Island States Research Articles

New public sector management (NPM) doctrines and service delivery: the case of Mauritius

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate into the perception of new public sector management (NPM) and service delivery among senior officers of the Mauritian public sector in the context of reforms. Although improved service delivery is one of the salient outcomes of successful reforms of NPM, many governments in the world have not been able to fulfil this promise. While few extant research probe into the factors affecting service delivery, mostly from the customer’s perspective, this study probes into how senior public officers themselves perceive service delivery as part of their duty in government.Design/methodology/approachThe qualitative stance was adopted for this study. Interviews were conducted with 23 senior public officers having on average 20 years of service in the Mauritian public sector. Data obtained was transcribed and coded under themes, sub-themes and emergent themes. These were then analysed in the light of the literature review conducted.FindingsThe findings of this study revealed that NPM was being practiced and service delivery was an imbedded factor among senior public sector officers of the Mauritian public sector. Among other factors, officers interviewed were of the opinion that serving the public was a legitimate part of their job, view that they had agreed to serve the government of Mauritius. Such a finding proves to be very encouraging for the Mauritian Government, still struggling to achieve reforms or NPM doctrines.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to the scant literature on NPM and service delivery in small island developing states. It explores the perception of experienced senior officers about the practice of NPM and the state of service delivery.Practical implicationsThis study elucidates how senior public servants themselves perceive service delivery and can, thus, serve as an example of public sector best practices in small island developing states.Originality/valueWhile most studies with respect to public sector reforms concentrate on developed countries, this study takes place in the small island state of Mauritius. More so, the perception of public servants themselves have been explored in the context of service delivery improvement and reforms, contrary to other studies which concentrate of the customers’ perceptions.

Cross regime UNCLOS and UNFCCC cooperation to address loss and damage from climate-shifted transboundary fisheries

After 40 years of implementation, the UNCLOS regime faces new challenges particularly in regard to transboundary fisheries management. As designed, UNCLOS created legal responsibilities for States to formally cooperate through regional fisheries management organizations (RFMOs), regional fisheries management arrangements (RFMAs) or other formal relationships to conserve and manage transboundary fisheries. The UN Fish Stocks Agreement was later concluded to provide for better coordination among member States for transboundary fisheries management. UNCLOS and Fish Stocks Agreement do not provide actionable guidance about how to manage transboundary fisheries stocks migrating in response to climate change beyond seeking cooperation and coordination. RFMOs should be filling this gap with equitable management measures. As oceanic conditions continue to change under climate change, however, there is a clear need for cooperation across international regimes to address the physical, economic, and cultural losses of States that are de minimis contributors to climate change, including Pacific Ocean and Caribbean island states. Noting the slow response of RFMOs to addressing loss and damage associated with shifting fisheries, this paper examines the possibility of triggering the UNFCCC Warsaw Implementation Mechanism (WIM) to link the interests of UNCLOS parties for sustainable use of fisheries resources with the interests of UNFCCC parties to accelerate climate change adaptation by remedying losses and damages associated with climate impacts. This paper calls for the WIM to assist in facilitating transboundary agreements between States and between RFMOs and States for loss and damage associated with shifting fisheries.

Majorana-like Coulomb spectroscopy in the absence of zero-bias peaks.

Hybrid semiconductor-superconductor devices hold great promise for realizing topological quantum computing with Majorana zero modes1-5. However, multiple claims of Majorana detection, based on either tunnelling6-10 or Coulomb blockade (CB) spectroscopy11,12, remain disputed. Here we devise an experimental protocol that allows us to perform both types of measurement on the same hybrid island by adjusting its charging energy via tunable junctions to the normal leads. This method reduces ambiguities of Majorana detections by checking the consistency between CB spectroscopy and zero-bias peaks in non-blockaded transport. Specifically, we observe junction-dependent, even-odd modulated, single-electron CB peaks in InAs/Al hybrid nanowires without concomitant low-bias peaks in tunnelling spectroscopy. We provide a theoretical interpretation of the experimental observations in terms of low-energy, longitudinally confined island states rather than overlapping Majorana modes. Our results highlight the importance of combined measurements on the same device for the identification of topological Majorana zero modes.

