Island In China Research Articles

Wise exploitation of newly growing land resources

Chongming Island, the third largest island in China and the largest alluvial island in the world, is situated in the north of Shanghai Municipality at the mouth of the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. Along the fertile and prosperous sea coast there are a total area of over 120×103ha, with a population of 735 000, accruing some 500ha of new tidal land resources come from silt, sand and mud carried by the Changjiang River every year, extending about 140m per year. This dynamic process of alluvial growth has run for some 1500 years. Mudflat on Chongming Island at the mouth of the Changjiang River is a resting ground for migratory birds and host more than a hundred species, including rare cranes and geese. But the local people keep reclaiming the tidal land for economic development. Obviously, it is crucial to have a well-concerted plan for future exploitation. In this study, we attempted to investigate the status changes of land use and wild life habitats on Chongming Island in recent 10 years, and then analyzed different human activities and their effects on wild life habitats using satellite image data (1990, 1997 and 2000) as well as field survey. Based on the analysis, this study explored the relationships between island growth and land use/cover change (LUCC), predicted what the habitat would be like in the future and tried to find more effective use of this new growing resource. At last, this study provided some preliminary management plans for Chongming Island that will coordinate the development of local economies and the conservation of wild life and their habitats.

Effects of tidewater on the feeding ecology of hooded crane (Grus monacha) and conservation of their wintering habitats at Chongming Dongtan, China

Dongtan (or East Tideland) on Chongming Island in China is an important wintering site of Grus monacha (hooded crane). Field observations were conducted in Dongtan in the wintering season of 2000–2001 to determine how tidal fluctuation affects the habitat use and behavior of G. monacha. Scirpus mariqueter (sea‐bulrush) was the dominant species in the tidal vegetation; and its corms were the major food source for G. monacha. The corms in the outer zone (far from the dyke) were buried underground shallower than those in the inner zone (near the dyke) because of erosion by tidewater. For easy access to food, G. monacha tended to select the outer zone and the edge of tidal creeks as its foraging sites for the majority of time spent on the tideland. Regression analysis revealed that distance of the foraging sites to the dyke was correlated with tidal height. The cranes did not appear to show territorial behavior, and tended to form large‐sized flocks, especially at high tide, because of the effect of the tidewater and the non‐uniform distribution of food. Thus, the height of the tide is an important factor responsible for the habitat selection of G. monacha, which was also the major cause of the cranes selecting only the natural tideland at Dongtan on Chongming Island. Unfortunately, the habitats of G. monacha are limited, and even threatened, at Dongtan because the tideland is frequently reclaimed. Appropriate measures should be taken to prevent the tideland being further reclaimed, otherwise the natural wintering grounds of G. monacha will soon disappear.

Continental island from the Upper Silurian (Ludlow) Sino-Korean plate

Recent field studies on Upper Silurian stratigraphy and paleontology in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (for short Inner Mongalia) near Bater Obo (=Bateaobao) resulted in the discovery of a small continental island with fossil invertebrates preserved as encrusters (stromatoporoids and corals) attached directly to a rocky shore surface and buried by silty clay mud. The Bater island (oamed herein) is 610 m × 200 m in size and composed of Ordovician igneous rock (diorite). Limestone strata dating from the Ludlow Epoch (about 420 Ma) surround the island and dip away from the igneous core in a radial pattern. The encrusting fossils occur on the sheltered (south and southeast) side of the island, whereas the north side was exposed to stronger wave activity based on a basal conglomerate unit composed of diorite boulders. This is the first record of an ancient island in China and the first report worldwide of stromatoporoids as members of a rocky-shore community. The island clearly shows distinct windward and leeward deposits comparable to geologically younger islands from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic outside China.

Econometric analysis of the causes of forest land use changes in Hainan, China

This paper addresses the effects of economic, demographic, and institutional factors on land allocation between forestry and other uses. A panel data set from Hainan Island in China and a generalized least squares estimation method, allowing individual effects for counties, are applied. The results indicate that higher timber prices have led to an acceleration in rain forest exploitation, but encouraged investment in plantation forests. Population growth is the driving force behind the loss of natural forests, but it is positively related to plantation forests. Decollectivization seems to have promoted plantation forests, but has not saved the rain forest. A higher share of forestry land owned by state-owned enterprises also fosters afforestation on wasteland, but seems to lead to faster exploitation of natural forest, at least initially. The uncertainty that existed in the early period of economic reform quickened the pace of resource extraction and deterred investment.

Prevalence of human melioidosis on Hainan Island in China.

