting: Acute inpatient rehabilitation hospital. Participants: 58 consecutive admissions with SCI from January 1999 to December 1999, 11 in isolation (ISO) and 47 in nonisolation (non-ISO). Interventions: Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures: Length of stay (LOS), total charges, FIM™ instrument change, and FIM efficiency. Results: For the ISO and non-ISO groups, the mean of LOS ± SD was 73.73±47.92 days and 24.57±21.78 days, respectively; total charges were $111,804.91±$74,980.83 and $28,682.20±$26,448.38, respectively; FIM change was 11.91±12.02 and 19.55±15.90, respectively; and FIM efficiency score was .2867±.4265 and 1.4276±1.5205, respectively. ISO patients, compared with non-ISO, had a statistically significant increased LOS, increased charges, and lower FIM efficiency scores. No statistical significance was seen in FIM change between the 2 groups. Conclusions: We found that persons with SCI in isolation had a significantly longer LOS and increased medical charges resulting in lower FIM efficiency score. Ultimately, FIM changes did not differ significantly between groups. Thus, both groups eventually reached similar functional gains, but the nonisolation group reached them with a lower LOS, less cost, and greater efficiency.

Strengthening Neighborhoods by Developing Community Networks

Many urban neighborhoods are in trouble, as are youths and families who reside in them. Most vulnerable are neighborhoods affected by high levels of poverty and racial segregation (Massey & Denton, 1993). Changes in employment patterns such as decline in manufacturing jobs, increasing suburbanization, globalization of jobs, and racial discrimination in hiring have undermined already frail economies (Wilson, 1996). The result has been unraveling of ties and community life. Many lament perceived loss of a sense of community in local neighborhoods. This loss is often characterized by too little communication and too much isolation (Kotlowitz, 1991). Striking is continuing decrease in interaction among families, which works against community building and mutual problem solving. In addition, poorest urban communities have become isolated (Wilson, 1996); although many impoverished neighborhoods are located near more affluent areas, people in poor communities may be socially isolated from larger mainstream society. Further, these neighborhoods may have low levels of over their immediate environment, including influences that adversely affect their children. Frequently, families and children receive limited support in coping with stress of everyday life in a modern, complex society. Consequently, neighborhoods and sometimes families are disorganized and unable to deal with issues they face. This has a deleterious affect on young people. Often youths experience what Lerner (1995) called rotten outcomes, in which children's potential is not realized. Moreover, these weak community structures overshadow opportunities for optimum development of youths, thus facilitating survival of gangs and presence of drug abuse, early pregnancy, and school failure. Spergel (1995) believed that social disorganization allows gang activity to thrive and that community mobilization is important to reducing conditions that allow gangs to develop. Social organization - the sharing of behavior and outlook in a community, which depends on the group's isolation from broader society [and] material assets and resources they control (Wilson, 1996, p. 66) - also affects role of culture. Neighborhoods that feature higher levels of organization - that is, neighborhoods that integrate adults by means of an extensive set of obligations, expectations, and networks - are in a better position to and supervise activities and behavior of children. Youngsters know they will be held accountable for their individual and group action; at same time, they know they can rely on neighborhood adults for support and guidance. (pp. 61-62) Similarly, Ianni (1989) discussed importance of clear community standards, expectations, and structure in supporting children. Coleman and Hoffer (1987) argued that capital (relationship and organizational skills) is as important as human capital (education and job skills). All suggested importance of clear expectations, caring and support, and opportunities for participation in fostering youth development (Benard, 1992). Services often are too poorly designed to meet needs of youths and families from low-income, multicultural communities (Specht & Courtney, 1994) and do too little to contribute to building an overall neighborhood structure. Services and funding are fragmented, which minimizes efforts to build supports. Few incentives are in place that would reduce this fragmentation and encourage coordination. Community members or recipients of services may not be valued or involved in planning processes, which are often centralized and expert driven. As a consequence, existing service arrangements have not always fostered community development or empowerment. Specialization, narrowly focused funding streams, and agency competition for scarce resources have meant that traditional services are not always assessable, affordable, appropriate, or comprehensive. …

