Sumba Research Articles

Uji Fitokimia Oryza sativa L. Wojalaka dari 4 Kabupaten di Pulau Sumba

As a major cereal crop in Indonesia, rice (Oryza sativa L.) plays a crucial role in supporting the food needs of the Indonesian population. There is one unique variety that is still not widely known for its benefits, such as the rice that produces black rice, which is known to have a much higher nutritional content compared to regular white rice. In the East Nusa Tenggara region, this variety is better known as Wojalaka. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the active flavonoid content of black rice from four different districts on Sumba Island. Phytochemical tests were performed to determine which district's variety has the highest flavonoid content, so that it can be widely known and consumed as a healthy food option. The results showed that the Wojalaka variety with the highest flavonoid content is from East Sumba district. This is because, in terms of biophysics, the area is more supportive in increasing flavonoid content as one of the secondary metabolites.

MODELING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL SUBSURFACE STRUCTURES BASED ON GRAVITY ANOMALY IN SOUTHWEST SUMBA INDONESIA

Modeling subsurface conditions using gravity anomaly data, focusing on density contrasts, provides critical insights into subsurface structures and supports identifying rock types. This study aims to define residual gravity anomalies in the Sumba region and utilize them to develop a three-dimensional subsurface model of Southwest Sumba, characterizing density contrasts and associated rock formations. Gravity data from the TOPEX dataset were employed in this research. The Airy isostasy model was applied to separate regional and residual anomalies, followed by a three-dimensional inversion using the Generalized Cross-Validation (GCV) method. The results reveal residual gravity anomalies range from -170 mGal to 211 mGal, with the Java Trench exhibiting the highest anomaly. The 3D modeling shows a relatively homogeneous density contrast at shallow depths, transitioning to more erratic variations at greater depths, extending to 15 km beneath Southwest Sumba Island. Furthermore, the calculated densities are consistent with the region's known geological background. The Java Trench, located south of Sumba, notably demonstrates a consistently high-density contrast from shallow to deeper depths, highlighting its tectonic complexity.

Factors Affecting Participation in the Regional Government-Subsidized National Health Insurance on Sumba Island

The community's preference for registering in the Regional Government-Subsidized Sumba segment rather than the informal workers segment may be influenced by several factors, such as income, family size, occupation, education, and the premium amount. This quantitative study uses a cross-sectional approach with a questionnaire and a minimum sample size of 415 participants selected through convenient sampling. The data were analyzed using binary logistic regression analysis. The results indicate that factors affecting participation in the Regional Government-Subsidized Sumba segment include education (OR = 0.53; p-value < 0.05), occupation (OR = 0.75; p-value < 0.05), family size (OR = 4.85; p-value < 0.05), and income (OR = 0.99; p-value < 0.05). However, the perception of premiums did not have a statistically significant effect (OR = 1.54; p-value > 0.05). This study's binary logistic regression model has a pseudo R² of 0.57, meaning that participation in the Regional Government-Subsidized Sumba segment is influenced by the independent variables by 57%. In comparison, 43% is influenced by other variables not examined in this study. Local governments must continue allocating health insurance funding each year. BPJS Kesehatan should also adopt a comprehensive approach and establish strong relationships with local governments to sustain Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in Sumba Regency

Impact of standard and long-lasting ivermectin formulations in cattle and buffalo on wild Anopheles survival on Sumba Island, Indonesia

The mosquito-lethal effect of commercially available standard and long-lasting ivermectin formulations were evaluated in cattle and buffalo against wild-caught Anopheles on Sumba Island, Indonesia. Cattle have substantially higher blood-level concentrations of ivermectin compared to buffalo after receiving similar doses, irrespective of formulation. In total, nine Anopheles species were captured to assess the mosquito-lethal effects of ivermectin with susceptibility ranked from lowest to highest: An. flavirostris < An. aconitus < An. annularis < An. tessellatus < An. maculatus < An. sundaicus < An. vagus < An. kochi < An. barbirostris. The duration of mosquito-lethal effect of long-lasting ivermectin was superior to standard ivermectin and in cattle it well exceeded the WHO criteria for new endectocides having a mortality hazard ratio greater than 4 through 30 days after administration. Buffalo may require higher doses of long-lasting ivermectin to achieve similar mosquito-lethal effects observed in cattle. Of the four hosts evaluated buffalo were the most attractive to Anopheles followed by cattle then horse and finally humans. This study demonstrates, for the first time, the superiority of a commercially available long-lasting ivermectin formulation for the potential deployment of mass ivermectin treatment of livestock as a vector control tool for malaria elimination in Southeast Asia.

