Island In China Research Articles

Molecular cloning and expression analysis of RrNHX1 and RrVHA-c genes related to salt tolerance in wild Rosa rugosa

Salt stress is one important factor influencing the growth and development of plants, and salt tolerance of plants is a result of combined action of multiple genes and mechanisms. Rosa rugosa is not only an important ornamental plant, but also the natural aromatic plant of high value. Wild R. rugosa which is naturally distributed on the coast and islands of China has a good salt tolerance due to the special living environment. Here, the vacuolar Na+/H+ reverse transporter gene (NHX1) and the vacuolar H+-ATPase subunit C gene (VHA-c) closely related to plant salt tolerance were isolated from wild R. rugosa, and the expression patterns in R. rugosa leaves of the two genes under NaCl stress were determined by real-time quantitative fluorescence PCR. The results showed that the RrNHX1 protein is a constitutive Na+/H+ reverse transporter, the expression of the RrNHX1 gene first increased and then decreased with the increasing salt concentration, and had a time-controlled effect. The RrVHA-c gene is suggestive of the housekeeping feature, its expression pattern showed a similar variation trend with the RrNHX1 gene under the stress of different concentrations of NaCl, and its temporal expression level under 200mM NaCl stress presented bimodal change. These findings indicated that RrNHX1 and RrVHA-c genes are closely associated with the salt tolerance trait of wild R. rugosa.

Short Communication Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers of sea cucumber Stichopus horrens

Curry fish (Stichopus horrens) is a tropical holothurian species and is widely distributed in the India-West Pacific. In the present study, 9 polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized for S. horrens. These loci were tested in 30 individuals from Hainan Island in China. The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 5. The polymorphism information content ranged from 0.348-0.584. The levels of observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.1500-0.8000 and from 0.2014-0.5000, respectively. Most loci were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, except HCS1-27 and HCS2-7, after sequential Bonferroni's correction, and no significant linkage disequilibrium was detected for any pairwise combination of loci. These polymorphic microsatellite loci will be useful for studying population structure and conservation strategy design for S. horrens.

Evaluation of Service Life of Polystyrene in Tropical Marine Environment by Principal Component Analysis

To predict the service life of polystyrene (PS) under an aggressive environment, the nondimensional expressionZwas established from a data set of multiple properties of PS by principal component analysis (PCA). In this study, PS specimens were exposed to the tropical environment on Xisha Islands in China for two years. Chromatic aberration, gloss, tensile strength, elongation at break, flexural strength, and impact strength were tested to evaluate the aging behavior of PS. Based on different needs of industries, each of the multiple properties could be used to evaluate the service life of PS. However, selecting a single performance variation will inevitably hide some information about the entire aging process. Therefore, finding a comprehensive measure representing the overall aging performance of PS can be highly significant. Herein, PCA was applied to obtain a specific property (Z) which can represent all properties of PS.Zof PS degradation showed a slight decrease for the initial two months of exposure after which it increased rapidly in the next eight months. Subsequently, a slower increase ofZvalue was observed. From the three different stages shown asZvalue increases, three stages have been identified for PS service life.

Development of microsatellite markers for Suriana maritima (Surianaceae) using next-generation sequencing technology.

Our objective was to develop microsatellite markers for use in assessing genetic variation in the small shrub or tree species Suriana maritima (Surianaceae). In China, this species is found only as a few fragmented populations and individuals on the Paracel Islands. Using next-generation genome sequencing methodology, we developed 17 novel microsatellite markers for S. maritima. Fifty-four individuals from six populations of S. maritima were examined for polymorphisms; only one allele was detected for each of the markers. Microsatellite loci developed indicate a complete absence of genetic diversity for S. maritima on the Paracel Islands in China. These markers will be useful for examining genetic variation among S. maritima populations in other areas of the world.

Development and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota.

Holothuria leucospilota is a tropical holothurian species that is widely distributed in the tropical and sub-tropical India-Western Pacific Region. Eight polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed from H. leucospilota by using the protocol fast isolation by amplified fragment length polymorphism of sequences containing repeats and tested in 30 individuals from Hainan Island in China. The number of alleles was 2-6 and polymorphism information content ranged from 0.371-0.694. The levels of expected and observed heterozygosities varied from 0.3913-0.6701 and from 0.1154-0.7000, respectively. No significant linkage disequilibrium was detected for any pairwise combination of loci. Only loci YZHS1-42 deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These polymorphic microsatellite loci may be useful for germplasm conservation of H. leucospilota.