Eight human cases of melioidosis were diagnosed at Hainan People's Hospital over a period of one year. Four of the cases were of septicemia form, while the rest were of chronic form with abscesses in different organs. All the isolates were intrinsically resistant to cefazolin, cefuroxime, and gentamicin, while being rather sensitive to ampicillin/sulbactam, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, and imipenem. A serological survey of exotoxin antibodies at different farms showed that Xinglong was a farm seriously devastated by Burkholderia pseudomallei, while the mountainous farm of Licai had the lowest prevalence (P< 0.01). From the results of serological survey and melioidosis case distribution, it could be clearly seen that melioidosis predominantly exists in coastal plain regions around this island, where the altitude above sea-level is below 100 m, the annual rainfall is up to 2,300 mm and a rather warm climate in coldest months of December and January.

Successful parasitoid control of Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on Carica papaya L.

The role of three parasitoids in controlling oriental scale, Aonidiella orientalis, in papaya in coastal areas of central and northern Queensland was assessed during 1989–1995. Comperiella lemniscata Compere and Annecke (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was introduced from Hainan Island in China and from the Torres Strait in northern Queensland, and reared and released in 1991 at the rate of 2000 per property. Within 12 months, parasitisation mainly of the third‐instar scales rose to as high as 80% and rejection of fruit for the market dropped from 20–30% to 1–2%. Aphytis melinusDeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) was augmentatively released in papaya plantations in central and northern Queensland at a rate of 25 000 per ha. Parasitisation mainly of the third‐instar scales was boosted by these releases from 0% to between 10 and 30%, but these levels persisted for only a few months and the parasitoid had to be continually re‐released. Encarsia citrina (Craw) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) occurred naturally at parasitisation levels of up to 80% in mainly the second‐instar scales and was important in the biological control of the scale.

Isolates ofPhytophthora colocasiaefrom Hainan Island in China: evidence suggesting an Asian origin of this species

The 280 isolates of Phytophthora colocasiae obtained from Hainan Island consisted of 136 A1, 102 A2 and 42 A0 mating types. The three mating types tested were all pathogenic to taro leaves and simi...

Isolates of Phytophthora colocasiae from Hainan Island in China: Evidence Suggesting an Asian Origin of This Species

The 280 isolates of Phytophthora colocasiae obtained from Hainan Island consisted of 136 A1, 102 A2 and 42 A0 mating types. The three mating types tested were all pathogenic to taro leaves and simi...

Site classification for protective forest afforestation on the coast of China

Land for protective forest on the coast has special site conditions, and site classification is the scientific basis for seaboard afforestation. The site classification system on the coast zone and islands of China may be classified into five levels-site region (sub-region), district, class, group, and type. The land division for afforestation is carried out by the principle of enviornmental heterogeneity among regions, sub-region and district on large scale, according to the difference of air temperature, moisture and type of coast geomorphy. It may be classified into 7 regions, 12 sub-regions and 55 districts. The medium and small scaled division for site class, group and type, subdivided in a site district, are based on medium topography, topographic climate, micro-relief and soil conditions.

Serologic Survey of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis on Hainan Island of China

A serosurvey for antibodies to Rickettsia japonica was conducted on Hainan Island of China. Serum specimens were collected from 1,030 outpatients at hospitals in different parts of the island regardless of their diagnosis. Only two among 538 serum specimens collected in Baoting and Tongshi counties, located in the southern part of the island, were demonstrated to contain antibodies reactive with R. japonica at a high dilution. The specimens also reacted with R. rickettsii at the same titer as with R. japonica. These two specimens reacted with other pathogenic spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae to a lesser extent. On the other hand, the specimens were shown to possess antibodies reactive with R. typhi at a significantly lower dilution or were not reactive at all. The findings suggested the occurrence of an SFG rickettsiosis on Hainan Island. More than half of the serum specimens collected from patients with suspected rickettsial infections in the southern area were found to contain IgM and IgG antibodies to R. typhi, indicating a high incidence of murine typhus.

Urban heat islands in China

We used 1954–1983 surface temperature from 42 Chinese urban (average population 1.7*106) and rural (average population 1.5*105) station pairs to study the urban heat island effects. Despite the fact that the rural stations are not true rural stations, the magnitude of the heat islands was calculated to average 0.23 °C over the thirty‐year period with a minimum value during the 1964–1973 decade and maximum during the most recent decade. The urban heat islands were found to have seasonal dependence which varied considerably across the country. The urban heat islands also had a strong regional dependence with the Northern Plains dominating the magnitude of the heat islands. The changes in heat island intensity over three decades studied suggest a general increase in heat island intensity of about 0.1°C, but this has not been constant in time. These results suggest that caution must be exercised when attributing causes to observed trends when stations are located in the vicinity of metropolitan areas.

China's Island Frontier: Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan. Edited by Ronald G. Knapp. Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii and the Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii, 1980. xv, 296 pp. Maps, Illustrations, Glossary, Indexes. $20.