The Translation of Names for Unclean Birds in Kambera (Eastern Sumbanese)

Numbering no more than 200,000 speakers, Kambera, the language of the eastern region of the island of Sumba, is one of the few minority languages of Indonesia that has been provided with a translation of the Old Testament. The special interest of this paper concerns the translation of animal names in Kambera and more particularly the names of the unclean birds named in Leviticus and Deuteronomy. Through a detailed review of the Kambera names selected and with reference to the available ethno-ornithological literature, an interpretation is offered of the strategies apparently followed by the translators, largely with reference to the general approaches known as “dynamic” and “formal” equivalence. Consideration is further given to the apparent influence of translations in Indonesian, Dutch, and other European languages and to apparent lacunae in their knowledge of local avifauna and bird nomenclature.

Nilai Kearifan Lokal Ritual Moritana dalam Kepercayaan Marapu di Sumba Barat Daya

Indigenous beliefs that live in many places in Indonesia have intangible wealth in the form of local wisdom. This local wisdom is manifested, among other things, through rituals involving many community members. This research aims to highlight local wisdom values from the Moritana ritual of the Marapu belief in the island of Sumba. The research method used is qualitative research which includes field research and literature review. The research results show the value of local wisdom of the local community through the Moritana ritual which includes religious, ethical and social values. These values can contribute to strengthening social and religious life for both local communities and the wider community.

A Renewable Energy Program to Address Power Dynamics in East Sumba, Indonesia

The Indonesian government's commitment to sustainable development includes reducing emissions by 29% by 2030, with initiatives like the Sumba Iconic Island, which aims to provide 100% renewable energy on Sumba Island. Despite the economic opportunities this initiative offers, women in Sumba, especially in remote areas like Luku Wingir Village, face significant barriers, including limited access to energy resources and exclusion from decision-making processes due to traditional power dynamics and caste systems. This research aims to explore how renewable energy programs can address these challenges and promote gender equality. Using qualitative methods such as desk research, interviews, and focus group discussions, the research examines the potential of renewable energy initiatives to transform gender norms and empower marginalized groups. The results suggest that such programs can positively influence women's economic participation and improve overall rural community well-being by challenging existing power dynamics. The research’s findings have important implications for the design and implementation of inclusive renewable energy initiatives, particularly in fostering gender equity and sustainable development in rural areas.

Unlocking development of green hydrogen production through techno-economic assessment of wind energy by considering wind resource variability: A case study

Generating hydrogen from renewable energy sources is widely recognized as an effective strategy for addressing critical challenges in the energy sector while contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. This study aims to assess the wind energy potential for electricity and hydrogen production in five locations on Sumba Island using 10 years (2011–2020) of data from the NASA's POWER Project. A wind variability assessment was performed on five wind turbines ranging from 500 kW to 1.5 MW and using electrolysis technology. The results indicated a hydrogen production potential of 25–57 tons per year. Economic analysis of hydrogen production for Haharu reveals an attractive internal rate of return (IRR) of 43% with a payback period (PBP) of 2.25 years and a net present value (NPV) of 1.3 MM USD, the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of 0.0241 USD/kWh, and the levelized cost of Hydrogen (LCOH) of 1.01 USD/kg. Sensitivity analysis underscores the critical influence of investment and revenue on project profitability, highlighting their substantial impact on determining a project's success or failure. These findings emphasize the potential of Sumba Island as a hub for sustainable energy production to meet the growing demand for clean and renewable energy sources.