Deforestation and fragmentation of natural forests in the upper Changhua watershed, Hainan, China: implications for biodiversity conservation.

Hainan, the largest tropical island in China, belongs to the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot. The Changhua watershed is a center of endemism for plants and birds and the cradle of Hainan's main rivers. However, this area has experienced recent and ongoing deforestation and habitat fragmentation. To quantify habitat loss and fragmentation of natural forests, as well as the land-cover changes in the Changhua watershed, we analyzed Landsat images obtained in 1988, 1995, and 2005. Land-cover dynamics analysis showed that natural forests increased in area (97,909 to 104,023ha) from 1988 to 1995 but decreased rapidly to 76,306ha over the next decade. Rubber plantations increased steadily throughout the study period while pulp plantations rapidly expanded after 1995. Similar patterns of land cover change were observed in protected areas, indicating a lack of enforcement. Natural forests conversion to rubber and pulp plantations has a general negative effect on biodiversity, primarily through habitat fragmentation. The fragmentation analysis showed that natural forests area was reduced and patch number increased, while patch size and connectivity decreased. These land-cover changes threatened local biodiversity, especially island endemic species. Both natural forests losses and fragmentation should be stopped by strict enforcement to prevent further damage. Preserving the remaining natural forests and enforcing the status of protected areas should be a management priority to maximize the watershed's biodiversity conservation value.

Spatial and temporal patterns of carbon storage in forest ecosystems on Hainan island, southern China.

Spatial and temporal patterns of carbon (C) storage in forest ecosystems significantly affect the terrestrial C budget, but such patterns are unclear in the forests in Hainan Province, the largest tropical island in China. Here, we estimated the spatial and temporal patterns of C storage from 1993–2008 in Hainan's forest ecosystems by combining our measured data with four consecutive national forest inventories data. Forest coverage increased from 20.7% in the 1950s to 56.4% in the 2010s. The average C density of 163.7 Mg C/ha in Hainan's forest ecosystems in this study was slightly higher than that of China's mainland forests, but was remarkably lower than that in the tropical forests worldwide. Total forest ecosystem C storage in Hainan increased from 109.51 Tg in 1993 to 279.17 Tg in 2008. Soil C accounted for more than 70% of total forest ecosystem C. The spatial distribution of forest C storage in Hainan was uneven, reflecting differences in land use change and forest management. The potential carbon sequestration of forest ecosystems was 77.3 Tg C if all forested lands were restored to natural tropical forests. To increase the C sequestration potential on Hainan Island, future forest management should focus on the conservation of natural forests, selection of tree species, planting of understory species, and implementation of sustainable practices.

Surface urban heat island in China's 32 major cities: Spatial patterns and drivers

Urban heat island (UHI) is a major anthropogenic alteration on Earth environments and its geospatial pattern remains poorly understood over large areas. Using MODIS data from 2003 to 2011, we quantified the diurnal and seasonal surface UHI intensity (SUHII, urban–suburban temperature difference) in China's 32 major cities, and analyzed their spatial variations and possible underlying mechanisms. Results show that the annual mean SUHII varied markedly from 0.01 to 1.87°C in the day and 0.35 to 1.95°C at night, with a great deal of spatial heterogeneities. Higher SUHIIs for the day and night were observed in the southeastern and northern regions, respectively. Moreover, the SUHII differed greatly by season, characterized by a higher intensity in summer than in winter during the day, and the opposite during the night for most cities. Consequently, whether the daytime SUHII was higher or lower than the nighttime SUHII for a city depends strongly on the geographic location and research period. The SUHII's distribution in the day related closely to vegetation activity and anthropogenic heat releases in summer, and to climate (temperature and precipitation) in winter, while that at night linked tightly to albedo, anthropogenic heat releases, built-up intensity, and climate in both seasons. Overall, we found the overwhelming control of climate on the SUHII's spatial variability, yet the factors included in this study explained a much smaller fraction of the SUHII variations in the day compared to night and in summer relative to winter (day vs. night: 57% vs. 72% in summer, and 61% vs. 90% in winter, respectively), indicating more complicated mechanisms underlying the distribution of daytime SUHII, particularly in summer. Our results highlight the different diurnal (day and night) and seasonal (summer and winter) SUHII's spatial patterns and driving forces, suggesting various strategies are needed for an effective UHI effect mitigation.