Effects of d-Amphetamine in Grouped Versus Isolated Humans

de WIT, H., M. CLARK AND L. H. BRAUER. Effects of d -amphetamine in grouped versus isolated humans. PHARMACOL BIOCHEM BEHAV 57(1/2) 333––340, 1997.—This study was designed to determine whether the subjective, behavioral or physiological effects of a stimulant drug in humans depend on whether subjects are tested under isolated or social conditions. Forty-two subjects were randomly assigned to either the Social (SOC) or Isolated (ISO) condition. SOC subjects participated in 4 h laboratory sessions in groups of 3 or 4, whereas ISO subjects participated in the sessions alone. All subjects participated in three sessions, during which they received capsules containing d-amphetamine (10 or 20 mg) or placebo, in mixed order under double blind conditions. Subjective, physiological and behavioral measures were obtained at regular intervals. d-amphetamine produced dose-related, prototypic stimulant effects on many measures, including self-reported mood states, behavioral indices and physiological measures. Most of these effects were unaffected by the setting in which subjects were tested (SOC vs ISO). However, body temperature was overall higher in the SOC group, and there was a trend for d-amphet-amine to produce greater hyperthermic effects in the SOC group. In addition, 10 mg d-amphetamine increased heart rate in the SOC group but not in the ISO group. The results suggest that, like in laboratory animals, some of the effects of stimulants in humans are greater under aggregated conditions. However, unlike in the animal studies, this observed enhancement of the drug's effects under aggregated conditions was limited to physiological measures and did not apply to other subjective or behavioral measures.

Three distinct genotypes within Candida parapsilosis from clinical sources

Three genetically distinct groups of Candida parapsilosis were detected among clinical isolates. These were distinguishable on the basis of isoenzyme profiles and DNA sequences of internally transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences flanking the 5.8S RNA gene. In an investigation of 45 strains, including 32 clinical isolates from Texas, C. parapsilosis group I composed the majority of the common clinical isolates. The type strain of C. parapsilosis was a member of this group. The 10 group II isolates were indistinguishable from group I strains when tested with the API 20C kit. The two group III isolates differed from those in groups I and II by being D-xylitol positive by the API 20C kit; however, isolates in all groups assimilated D-xylitol from broth. Isoenzyme profiles excluded the close relationship of any of these groups to Lodderomyces elongisporus, which is a teleomorphic yeast that has a physiological profile similar to that of C. parapsilosis. Although there were insignificant differences in the ITS2 rDNA sequences, comparisons of the ITS1 sequences revealed several differences. A sequence analysis of ITS1 in which missing bases were counted as mismatches showed the following similarities: group I versus group II, 87.7%; group I versus group III, 82.1%; group II versus group III, 84.5%. Also, the activity of secreted proteinase showed differences among the three groups, with many group I isolates having moderate to high activity. The degree of susceptibility to antifungal agents, amphotericin B, ketoconazole, and 5-fluorocytosine, could not be used to determine an isolate's group.

Recovery of anaerobic bacteria from clinical specimens in 12 years at two military hospitals.

Examination of 15,844 clinical specimens submitted over 12 years (1973 to 1985) to the anaerobic microbiology laboratories in two military hospitals demonstrated the recovery of anaerobic bacteria in 4,458 (28.1%) specimens. The specimens yielded 6,557 anaerobic isolates (1.47 isolates per specimen). Bacteroides spp. accounted for 43% of all isolates; anaerobic gram-positive cocci, 26%; Clostridium spp., 7%; and Fusobacterium spp., 4%. Bacteroides spp. predominated in abscesses, obstetrical and gynecological (OBG) infections, abdominal infections, cysts, wounds, and tumors. Members of the Bacteroides fragilis group accounted for 44% of all Bacteroides spp., and of them, B. fragilis was mostly isolated in abscesses, wounds, abdomen, and blood. Pigmented Bacteroides spp. accounted for 21% of all Bacteroides sp. isolates and were mostly isolated in sinus, eye, chest, bone, and ear infections. Bacteroides melaninogenicus accounted for 42% of this group's isolates. Bacteroides bivius accounted for 9% of Bacteroides spp., and most isolates were found in OBG infections. Anaerobic gram-positive cocci were mostly isolated in OBG infections, abscesses, and wounds. The predominant anaerobic gram-positive cocci were Peptostreptococcus magnus (18%), Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus (17%), Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (16%), and Peptostreptococcus prevotii (13%). Clostridium spp. were mostly isolated from wounds, abscesses, abdominal infections, and blood. The predominant strain was Clostridium perfringens (48%). Fusobacterium spp. were recovered in abscesses and abdominal and OBG infections. The predominant isolate was Fusobacterium nucleatum (47%). These data illustrate the relative frequency of the different anaerobic bacteria in a variety of infections and demonstrate the predominance of certain isolates at different sites.