PERANCANGAN BUSANA SIAP PAKAI DENGAN MATERIAL UTAMA TENUN SUMBA LAU PAHIKUNG BERDASARKAN ANALISIS KEBUTUHAN PASAR URBAN

Indonesia's diverse handicrafts include Lau Pahikung woven cloth from Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara. Lau means sarong in the local language, and Pahikung is a weaving technique for fabric patterns. This cloth, made using ikat and Pahikung dyeing, is crafted into sarongs for Sumba women. The research partners with the Sekar Kawung Foundation, supported by weavers in East Sumba, who use sustainable methods to create Lau Pahikung fabrics. These fabrics are transformed into urban product displays through market analysis. The analysis, incorporating Maslow's needs theory and Indonesia Trend Forecasting, leads to ready-to-wear fashion designs that cater to specific formal clothing needs, offering versatile contemporary styles.

Chemical composition, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity of Ulva reticulata seaweed extracted with different solvents

Abstract. Djoh EFK, Meiyasa F, Ndahawali S, Tarigan N. 2024. Chemical composition, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activity of Ulva reticulata seaweed extracted with different solvents. Biodiversitas 25: 2943-2949. Ulva reticulata Forsskal, 1775 is a green seaweed that has the potential to be developed in food, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and nutraceuticals; thus, studying the chemical composition and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities is necessary. Ulva reticulata samples were obtained from the waters of Hambuang, Haharu Sub-district, East Sumba Island, dried in the sun for three days, and floured for chemical composition analysis. In addition, water quality was tested regarding pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and temperature in the Hambuang Waters. Ulva reticulata simplisia was extracted with three different solvents, namely methanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform, and then tested for antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach, 1884 and Escherichia coli E and antioxidant activity. The results showed that the water quality of Hambuang was relatively good according to SNI standards with a pH value of 7.52, DO of 6.23 mg/L, and temperature of 31.30°C. Furthermore, the chemical composition of U. reticulata had a moisture content of 12.31%, ash of 23.32%, lipid of 3.04%, protein of 12.93%, and carbohydrate of 48.40%. The antioxidant activity of U. reticulata extract with methanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform solvents were 235.31, 174.72, and 146.14 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, U. reticulata extract with methanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform solvents had antimicrobial activity against S. aureus of 39.59, 33.81, 14.94 mm, and E. coli of 15.94, 17.93, 12.69 mm, respectively. Therefore, U. reticulata has the potential to be used as an ingredient in the food, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and cosmeceutical industries applications.

Mass Distribution of Insecticide-Treated Nets: A Qualitative Study on Sumba Island

Background: The distribution of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) is one of the main forms of malaria control intervention in Sumba Island. Although it has been running for more than a decade, there are still some gaps in the planning and implementation of this program. Aims: This study aims to obtain an overview of the planning and implementation of the mass distribution of ITNs running on Sumba Island, Indonesia. Methods: This study is qualitative research conducted in 2019 in all districts on Sumba Island. Data were collected by conducting in-depth interviews with 53 informants, including those in charge of the program, cross-sectors, and communities selected based on the researcher's considerations. Thematic analysis was used to produce the findings. Results: The study showed a gap between the number of ITNs and the real target, the sources of data on ITNs targets are different, and cross-sector involvement is limited to socialization activities, not maximizing the socialization and education of ITNs to the community. Conclusion: The planning and implementation of the mass distribution of ITNs on Sumba Island have not run optimally at the stages of socialization, logistics management, and distribution to the community. Modification of socialization methods and strengthening of distribution strategies to the community is needed.