Humanities Open Book Program, a joint initiative of the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation

China's Island Frontier. Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan. Edited by Ronald E. Knapp. [Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii and the Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii, 1980. 296 pp. $20.00.

China's Island Frontier. Studies in the Historical Geography of Taiwan. Edited by Ronald E. Knapp. [Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii and the Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii, 1980. 296 pp. $20.00.

Study of solid state nuclear track detectors in the institute of Atomic Energy of the Academy of Sciences of China

ABSTRACT The main fields of research and achievements in the study of solid state nuclear track detectors (SSNTD) in the Institute of Atomic Energy of the Academy of Sciences of China are presented. The contents include (1) Study of parameters of SSNTDT's. A method to calibrate the detection efficiencies of SSNTD's for fission fragments by counting correlated fission fragments has been proposed and used. (2) Fast neutron spectrum and dose measurements. The threshold energy (0.3 Mev) and the detection efficiency curve of polycarbonate (PC)foil for 0.085-18 Mev neutrons by recoil tracks have been calibrated and other methods are used. (3) Studies of nuclear fission. The angular distributions of fission fragments have been studied with SSNTD's. Non-anomalous angular distributions and obvious structures have been observed near threshold energy of 238U(n, 2n'f) and 238U(n, f) reactions respectively. (4) Applications in geology, archaeology and analytic chemistry. Muscovite mica, tektites from Hainan Island in China and Peking Man have been dated by fission track method. The contents and microscopic distributions of uranium in minerals and water have been studied. (5) Meteorite study. The track densities and fission track age (3.9 ± 0.3 byr of Jilin Meteorite were measured and discussed.

Education of the Aborigines in Taiwan: An Illustration of How Certain Traditional Beliefs of a Majority People Determine the Education of a Disadvantaged Minority

Taiwan is a province of China.' Compared to the other provinces, it is unique geographically, historically and politically. The largest island in China, Taiwan is also *the only island province. Until it attained separate provincial status in 1886, it had been considered a frontier area. The province was conceded to Japan in 1895, following China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War, and remained under Japanese rule for fifty years until the end of World War II. Taiwan is the only province still under Nationalist rule after the Communist takeover of the Chinese mainland in 1949. Today, there are two levels of government in Taiwan, the central government of the Republic of China and the provincial government of Taiwan. The schools there are supervised by either or both the Ministry of Education of the central govenmment and the Department of Education of the province.

The 1895 Taiwan Republic: A Significant Episode in Modern Chinese History

On May 25, 1895, amid a festive atmosphere at the governor's yamen in Taipei, China's island province of Taiwan (Formosa) was declared a republic. News of this extraordinary event was received in Peking and elsewhere with reactions of dismay and skepticism. Most Ch'ing authorities and foreign observers suspected that the creation of a republic was merely a desperate scheme to keep Taiwan from being ceded to Japan as an outcome of the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–95. Nevertheless, to a few witnesses the unprecedented move of establishing a republic in an area of imperial China suggested at first more hopeful signs for the future. James W. Davidson, then a Taipei news correspondent, initially surmised, “If it has been conceived and carried out altogether by Celestial minds we are emboldened to believe that there is, after all, a new China in the nursery from whom great things may eventually be expected.”

Aceton-Butanol醗酵菌 (KN-18) の菌学的研究 (&lt;i&gt;Clostridium kainantoi&lt;/i&gt; nov. sp.)

We isolated the acetone-butanol fermenting bacteria (KN-18) from the soil of Hainan Island in China (1943). In Japan during the period of the Second World War it was used for the acetone butanol fermentation of cane sugar, and it has been used for the fermentation of molasses up to date after war. Westudied morphological and physiological characteristics of this bacteria, comp aring with known species, and recognized as a new one and named Clostridium kainantoi nov. sp. Characteristics: 1. Vegetative cell: rod 0.6_??_1.0×1.8_??_5.5μ 2. Spolangia: spindle or club shaped, 2.2_??_2.8×5.6_??_8.4μ 3. Spore: ellipsoidal or cylindrical, 2.0_??_2.5×2.5_??_3.1μ 4. Motility: motile, 5. Gram positive, stained blue or brown by iodine, stained by methylene-blue and carborfucsine, 6. Indole production: (-), nitrate reduction: (+), nitrite reduction: (+). 7. Production of H2S: in peptone containing cultures (+). by the reduction of sulphite (-), by the reduction of thiosulphate (+). 8. Gelatin liquefaction: (+), 9. Fermentation reaction and relation between fermentation and temperature: see Table 1 and 2. 10. Optimum temperature: 30°_??_37°, ferm. and growth range 20°_??_40°, 11. optimum pH: 5.6_??_6.8, ferm. and growth range 4.0_??_9.0. 12. Thermal death point: 50°, 10min. 13. Spore resistance to heat: 100° for 40min. 14. Anaerobic.