Enhancing capacity of scientists and practitioners for promoting more sustainable and resilient food systems in Indonesia and the South Pacific

Three Resilient Food Systems training workshops were delivered in Bogor, Indonesia, Suva, Fiji, and Port Vila, Vanuatu. The workshops provided young and early-career professionals with the latest international thinking on food systems and resilience. The workshop teaching material was based on the IFSTAL (Interdisciplinary Food System Teaching and Learning; www.ifstal.ac.uk) programme initially developed in the United Kingdom. The intensive six-day workshop programme integrates learning across three connected themes: food systems and resilience concepts, soft system methodology, and personal skills and development. Each workshop is locally contextualised with field trips, local inspirational guest speakers, and local real-world food system case studies. Throughout the duration of the workshop, participants apply new concepts and methodologies to their case studies, thereby enhancing their understanding and learning. Participant evaluation of the workshops was overwhelmingly positive, and pleasingly, participants reported positive learning outcomes across all three learning themes. These workshops represent just the initial step in a necessarily long and sustained effort to establish a community of food system professionals across Indonesia and Pacific Island states.

The Creation of States as a Cardinal Point: James Crawford’s Contribution to International Legal Scholarship

Abstract This paper argues that The Creation of States in International Law discloses a unique mode of engaging in international legal reasoning, which belies James Crawford’s self-avowed legal positivism. That method is characterised by three methodological commitments, each of which is representative of Crawford’s broader legal thought. Undertaking a self-consciously normative form of interpretive excavation, the paper contends that Crawford was committed to: 1) cautious optimism about the determinacy of international law; 2) the value of nuance and context when making legal judgements; and 3) the normative importance of humanity as a heuristic principle. It then establishes these commitments as interpretive guidelines that can be used to analyse emergent legal problems. The paper concludes with consideration of the threat posed to Small Island States by rising sea levels, arguing that the spirit of Crawford’s intellectual contribution supports their legal resilience and survivability.

Controlled Substance Prescription History among Individuals Who Died of an Accidental Opioid-Involved Drug Overdose in Rhode Island

Background: Accidental opioid-involved overdose deaths are increasing nationally in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, but it is unclear if this reflects a change in populations most at risk. Objective: To determine whether the demographic characteristics and controlled substance prescription history of accidental opioid-involved drug overdose decedents in 2020 differed from prior years. Methods: We identified accidental opioid-involved overdose decedents using Rhode Island (RI) State Medical Examiner’s Office data. Decedents were linked to the RI Prescription Drug Monitoring Program database. We compared demographic characteristics and prescription history by year of death. Results: From 2018 to 2020, 763 RI residents died from accidental opioid-involved overdose in RI. From 2018 to 2019, deaths decreased by 7%, but then increased by 31% from 2019 to 2020. Demographic characteristics were similar by year of death (all p > 0.05). The percentage of decedents with a prior opioid prescription and a prior benzodiazepine prescription declined from 2018 to 2020 (p < 0.01 and p = 0.03). Conclusions: We found that opioid-involved overdose deaths in RI are increasing overall, but without significant changes in demographics. While prior exposure to some controlled substances did decline over time, it is not clear if these changes reflect more responsible prescribing practices, or a more concerning pattern such as patient abandonment or decreased healthcare access. More studies are needed to better describe the current trend of increasing opioid-involved deaths while also pursuing current evidence-based interventions.

The Paris Agreement and Climate Justice: Inequitable Impacts of Sea Level Rise Associated With Temperature Targets

AbstractAnthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions are causing unprecedented changes to the climate. In 2015, at the United Nations (UN) Conference of the Parties in Paris, France, countries agreed to limit the global mean temperature (GMT) increase to 2°C above preindustrial levels, and to pursue efforts to limit warming to 1.5°C. Due to the long‐term irreversibility of sea level rise (SLR), risks to island and coastal populations are not well encapsulated by the goal of limiting GMT warming by 2100. This review article investigates the climate justice implications of temperature targets in light of our increasing understanding of the spatially variable impact and long temporal commitment to rising seas. In particular we highlight the impact that SLR will have on island states and the role of the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) in UN climate negotiations. As a case study we review dual impacts from the Antarctic Ice Sheet under a changing climate: (a) recent climate and ice sheet modeling shows that Antarctic melt has the potential to cause rapid SLR with a distinct spatial pattern leading to AOSIS nations experiencing SLR at least 11% higher than the global average and up to 33% higher; and (b) future ice sheet melt will result in a negative feedback on GMT, thus delaying temperature rise. When considering these impacts in conjunction, justice concerns associated with the Paris Agreement are exacerbated.