Critical effects of gas exchange parameters in Tamarix chinensis Lour on soil water and its relevant environmental factors on a shell ridge island in China's Yellow River Delta

Photosynthetic parameters of the leaves of a three-year-old Tamarix chinensis Lour tree growing on a shell ridge island were assessed under different soil water conditions with a LI-6400 portable photosynthesis system. The objective of the study was to relate the critical effects of the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), water use efficiency (WUE) and other physiological parameters of T. chinensis Lour to soil water and to classify its productivity. The direct and indirect effects of environmental factors under different relative water content (RWC) regimes on Pn and Tr were calculated using path analysis. The results indicated that when the RWC was between 36% and 85%, both the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) and transpiration rate (Tr) exhibited a double-peak curve. The decline in Pn was mainly caused by stomatal limitation in morning and non-stomatal limitation in afternoon. The maximum value of Pn (8.3±1.7mmolm−2s−1) appeared at an RWC value of 75%. There was significant difference in the response of water use efficiency (WUE) among levels of RWC: diurnal changes in WUE exhibited a modest single-peak curve when the RWC was greater than 49% and were highest (daily average, 2.56±0.68μmolmol−1) when the RWC was 49%. According to the quantitative relations between the Pn, Tr, WUE and RWC, the suitable RWC for T. chinensis Lour growth is between 36% and 75%. Based on photosynthetic and physiological parameters, soil water availability and productivity was classified and evaluated. An RWC of more than 93% or less than 36% resulted in medium yield and efficiency, and an RWC between 19% and 27% was classified as low yield and efficiency. RWCs ranging from 75% to 85% and 49% to 75% were classified as high yield-medium efficiency and high yield-high efficiency, respectively. Our statistical analysis indicated that photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) was the most important ecological factor affecting Pn and Tr, followed by air CO2 concentration (Ca). With the intensification of water stress, the atmospheric temperature (Tc) evidently restrained Pn and Tr.

长岛自然保护区生态系统维护的条件价值评估

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 长岛自然保护区生态系统维护的条件价值评估 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201304280848 作者: 作者单位: 国家海洋局第一海洋研究所,中国海洋大学数学科学学院,中国海洋大学数学科学学院,国家海洋局第一海洋研究所 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家科技基础性工作专项资助项目（2012FY112500）；国家自然科学基金资助项目（41206112）；海洋公益性行业科研专项经费资助项目（201005009，201305009）；国家海洋局第一海洋研究所中央级科研院所基本科研业务经费资助项目（GY0213G30） Contingent valuation of preserving ecosystem of Changdao Island Nature Reserve Author: Affiliation: The First Institute of Oceanography,SOA,Mathematics Science college,Ocean University of China,Mathematics Science college,Ocean University of China,The First Institute of Oceanography,SOA Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:长岛自然保护区是典型的海岛自然保护区，迅速发展的捕捞业、养殖业和旅游业不可避免地引起环境污染和资源过度利用等问题，使长岛生态系统可持续发展面临严峻挑战。采用支付卡式的条件价值法，调查并估算了2013年居民和游客对维护长岛自然保护区生态系统的支付意愿，并与2008年的研究结果比较以检验条件价值法的可靠性。结果显示，2013年居民和游客人均最大支付意愿分别为203.77和257.26元/a，分别比2008年增长了7.9%和21.7%。两次支付意愿调查结果的相同点在于居民或游客对各个投标额愿意支付的人数比例在不同年份分布趋势基本一致，不同点在于愿意支付的人数比例明显增加。前者体现在居民对各个投标额的选择比较集中，而游客的选择比较分散；后者表现为居民和游客愿意支付的人数比例增长率分别为20.5%和19.1%。结果表明，采用条件价值法评估长岛自然保护区居民和游客对生态系统维护的支付意愿结果可靠，其评估结果主要受经济收入和环境保护意识的影响。因此，当地政府应在发展经济的基础上，加强对生态环境保护的宣传和教育。 Abstract:Changdao Island Nature Reserve is the typical nature reserve of island in China, where the rapidly developed fishing, aquaculture and tourism, unavoidable bring a lot of environmental problems, then causing severe challenges to the sustainable development of the ecosystem in Changdao Island. In this paper, a payment card contingent valuation method was used to survey and estimate the willingness to pay of the residents and tourists in 2013 for ecosystem maintenance in Changdao Island Nature Reserve, whose results were compared with those in 2008 to test the reliability of the contingent valuation method. Results show that the average maximum willingness to pay of residents and tourists are 203.77 and 257.26 RMB/a per person, respectively, and grow 7.9% and 21.7% compared with those in 2008, respectively. The similarity of the two surveys of willingness to pay is that the tends of the distributions of proportions of residents' or tourists' willingness to pay for each bid value in different years are basically the same, and the difference is that the proportions of people willing to pay increase significantly. The former is reflected in that residents' choice of each bid value is relatively concentrated, while tourists' is scattered, and the latter presents that the residents' and tourists' growth rates of the proportion of people willing to pay are 20.5% and 19.1%, respectively. Results show that the assessment of residents' and tourists' willingness to pay for preserving ecosystem of Changdao Island Nature Reserve by the contingent valuation method is reliable, and the assessment results are influenced by the economic income and consciousness of environmental protection. Therefore, the local government should strengthen the propaganda and education of the ecological and environmental protection based on economic developing. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Evaluation of aging behavior of polypropylene in natural environment by principal component analysis

