ISO International Standard Research Articles

Cryptanalysis Of A Type Of White-Box Implementations Of The SM4 Block Cipher

Abstract The SM4 block cipher is a Chinese national standard and an ISO international standard. Since white-box cryptography has many real-life applications nowadays, a few white-box implementations of SM4 has been proposed, among which a type of constructions is dominated, which uses a linear or affine diagonal block encoding to protect the original three 32-bit branches entering a round function and uses its inverse as the input encoding to the S-box layer. In this paper, we analyse the security of this type of constructions against Lepoint et al.’s collision-based attack method. Our experiment under a small fraction of (encodings, round key) combinations shows that the rank of the concerned linear system is much less than the number of the involved unknowns, meaning these white-box SM4 implementations should resist Lepoint et al.’s method, but we leave it as an open problem whether there are such encodings that the rank of the corresponding linear system is slightly less than the number of the involved unknowns, in which scenario Lepoint et al.’s method may be used to recover a round key for the case with linear encodings and to remove most white-box operations until mainly some Boolean masks for the case with affine encodings.

Role of International Standard for Woody Biomass Solid Fuels towards SDGs

The seventh goal of the SDGs is affordable and clean energy. Woody biomass fuel such as firewood, wood chip, hog fuel and wood pellet is a one of the main clean renewable energy sources. The introduction of ISO standards for woody biomass fuels ensures interoperability of equipment and systems, promotes the transition to renewable energy sources, and opens up an innovation market that addresses global energy challenges. ISO standards for woody biomass fuels had been published as ISO 17225 and so on since 2014. Under such situations, Japan was reluctant to contribution for the ISO international standard of woody biomass fuels. This paper describes the outline of ISO standards, domestic status for its contribution, and future issues for standards of woody biomass solid fuels.

Pollution level and health risk assessment of heavy metals and hazardous elements in Bombyx Batryticatus

In order to comprehensively analyze the pollution level and bioaccessibility of different types of heavy metals and hazardous elements in animal medicine,this paper selected Bombyx Batryticatus as the research object,and used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry( ICP-MS) to detect As,Cu,Hg,Pb,Ni,Cr,Zn and Cd. Based on the artificial gastrointestinal digestion model and the health risk assessment model of Chinese medicinal materials,the pollution level,in vivo and in vitro transfer rate and health risk grade of eight harmful elements in the above-mentioned medicinal materials of Bombyx Batryticatus were obtained respectively. The test result was found that under the ISO international standard of Chinese medicine-Chinese herbal medicine heavy metals,the unqualified rate was 50% for Bombyx Batryticatus,which including 2 batches of As and 4 batches of Cr exceeded the MRL. In artificial gastrointestinal digestion solution,the transfer rates of heavy metals As,Cu,Hg,Pb,Ni,Cr,Zn and Cd were 36. 849%,72. 372%,41. 152%,75. 354%,46. 603%,27. 981%,19. 707% and 76. 282%,respectively. The data of risk assessment model showed that the total THQ values of the most polluted batches for adults and children was 0. 021 548 and 0. 018 418,respectively. After digestion,the THQ values decreased to 0. 012 599 for adults and 0. 010 769 for children,which were still higher than the THQ standard values of animal medicine Bombyx Batryticatus. However,the CR value of carcinogenic risk is less than 1×10-6,so the potential non-carcinogenic risk caused by taking this batch of Bombyx Batryticatus medicines is higher and the carcinogenic risk can be ignored. To sum up,heavy metals and hazardous elements in Bombyx Batryticatus still exceed the standard,but the health risk level caused by heavy metals still needs to be investigated according to different medicinal materials,in order to provide data support for further improving the quality and safety of animal medicine.

Challenges of pre-clinical testing in orthopedic implant development

The market for orthopedic implants is growing rapidly with the increasing prevalence of orthopedic diseases in an aging society. Different designs and materials have been developed over the years and have, in general, shown excellent results in pre-clinical testing. However, there have been incidences of serious complications when novel implants or materials are put into clinical use, with some well-known cases being metallosis in patients implanted with metal-on-metal hip replacements and osteolysis from polyethylene wear debris generated in hip and knee joint replacements. Unforeseen factors related to new designs, materials and surgical techniques can lead to different outcomes for pre-clinical testing and clinical use. While often an excellent indicator of a device's performance in clinical settings, pre-clinical testing does sometime fail to predict critical flaws in implant development. This article aims to explore the gaps in the current approach to testing. The ISO international standard of pre-clinical testing should be modified to more adequately capture actual clinical use of the implant and simulate daily activities. This article will also introduce modern methods for implant development, such as FEM, 3D printing and computer-aided orthopedic surgery, which can be widely applied to improve pre-clinical testing procedures and reduce the incidence of surgical malalignment by analyzing biomechanical performance, planning surgical procedure and providing surgical guide.