A Study of Citizenship on Investment Programs: Past, Present and Future, and Survey on Its Acceptance by HNI Clients

Following Malta's choice to sell its citizenship in 2013, the request for citizenship by venture (CBI) programs soared. Caribbean legislatures, then again, have been "selling" their citizenship for quite a while, much before Malta. This article unloads the variables that empower the sending of CBI programs and investigates their ability to help financial improvement in a "group of countries" - for example, the five Caribbean nations that run CBI programs utilizing a contextual investigation procedure. It likewise sees how outsiders (like unfamiliar state-run administrations) see residents of CBI-allowing countries, contending that the outer political expenses of speculative double-dealing of these nations' citizenship might offset the financial advantages.&#x0D; Malta was the subject of heated debate in the European Parliament in January 2014. The island state had set up a citizenship-in-exchange-for-business-transactions scheme, intended to be used as an economic policy tool to gather and make ‘money,' with citizenship and hence migration rights as its lure. It is ruling also meant that European citizenship would be bestowed. Both politicians and academics viewed the Maltese citizenship-by-investment program (CIP) as akin to "selling" the EU's primary status, and it was widely panned: Several articles on the subject have brought criticisms such as "programs corrode democracy," "they undermine citizenship," and "CIPs enhance global inequity."

Multiple Changepoint Analysis of COVID-19 Infection Progression and Related Deaths in the Small Island State of Malta

In December 2019, in the city of Wuhan (China), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus - 2 (SARS-CoV−2), a virus that causes what is known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (better known as COVID-19), emerged. In a few months the virus spread around the world becoming a global pandemic that has shaken the world. On Malta (a nation consisting of an archipelago of islands of approximately 500000 people), which is the case study of this analysis, the first case was identified on 7/3/2020. In this paper, we shall fit a piecewise linear trend model to the log-scale of cumulative cases and deaths due to COVID-19 in Malta by implementing the SN-NOT changepoint model. This model combines the self-normalisation (SN) technique, which is used to test whether there is a single change-point in the linear trend of a time series, with the Narrowest Over Threshold algorithm (NOT) to achieve multiple change-point in the linear trend. Through analysis of news reports and other sources of information, estimated change-points are then compared to potential factors such as health restrictions, mass events, government policy and population behaviour that have affected these changes, in order to determine the efffect of these factors on the spread of the disease.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) seroprevalence in the South Pacific populations of the Cook Islands and Vanuatu with associated environmental and social factors.

Arthropod-borne diseases pose a significant and increasing risk to global health. Given its rapid dissemination, causing large-scale outbreaks with severe human infections and economic loss, the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is one of the most important arboviruses worldwide. Despite its significance, the real global impact of CHIKV remains underestimated as outbreak data are often incomplete and based solely on syndromic surveillance. During 2011-2016, the South Pacific Region was severely affected by several CHIKV-epidemics, yet the area is still underrepresented in arboviral research. 465 outpatient serum samples collected between 08/2016 and 04/2017 on three islands of the island states Vanuatu (Espiritu Santo) and the Cook Islands (Rarotonga, Aitutaki) were tested for anti-CHIKV specific antibodies using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent Assays. A total of 30% (Cook Islands) and 8% (Vanuatu) of specimens were found positive for anti-CHIKV specific antibodies with major variations in national and intranational immunity levels. Seroprevalence throughout all age groups was relatively constant. Four potential outbreak-protective factors were identified by comparing the different study settings: presence of Ae. albopictus (in absence of ECSA E1-A226V-mutation CHIKV), as well as low levels of human population densities, residents' travel activity and tourism. This is the first seroprevalence study focussing on an arboviral disease in the Cook Islands and Vanuatu. It highlights the impact of the 2014/2015 CHIKV epidemic on the Cook Islands population and shows that a notable part of the Vanuatu test population was exposed to CHIKV although no outbreaks were reported. Our findings supplement the knowledge concerning CHIKV epidemics in the South Pacific Region and contribute to a better understanding of virus dissemination, including outbreak modifying factors. This study may support preventive and rapid response measures in affected areas, travel-related risk assessment and infection identification in returning travellers. ClinicalTrials.gov Aachen: 051/16_09/05/2016 Cook Islands Ref.: #16-16 Vanuatu Ref.: MOH/DG 10/1/1-GKT/lr.