Molecular detection and identification of Enteromonas species in human and animal hosts using polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing

Enteromonas hominis, a human intestinal protozoan parasite of the diplomonad group, has been overlooked because of its commensal features; therefore, molecular studies on this parasite are limited. To address this gap, we designed a molecular screening protocol using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing targeting the 18S small subunit ribosomal RNA gene and applied this screening method to the molecular epidemiological analysis of Enteromonas spp. in humans and various livestock. We validated our methodology using stool samples collected from 215 humans and 270 animal hosts (buffaloes, pigs, dogs, goats, horses, rodents, chickens, and ducks) during an annual epidemiological investigation conducted from 2013 to 2016 on Sumba Island, Indonesia. The overall prevalences of Enteromonas spp. were 33.9 % (n = 73/215) in humans and 25.2 % (n = 68/270) in mammals and avians. The positive predictive value of this PCR method for Enteromonas spp., as evaluated through sequencing, was 90.1 % in human samples and 58.1 % in non-human samples (particularly low, 11.4 % in rodents). Although the specificity of the PCR approach may not be perfect, in combination with DNA sequencing, it was effective in detecting and identifying a partial sequence (1458 bp) of the target gene region in Enteromonas species.

Model For Small Enterprises Innovation Strategies Adaptation On Climate Change: Learn From Traditional Textile Sumba

All business organizations face various risks that might arise from changes in the external macro and micro environment. One of the significant changes in the external macro-environment is climate change. Climate change and its derivative impacts on business activities need to be managed properly by adapting innovations in the production process. Various studies on the impact of climate change on business activities are more focused on conventional measures to gauge business risks which are more responsive and focused on large companies. There are still few studies conducted on small and traditional businesses related to strategic actions in dealing with climate change, especially non-agricultural businesses. Therefore, this research aims to provide an overview of the adaptation strategy of production process innovation in the small-scale weaving industry in Sumba Island, Indonesia. The research conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with traditional textile producers in East Sumba. The main criterion in determining the respondents is the length of the business run by the traditional weaver. The study found that while most traditional weavers of Sumba textile rely on status quo technology, some strategies emerged to adapt to climate uncertainty in weaving production. The authors also identify three benchmarks of climate adaptation measures by the traditional weavers.

Impact of Financial Literacy of MSE’s on The Use of Financial Products

Objective – The purpose of this study is to find the impact of financial literacy of micro and small enterprises on financial products. Methodology/Technique – Data was collected through the distribution of questionnaires. The method used was data analysis using multiple regression analysis technique. The sample of this study was 70 small and micro enterprises in Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara. Findings – The findings reveal a positive correlation between financial literacy and financial products. Novelty – Improving financial literacy among SMEs will lead to increased use of financial products. The significance of this study is to implement information dissemination and training programs to improve financial literacy and promote the adoption of financial products among SMEs in Sumba Island. Type of Paper: Empirical JEL Classification: G02, G32, G39. Keywords: Inclusion, Financial Literacy, Financial Knowledge, Financial Behavior, Financial Attitude Reference to this paper should be made as follows: Amtiran, P.Y; Anabuni, A.U.T; Yuni, E; Balle, M.Y; Maima, J. (2024). Impact of Financial Literacy of MSE’s on The Use of Financial Products, J. Fin. Bank. Review, 9(1), 38 – 48. https://doi.org/10.35609/jfbr.2024.9.1(2)

Ethnoscience Study in Lambaleko Weaving in Tana Righu

Sumba Island has cultural characteristics that can be integrated into science learning, including Sumba woven cloth. The process of making Sumba weaving has cultural and scientific value. This research aims to determine the meaning and ethnoscientific value of making Lambaleko woven cloth. This study used qualitative research methods. This data was obtained through observation, interviews and documentation. The instruments used in this research were observation sheets, interview sheets, and documentation. The data analysis involves data reduction, data presentation, and concluding. The research results show that the tools and materials used in the weaving process are traditional tools and materials with varying classifications, showing the biodiversity level on the island of Sumba. Making Lambaleko weaving consists of eleven stages: a) preparing tools and materials such as Mbola, Bei tonnu, Koba, Malirra, Ghunna, Ghobola, Laketta, Bedo, Kalerre, Tent, Laka, Kalamaka, Ghobola ghunna, Ghobola zodo, Rande, Tukka, Kanagho, scissors and thread, b) tools starting to be assembled on the Mbola, c) unfurling the warp threads on the Bei tonnu, e) removing the weave from the Mbola, d) winding the threads on the Kanagho, f) straightening the threads on the woven fabric, g) installing the Rande, h) installing Tukka, i) installing Ghobola ghunna, Ghobola zodo, j) making motifs, and k) the process of making weaving until it becomes cloth. The weaving process is also related to physical material, frictional forces, pressure, gravitational forces, biological material, plant biodiversity, and chemical material, additives. In conclusion, Lambaleko woven cloth has ethnoscientific and cultural values that the community believes to be used in science learning related to biodiversity, friction, pressure, gravitational forces, and additives.