To evaluate the aging behavior of polypropylene (PP) under an aggressive environment, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to establish a non-dimensional expression Z from a data set of multiple properties of PP. In this study, PP specimens were subjected to natural exposure under the tropical environment on Xisha islands in China for different time periods. Chromatic aberration, gloss, tensile strength, elongation at break, flexural strength and impact strength were tested to evaluate the aging behavior of the PP. Principal component analysis (PCA) was then used to find a specific property to represent all properties of PP. The combined evaluation parameter Z of PP degradation showed no change for the initial two months of exposure. After a sharp increase, the value of Z increased gradually and finally leveled off for the last two months. Based on the Z values, the effect of solar radiation intensity on the degradation of PP is discussed.

Research on Automatic Safety Monitoring System for Artificial Islands

To meet the needs of the security for the oil and gas production, the safety monitoring methods and technical requirements for the artificial islands in coastal areas during the operation periods are presented. This thesis constructs on the basis of safety monitoring during artificial island operation periods in Jidong Nanpu ilfield, which develops and establishes automatic safety monitoring system of artificial island in China for the first time. The result of preliminary operating shows that the artificial island 1-3# exhibits obvious differential settlement and shrinkage phenomenon during the operation periods. The research results provide ten technical basis and guarantees for the safety construction and management of artificial islands .It will play a guiding role in the safety monitoring during the operation periods.

Patterns of Human Oral Yeast Species Distribution on Hainan Island in China

Infections by yeast strains of the genus Candida are among the most prevalent fungal infections of humans. These yeasts are common residents of the oral mucosa and other body surfaces. Since most yeast infections are due to endogenous strains and that species of Candida differ in virulence properties and in intrinsic susceptibilities to antifungal drugs, understanding the human commensal yeast flora can help designing effective treatment and prevention strategies against yeast infections. Here, we report the patterns of yeast species distributions in the oral cavities of 1,799 people from Hainan Island in southern China. Based on sequence information at the fungal barcode locus ITS regions, 368 of the 415 obtained oral yeast strains were identified as belonging to 26 yeast species, while the remaining 47 strains all showed significant sequence divergence to the currently described species. The four most common yeast species were C. albicans (42%), C. tropicalis (20%), C. glabrata (5.5%), and C. parapsilosis (4.1%) and 10 of the 26 yeast species were represented by only one strain each. Our analyses identified that the gender of hosts and ethnical background showed no contribution to oral yeast species distributions. However, the health status, place of birth, current residency, and the age of hosts all showed significant contributions to the distributions of the four dominant yeast species. We compared our results with those reported previously and discussed the potential mechanisms for the observed differences in oral yeast species distributions.

Operation Optimization of Standalone Microgrids Considering Lifetime Characteristics of Battery Energy Storage System

Standalone microgrids with renewable sources and battery storage play an important role in solving power supply problems in remote areas such as islands. To achieve reliable and economic operations of a standalone microgrid, in addition to the consideration of utilization of renewable resources, the lifetime characteristics of a battery energy storage system also need to be fully investigated. In this paper, in order to realize the economic operation of a recently developed standalone microgrid on Dongfushan Island in China, an optimization model including battery life loss cost, operation and maintenance cost, fuel cost, and environmental cost is established to obtain a set of optimal parameters of operation strategy. Considering the lifetime characteristics of lead-acid batteries, a multiobjective optimization to minimize power generation cost and to maximize the useful life of lead-acid batteries has been achieved via the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II). The results show that the proposed method can optimize the system operations under different scenarios and help users obtain the optimal operation schemes of the actual microgrid system.