Taking the current when it serves: Prospects and challenges for an ITLOS advisory opinion on oceans and climate change

AbstractThe 2021 Agreement for the Establishment of the Commission of Small Island States on Climate Change and International Law has brought the prospect of an advisory opinion on climate change from the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) a step closer to reality. The Agreement authorizes COSIS to submit a request to the full Tribunal, following the road paved for the first time—and not uncontroversially—by the 2015 ITLOS Sub‐regional Fisheries Commission Advisory Opinion. This article explores the potential for progressive development of (erga omnes) obligations under the law of the sea in relation to climate change by means of an advisory opinion, as well as challenges that may be encountered. Drawing on previous case law, it reflects on the suitability of the ITLOS advisory route, substantive and strategic considerations and potential future implications of an ITLOS advisory opinion on climate change.

Transformational Leadership on Affective Commitment with Trust in Leaders as a mediating variable at the Mentawai Islands District Attorney's Office

The purpose of this study was to analyze: (1) The effect of transformational leadership on the affective commitment of the Mentawai Islands prosecutor's office employees. (2) The effect of transformational leadership on trust in the leaders of the Mentawai Islands prosecutor's office. (3) The influence of trust in leaders on the affective commitment of the Mentawai Islands prosecutor's office employees. (4) Transformational leadership mediates trust in the leader towards the affective commitment of the Mentawai Islands Prosecutor's Office employees. The population in this study were all civil servants (PNS) at the Mentawai Islands Prosecutor's Office, totaling 30 Everyone. Sampling technique is performed using total sample where the number of samples is the same as the population totalling 30 people. Data collection by questionnaire with Likert scale. The results of this study indicate that: (1) transformational leadership has a positive and significant effect on the emotional commitment of the Mentawai Islands State Attorney's Office. (2) Some transformational leadership is positive and important effect on trust for the head of the Mentawai Islands State Attorney's Office. (3) trust in the leader has a positive and significant effect on emotional commitment of the Mentawai Islands floor (4) transformational leadership Has a positive and important effect emotional commitment with trust in the leader as a mediatorin the Mentawai Island Banquet

Embedding telehealth for sustainable health services linking Oceania.

The expansion of telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic can be further adapted and extended to align with principles of climate justice. We argue that high-emission countries with well-developed medical systems, like Australia, should support communities disproportionately impacted by climate change who request assistance, like in small island states of Oceania. Linking health services in small island states with neighbouring countries' medical systems can support sustainability, if such reconfigurations are appropriately resourced and accessibility is prioritized. Investments in telehealth, particularly reconfiguring services through community-led linkages with larger medical systems, supports the sustainable development goal of universal access to healthcare.

Research protocol for impact assessment of a project to scale up food policies in the Pacific

BackgroundOne of the challenges for countries implementing food policy measures has been the difficulty in demonstrating impact and retaining stakeholder support. Consequently, research funded to help countries overcome these challenges should assess impact and translation into practice, particularly in low-resource settings. However, there are still few attempts to prospectively, and comprehensively, assess research impact. This protocol describes a study co-created with project implementers, collaborative investigators and key stakeholders to optimize and monitor the impact of a research project on scaling up food policies in Fiji.MethodsTo develop this protocol, our team of researchers prospectively applied the Framework to Assess the Impact from Translational health research (FAIT). Activities included (i) developing a logic model to map the pathway to impact and establish domains of benefit; (ii) identifying process and impact indicators for each of these domains; (iii) identifying relevant data for impact indicators and a cost–consequence analysis; and (iv) establishing a process for collecting quantitative and qualitative data to measure progress. Impact assessment data will be collected between September 2022 and December 2024, through reports, routine monitoring activities, group discussions and semi-structured interviews with key implementers and stakeholders. The prospective application of the protocol, and interim and final research impact assessments of each project stream and the project as a whole, will optimize and enable robust measurement of research impact.DiscussionBy applying this protocol, we aim to increase understanding of pathways to impact and processes that need to be put in place to achieve this. This impact evaluation will inform future projects with a similar scope and will identify transferable and/or translatable lessons for other Pacific Island states and low- and middle-income countries.