An Exploratory Study of Beef Cattle Farming Systems: A Comparative Analysis of Cut and Carry in Java vs. the Pastoral System in Sumba Island, Indonesia

An Exploratory Study of Beef Cattle Farming Systems: A Comparative Analysis of Cut and Carry in Java vs. the Pastoral System in Sumba Island, Indonesia

Management Strategies of Tropical Savanna Ecosystem for Multiple Benefits of Community Livelihoods in Semiarid Region of Indonesia

Tropical savannas are complex landscapes composed of mainly grasses and a matrix of proportions of discontinuous tree cover. They play an essential role in providing multiple ecosystem services including biodiversity, carbon storage, and socio-economic and cultural values. However, knowledge of sustainable land management practices is still the main challenge, especially to incorporate conservation practices and well-planned fire management. Indonesia is a tropical country with a relatively large area of savannas in the eastern part of the country, in the province of East Nusa Tenggara, with the largest savannas lying in the east of Sumba Island. This study explored the level of knowledge, behaviours, and actions in managing savannas in the east of Sumba Island. The study involved key informant interviews and household surveys among the local population in four villages of Kanatang and Kota Waingapu districts. The communities generally utilized the savanna ecosystems for crop cultivation, plantation farming, and livestock production. This utilization poses a great challenge to explore proper strategies for managing the savanna landscapes sustainably and for conservation. The demands on the land are due to land clearing for farming and livestock, low awareness of conservation practices, and regular drought. Learning from this research, management strategies to sustain savanna ecosystems should focus on: 1) improving knowledge and behaviour on sustainable farming and grazing practices, 2) establishing proper fire management systems to sustain the savanna ecosystem functions and services, 3) designing policies or regulations for managing savanna ecosystems, 4) enhancing networks and coordination for collective community actions.

How using light touch immersion research revealed important insights into the lack of progress in malaria elimination in Eastern Indonesia.

By 2022, the Government of Indonesia had successfully eliminated malaria in 389 out of 514 districts but continues to face a challenge in Eastern Indonesia where 95% of the total 2021 malaria cases were reported from Papua, West Papua and Nusa Tenggara Timur provinces. There is an increased recognition that malaria elimination will require a better understanding of the human behavioural factors hindering malaria prevention and treatment, informed by local context and local practice. This research used a light-touch immersion research approach. Field researchers lived in communities over several days to gather data through informal conversations, group-based discussions using visual tools, participant observation and direct experience. The study was conducted in four high malaria endemic areas in Papua, West Papua, and Sumba Islands in Nusa Tenggara Timur. The research highlights how people's perception of malaria has changed since the introduction of effective treatment which, in turn, has contributed to a casual attitude towards early testing and adherence to malaria treatment. It also confirms that people rarely accept there is a link between mosquitoes and malaria based on their experience but nevertheless take precautions against the annoyance of mosquitoes. There is widespread recognition that babies and small children, elderly and incomers are more likely to be seriously affected by malaria and separately, more troubled by mosquitoes than indigenous adult populations. This is primarily explained by acclimatization and strong immune systems among the latter. Using immersion research enabled behaviour research within a naturalistic setting, which in turn enabled experiential-led analysis of findings and revealed previously unrecognized insights into attitudes towards malaria in Eastern Indonesia. The research provides explanations of people's lack of motivation to consistently use bed nets, seek early diagnosis or complete courses of treatment. The felt concern for the wellbeing of vulnerable populations highlighted during light touch immersion provides an entry point for future social behaviour change communication interventions. Rather than trying to explain transmission to people who deny this connection, the research concludes that it may be better to focus separately on the two problems of malaria and mosquitoes (especially for vulnerable groups) thereby resonating with local people's own experience and felt concerns.