Research on Species Selection for Vegetation Restoration on Uninhabited Islands - Take China’s Qiaoliangshan Island as Example

In recent years, China’s island ecology has been destroyed seriously, so ecological recovery of islands is an urgent task. Qiaoliangshan Island is a typical island in China that suffers from ecological problems after land ecology is destroyed by human beings. This paper introduces general situation of Qiaoliangshan Island, researches on species selection for vegetation ecological recovery on Qiaoliangshan Island and aims to provide a reference for ecological recovery of Chinese islands.

Species richness and guild composition in rubber plantations compared to secondary forest on Hainan Island, China

Currently, the one of great threats to tropical biodiversity is the conversion of natural ecosystems to agriculture, and this threat is particularly critical on Hainan, the largest tropical island in China and a global biodiversity hotspot. Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) has been planted on Hainan since the 1950s, resulting in extensive replacement of native forest, and the rate of this transformation has increased with latex prices since the 1990s. Rubber plantations now cover ca. 506,680 ha on Hainan and reach ca 1,000 m in elevation. To investigate the effect of this land-use change, we compared avian communities between a rubber plantation and a native secondary semi-deciduous monsoon forest. We found that species richness was higher in the native forest than in rubber, and that community composition differed greatly between the two habitats. No strict frugivores were recorded in rubber and no granivores in semi-deciduous monsoon forest. In both richness and abundance, more nectarivores and fewer insectivores occurred in rubber than in the native forest. Some common forest species, as well as protected species, were found only in native forest, including Hainan Partridge (Arborophila ardens), Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus), Emerald Dove (Chalcophaps indica), Black-browed Barbet (Megalaima oorti), Blue-rumped Pitta (Pitta soror), Puff-throated Bulbul (Alophoixus pallidus), and Chestnut Bulbul (Hemixos castanonotus). Although ten babbler species were found in the native forest, only two were in rubber. Among the species missing in rubber was the endemic Hainan species Grey Laughingthrush (Garrulax maesi). Its endangerment through habitat conversion is of particular conservation concern.

Discovery of Raphidioptera (Insecta: Neuropterida) in Hainan Island, China, with description of a new species of the genus Inocellia Schneider

Based on the discovery of a new species of Inocelliidae, Inocellia hainanica sp. n., described in both sexes, the holometabolous order Raphidioptera is recorded from Hainan, the southernmost island of China, for the first time. I. hainanica can be regarded as a relic species from colder periods, which has survived in higher altitudes of this island, which is attributed to the Oriental realm, and is characterized by tropical rainforests.

Management and System Guidance and Control for the Construction of Fishing Village Based on Mixed-use: Take Southeast Island of China as an Example

Management and System Guidance and Control for the Construction of Fishing Village Based on Mixed-use: Take Southeast Island of China as an Example

Review of the genus Pseudoxistrella Liang, 1991 (Orthoptera: Tetrigidae, Metrodorinae)

The monotypic genus Pseudoxistrella Liang, 1991 was established for P. eurymera Liang, 1991 from Hainan Island in China (Liang, 1991) as a genus closely related to Xistrella Bolivar, 1909. It was listed by Blackith (1992) and Otte (1997) without definition of subfamily of Tetrigidae. Later Pseudoxistrella was placed in the subfamily Metrodorinae (Liang & Zheng, 1998). But this genus is characterized by the rounder and turned downward posterior angle of lateral lobes pronotum like in subfamily Tetriginae (in Metrodorinae posterior angle truncated and turned outward), therefore now Pseudoxistrella is considered as a genus of uncertain position within subfamilies of Tetrigidae (Eades et al., 2012). A new species of the genus Pseudoxistrella was found in Vietnam. This gives us the possibility to clarify the diagnosis of Pseudoxistrella and its place in the family Tetrigidae.

Disjunct Distribution of Seed Plants Between Southwestern China and Taiwan Island of China

Disjunct Distribution of Seed Plants Between Southwestern China and Taiwan Island of China