Safety evaluation of heavy metals contaminated Astragalus membranaceus using health risk assessment model

To evaluate the safety of heavy metals contaminated Astragalus membranaceus,an appropriate protocol was established to study the heavy metals pollution level by health risk assessment. This study provided a detailed procedure to assess the medicinal herbs in quality control and safety evaluation,and expected to create awareness among the public on the safety of consuming of A. membranaceus or any other kinds of medicinal herbs. The heavy metals content of Cu,As,Cd,Pb and Hg in a total of 45 batches of A. membranaceus were carefully analyzed with a developed inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry( ICP-MS). Besides,the heavy metal contamination level was further evaluated through 4 main assessment parameters,including maximum residue limit( MRL) set by International Standard Organization,estimated daily intake( EDI) set by IUPAC,target hazard quotients( THQ) and Total THQ set by USEPA and total THQs in raw herbs of A. membranaceus. In addition,the recommended MRLs of 5 main heavy metals aimed to A. membranaceus were calculated based on the regulated consumption quantity. The result showed that,under the ISO international standard of Chinese medicine-Chinese herbal medicine heavy metals,the unqualified rate was 8. 89% for A. membranaceus,which including 4 batches of A. membranaceus exceeded the MRL of As. Here,the standard THQ value of A. membranaceus was firstly proposed as 0. 02 and 0. 011 25 for adults and children,respectively,which were calculated with the recommended consumption quantity of 30 g and 9 g for adults and children. Furthermore,the values of THQ for As and total THQs in adults and children were exceeded the standard THQ in A. membranaceus,and the recommended MRLs of Pb,Cd,Hg and Cu in above medicinal materials that calculated based on health risk assessment model were higher than the regulated MRLs that set by ISO and Chinese Pharmacopeia. The research showed that the contents of heavy metals in A. membranaceus were not in the safe range and the certain non-carcinogenic risks to human body cannot be neglected. Based on above investigation result,it is easily known that the common evaluation method for raw herbs based on the comparison of MRL of heavy metals was not precise enough,and the international model of health risk assessment should be built for each medicinal herb. Above all,this study provided a more realistic research approach for safety evaluation of any other kinds of heavy metals contaminated medicinal herbs,including the establishment of heavy metals standard limit in a specified medicinal herb under recommended consumption quantity,and it is expected to create awareness among the public on the safety of consuming any other medicinal herbs.

Correspondence between the Terms and Defnitions of the International Standard ISO 21043-1-2018 and Terminology Developed by National Forensic Expertology

The issue of developing a uniform language for international communication in the feld of forensic science is considered. The matters of relative maturity of domestic forensic expert terminology and peculiarities of translated terms usage in forensic expertology and forensic practice are discussed. The concept of expertise subject formulated by modern leading scientists is analyzed, the conclusion is made about the subject of forensic examination as a process of establishing facts and circumstances, the purely applied nature of the concept, as well as the similarity to the defnition of expertise in the ISO international standard. Specifc examples are given. The need to translate some foreign standards into Russian and to adjust and implement several of their provisions in domestic legal system and expert practice to standardize forensic and expert activity is emphasized.

The higher-order meet-in-the-middle attack and its application to the Camellia block cipher

The Camellia block cipher has a 128-bit block length, a user key of 128, 192 or 256 bits long, and a total of 18 rounds for a 128-bit key and 24 rounds for a 192 or 256-bit key. It is a Japanese CRYPTREC-recommended e-government cipher, a European NESSIE selected cipher and an ISO international standard. The meet-in-the-middle attack is a technique for analysing the security of a block cipher. In this paper, we propose an extension of the meet-in-the-middle attack, which we call the higher-order meet-in-the-middle (HO-MitM) attack; the core idea of the HO-MitM attack is to use multiple plaintexts to cancel some key-dependent component(s) or parameter(s) when constructing a basic unit of “value-in-the-middle”. Then we introduce a novel approach, which combines integral cryptanalysis with the meet-in-the-middle attack, to construct HO-MitM attacks on 10-round Camellia with the FL/FL−1 functions under 128 key bits, 11-round Camellia with the FL/FL−1 functions under 192 key bits and 12-round Camellia with the FL/FL−1 functions under 256 key bits. Finally, we apply an existing approach to construct HO-MitM attacks on 14-round Camellia without the FL/FL−1 functions under 192 key bits and 16-round Camellia without the FL/FL−1 functions under 256 key bits. The HO-MitM attack can potentially be used to cryptanalyse other block ciphers.