Consumer perceptions of stingrays in coastal areas of Indonesia

Abstract. Nawastuti D, Darwanto DH, Mulyo JH, Suadi. 2023. Consumer perceptions of stingrays in coastal areas of Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 6844-6851. Stingray populations harvested for food may pose risks to food security and conservation goals. The purpose of this research is (i) to determine the type of fish product based on how consumers obtain the product, (ii) to determine the gender of consumers based on the type of product, and (iii) ii) to determine the type of fish product for consumption purposes. Primary data were collected from Google Forms and followed by interviews with selected households. The number of respondents was 125 people from Java Island, Timor Island, Sumba Island, Adonara Island, Lembata Island, Bangka Belitung Island and Flores Island. The information obtained was investigated using Chi-square analysis to understand consumer preferences for fish consumption using an adaptation of SPSS 25 programming. The results of the research show that there are two relationships, namely (i) the type of fish product has a significant relation to fishing, the way consumers fish, the fishery products they buy and (ii) consumer gender has a significant relationship with product type because male consumers find it easier to get stingrays by fishing so they are easier to consume individually, in groups, or to sell. A proper understanding of gender differences in stingray consumption can help determine the sustainability of stingray fisheries in a region because it can be known exactly who can access sustainable food. Although there are several types of stingrays that are protected, other types of stingrays should not be consumed. The results we obtained can be useful for increasing public awareness regarding the use of fish catching and its impact on the carrying capacity of fisheries in Indonesia.

Impact of a spatial repellent intervention on Anopheles kdr insecticide resistance allele in Sumba, Indonesia

BackgroundThe emergence of insecticide resistance and outdoor transmission in malaria-endemic areas underlines the urgent need to develop innovative tools, such as spatial repellents (SR), that may circumvent this residual transmission. With limited options for effective insecticides, regular resistance monitoring is warranted for selecting and using appropriate tools. This study evaluates the pyrethroid knockdown resistance (kdr) allele before and after implementing a transfluthrin-based spatial repellent (SR) intervention in placebo-treated clusters.MethodsThis study looks at the frequency distribution of the kdr allele in Sumba Island from June 2015 to August 2018. Insecticide susceptibility tests were carried out on female Anopheles sp. aged 3–5 days against permethrin 21.5 μg/ml, deltamethrin 12.5 μg/ml, and transfluthrin 10 μg/ml using CDC bottle assay. PCR sequencing of representative samples from adult mosquito collections and insecticide tests revealed the presence of kdr mutations (L1014F and L1014S) in the VGSC gene.ResultsA total of 12 Anopheles species, Anopheles tesselatus, Anopheles. aconitus, Anopheles barbirostris, Anopheles kochi, Anopheles annularis, Anopheles maculatus, Anopheles sundaicus, Anopheles flavirostris, Anopheles balabacensis, Anopheles indefinitus, Anopheles subpictus, and Anopheles vagus were analysed. Anopheles vagus and An. sundaicus predominated in the larval populations. Susceptibility assays for all insecticides identified fully susceptible phenotypes in all species examined. Anopheles increasing frequency of kdr mutant alleles during the 3 year SR deployment was observed in both SR-treated and placebo areas, a statistically significant increase occurred in each arm. However, it is unclear how significant SR is in causing the increase in mutant alleles. The L1014S, knockdown resistance east type (kdr-e) allele was detected for the first time among the mosquito samples in this study. The L1014F, knockdown resistance west type (kdr-w) allele and heteroduplex form (wild-type—mutant) were found in almost all Anopheles species examined, including An. vagus, An. aconitus, An. subpictus, An. tesselatus, An. annularis, An. flavirostris and An. sundaicus.ConclusionThe presence of fully susceptible phenotypes over time, along with an increase in the frequency distribution of the L1014F/S mutations post-intervention, suggest drivers of resistance external to the study, including pyrethroid use in agriculture and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). However, this does not negate possible SR impacts that support resistance. More studies that enable the comprehension of possible SR-based drivers of resistance in mosquitoes need to be conducted.