A Preliminary Study of the Social History of the Cantonese Chinese Community in Singapore

Abstract This paper aims to provide a historical study of the development of the Cantonese community in Singapore. Through an archival study of various Cantonese associations, it will focus on the connotations of what it means to be Cantonese and the lives of Cantonese people in the context of Singapore. According to a 2020 Singapore population census, the “Cantonese” are currently the third largest Chinese-dialect group, making up almost fifteen percent of the Chinese population on the island state. The term Cantonese, in Singapore, commonly refers to those originating from the vicinity of China’s Guangdong Province, mainly from the south-west region of Guangdong, along the Pearl River Delta. Outnumbered by the Hokkien and Teochew communities, the Cantonese were largely centralized in the Kreta Ayer area and were the dominant dialect group there. Yet, the definition of the term “Cantonese” involves two major issues of geographical location and language system. Being Cantonese, as per the administrative control of Guangdong Province, encompasses all of Chinese descent whose respective ancestral origins are from Guangdong. Moreover, the Cantonese are defined by the unique characteristics of the Cantonese language as well. Therefore, this paper will attempt to differentiate the multiple definitions of the term Cantonese, followed by an overall history of the Cantonese people in Singapore.

4.D. Workshop: The interaction of environmental impact and chronic diseases: from theory to practice

Abstract Both chronic diseases and environmental change are growing global public health challenges even amidst the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic. Every country is faced with these challenges, although small states and islands have an additional burden imposed on their sustainability, however this is rarely investigated. The intertwined relationship that exists between both epidemics is acknowledged, yet seldom explored or tackled together on a public health research level with bleak effect on policies outcome. People's lifestyles are a contributing factor to the progressive deterrent relationship between chronic diseases and environmental change. Indeed, many public health interventions promoting a healthier life will also produce the double benefit of tackling climate and the environment. For example, promoting more active transportation such as through the increase in bike lanes accessibility and incentives to promote active commuting will both reduce the dependency of carbon-based motor vehicle transportation, with a positive impact on the environment and climate, and on health. In fact, increase in physical activity is a well-known preventive and management action for most chronic diseases. Similarly, lower levels of pollution are also associated to decreases in many chronic diseases. Many other examples exist including the relationship between the food production, food security and carbon emissions. It is therefore imminent that urgent public health action is taken targeting the dominating urbanization and obesogenic environment that concomitantly have a role in the progressive development of chronic diseases and negative environmental impact. The aim of this workshop is to follow a multidisciplinary approach by bringing together different stakeholders to discuss the relationship between chronic diseases and the environment with a focus on small island states. While addressing the need to ensure that both public health and economic sustainability along with decelerating environmental change are on the imminent agenda. The workshop will be composed of four presenters discussing the various impacts on the environment from food production and security, sustainable dietetic models, the impact of city design on healthy living and finally the link between change in climate change and chronic diseases from a small state perspective. This will be followed by an engaging discussion between the presenters and the audience. Key messages • An intertwined relationship exists between environmental change (ranging from food security to city planning) and chronic diseases. • A One Health approach and public health interventions are required to halt the dual epidemic.

The impacts of aviation taxation in Ireland

The EU Green Deal sets a 90% reduction target in transport emissions by 2050. Aviation emissions, which constitute 13.9% of EU transport emissions, continue to rise while the sector benefits from several tax exemptions. In Ireland (an island state), aviation plays an important economic role. This paper explores the sectoral, economic, environmental and distributional impacts of several aviation taxation options, including taxing the aviation commodity (passenger tax and value-added tax) or taxing the aviation fuel (kerosene taxation, removal of ETS allowances). The results of an intertemporal general equilibrium analysis reveal that the real value-added of the aviation sector will not decrease more than 4% by 2030, compared to no policy change. However, if taxation is accompanied by an increase in the EU ETS price, the sectoral real value-added will decline by 27% by 2030. The impacts on GDP and household disposable income are negligible. The economy-wide emissions will decrease by 2.1% and 43% by 2030 with low and high EU ETS prices, respectively. Overall, we find that the taxation options will have limited impacts, and more policies are needed to ensure the needed reduction in aviation emissions.