Differential attack on nine rounds of the SEED block cipher

The SEED block cipher has a 128-bit block length, a 128-bit user key and a total number of 16 rounds. It is an ISO international standard. In this letter, we describe two 7-round differentials with a trivially larger probability than the best previously known one on SEED, and present a differential cryptanalysis attack on a 9-round reduced version of SEED. The attack requires a memory of 269.71 bytes, and has a time complexity of 2126.36 encryptions with a success probability of 99.9% when using 2125 chosen plaintexts, or a time complexity of 2125.36 encryptions with a success probability of 97.8% when using 2124 chosen plaintexts. Our result is better than any previously published cryptanalytic results on SEED in terms of the numbers of attacked rounds, and it suggests for the first time that the safety margin of SEED decreases below half of the number of rounds.

Determination of time and sun position system

Accurate calculations and recording of time either in local clock time or true solar time in regular daytime measurements of sun and sky radiation and light, in computer programs evaluating solar irradiance or sunlight and skylight illuminance currently apply differently defined solar hour angles as well as angularly determined solar altitude and azimuth coordinates. The historical basis of solar geometry used to construct sundials for the measurements of true solar time were gradually replaced during Middle Ages by spherical trigonometry relations of solar altitude and azimuth angles including solar declination, local geographical latitude and time changes in better precision. However, in different scientific and practical applications like in solar energy or daylight calculations are currently used several systems and formulae defining sun position and time which need to be unified and standardised in computer programs or measurement evaluations. Potential confusion and inconsistent results should be avoided, possible mistakes have to be checked and corrected after the valid ISO international standard. This paper discusses various approaches considering time and sun coordinates in different systems.

Cryptanalysis of reduced versions of the Camellia block cipher

The Camellia block cipher has a 128-bit block length, a user key 128, 192 or 256 bits long and a total of 18 rounds for a 128-bit key and 24 rounds for a 192 or 256-bit key. It is a Japanese CRYPTREC-recommended e-government cipher, a European new European schemes for signatures, integrity and encryption (NESSIE) selected cipher and an ISO international standard. In this study, the authors describe a flaw in the approach used to choose plaintexts or ciphertexts in certain previously published square-like cryptanalytic results for Camellia and give two possible approaches to correct them. Finally, by taking advantage of the early abort technique and a few observations on the key schedule of Camellia, the authors present impossible differential attacks on 10-round Camellia with the FL/FL−1 functions under 128 key bits, 11-round Camellia with the FL/FL−1 functions under 192 key bits, 14-round Camellia without the FL/FL−1 functions under 192 key bits and 16-round Camellia without the FL/FL−1 functions under 256 key bits.

알루미늄 폼 복합재료로 된 접합된 DCB 시험편의 구조 해석에 관한 연구

In this study, the fracture behaviour of DCB(double cantilever beam) specimen with aluminum foam composite materials is analyzed by simulation. The used model is 3D configuration on the basis of British industrial standard and ISO international standard. As the thickness of model is increased, the length of propagated crack is increased and the load becomes higher. The analysis result obtained by this study can be applied at the practical composite structure bonded with aluminum foam materials. The fracture behaviour is analyzed and the mechanical property can be understood.

ISO International standards for particle sizing

This introductory article describes how typically an ISO International Standard is made and the activity of the technical committee (TC 24/SC 4) responsible to establish International Standards related to particle sizing methods.

Estelle formal specification of ISO virtual terminal

The ISO Virtual Terminal Protocol (VTP) is specified in Estelle, an ISO International Standard (IS) formal description technique. VTP allows heterogeneous terminals to communicate without each having to know the details of the other. This is accomplished by having two virtual terminal users negotiate a common subset of capabilities. The Estelle specification herein consists of an architecture model, a behavior model, and channel descriptions. The architecture model includes modules and their appropriate interconnections (channels). The behavior model specifies each module's underlying extended finite state machine, i.e. sequencing of events and activities. Channel descriptions declare the message elements (PDUs and service primitives) that are communicated between modules. Inconsistencies in an earlier draft ISO VTP document were discovered while specifying it in Estelle; these inconsistencies and the decisions how to formally specify them are discussed. The result is a formal specification that is precise, easy to follow, and as close to the ISO VTP IS as possible. Suggestions are given for making Estelle a more powerful and convenient formal description technique.