EXTREME GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE EFFECTS ON HUMAN DIMENSION: CHALLENGES OF PROTECTION FOR VULNERABLE PEOPLE

This article is based on the human interaction on Earth, which can generate uncertainties in the environment, with a universal proportion of worsening climate change that points the vulnerabilities to direct experience with socio-environmental risks. The objective was to highlight the changes in the risks of contemporary societies. The method used to approach the system is systematic, through bibliographic, documentary, and normative research. Is possible to demonstrate different scenarios of extreme climate events in all continents, with emphasis in small island States, African, middle-income and development countries in the process of implementing the Sendai Strategic Framework for Risk Reduction, being as a goal the management of sustainability to mitigate the effects arising from human interaction in Gaia. Vulnerable people are most affected by inequalities and exposures in their ways, their qualities, and their living conditions. Human rights come to support this public, whose protection implies the defense of these rights. The current challenges on the subject matter in the practical and immediate implementation of mechanisms to cope with the vulnerabilities created in Risk Societies. This coverage demonstrates that effects on the environment do not only impact on biota (faun and flora), but mainly on multiple human dimensions and societies. In this research it was noticed that the human dimension and the extreme effects of global climate change interact with each other to the point where it is necessary to raise awareness and adopt a rational posture about the potential of socioenvironmental risks that currently affect peoples, especially, vulnerable and environment.

Impact of perceived value on the adoption of contactless mobile payments in small island developing states (SIDS): A study on emerging payments systems from Mauritius

This study aims at assessing the impact of perceived value on the adoption intention of mobile payment in Mauritius. The study empirically investigates 255 Mauritius, mobile payment users, using the survey. Structural equation modeling (SEM) using Smart PLS software has been used to validate the variables and their relationships. Results reveal that social value and utilitarian value positively and significantly influence behavioural value. Conversely, enjoyment value is inversely proportionate and insignificantly influences the behavioural value. Overall, this study projects consumer’s perceptions of value as an influential factor in the adoption of mobile payment in the context of small island economies. This study contributes to the ongoing debate on mobile payment usage and its acceptance in small island states. This research is pertinent and timely as the Mauritian government is working towards the transformation of the island into a digital economy. Further, the findings are important to digital marketers and other professionals who are developing effective marketing tactics to reinforce value to encourage mobile payment.

Decadal and seasonal changes in landcover at Padre Island: Implications for the role of the back‐barrier in signaling island state change

AbstractLong‐term and seasonal geomorphological changes at Padre Island, Texas are identified and linked with potential external drivers. Aerial and satellite images from 1950 to 2018, monthly images from 2019 to 2020, and a 2018 LiDAR data set are used to assess long‐term and seasonal geomorphological changes within a 50 km2 area of Padre Island near Port Mansfield, Texas. Trends in landcover are evaluated by mapping and comparing the relative areal coverage of each facies. Vegetated dunes, absent initially, emerged in the fore‐island and expanded into the back‐barrier to cover 14% of the study area. The active vegetation‐free back‐barrier dune field steadily decreased in areal extent from 12% to 6% as vegetation spread. Nebkha dune coverage fluctuated between 4% and 7%. Expansive microbial mats colonized the wind tidal and deflation flats surrounding the vegetated dunes and back‐barrier dune field giving rise to a remarkably different landscape over the 50‐year period studied. An assessment of external forcing factors identifies increased rates of relative sea level rise and decreased sediment influx as the most likely primary factors driving the geomorphological changes. These changes have induced a widespread shift toward stabilization of island sediments by vegetation and microbial mats, which in turn has starved the back‐barrier of sediments resulting in low rates of accretion and increased flooding. These findings highlight the sensitivity of the back‐barrier and, in particular, the dune facies to changes in sea level and sediment supply, and show that microbial mats are effective at stabilizing island sediments and may be harbingers to barrier island response to rising sea level. As shown in this study, long‐term monitoring of geomorphic facies changes and topography can detect important shifts in the island state that can be used to inform decision making for these sensitive coastal landscapes.