Papua Island Research Articles

Analisis Variabel Sosial Ekonomi Terhadap Kemiskinan di Indonesia

Indonesia's poverty condition in March 2019 recorded at 9.41 percent. Supposedly, Indonesia reaches the RPJMN target where the poverty level is planned at a 7-8 percent level. The High levels of rural poverty compared to urban areas exceeded the percentage of national poverty. Low wages are also an indication that the problem of poverty occurs continuously. The purpose of this research is to know how socio-economic variables such as human development, unemployment, wage, and inequality can affect poverty reduction in Indonesia. This research uses secondary data obtained from the website of Statistics Indonesia (BPS) and the Databoks Katadata website. This study uses cross-section data with 34 provincial observations in the year 2019. This research used econometric methodologies with the regression of Ordinary Least Square as an analysis tool. This research show that poverty in Indonesia is still very dominant in the island of Papua, in the provinces of Papua and West Papua and in the island of Nusa Tenggara, in the provinces of West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara. Human development has a negative effect where every human development increase by 1 percent will reduce poverty in Indonesia by 5.69 percent. The declining unemployment rate has contributed to poverty reduction in Indonesia by 0.34 percent. Wages, in this case, can reduce poverty. Increasing wages by 1 percent can reduce poverty by 1.08 percent and vice versa. Reducing inequality by 1 percent can reduce poverty by up to 1.88 percent.Keywords: poverty, HDI, unemployment, wage, inequality

Are Resource-Rich Regions Impacted More by Covid-19 Pandemic? Comparing Economic and Mobility Impact in Indonesia’s Provinces

The coronavirus pandemic has caused negative impact on economy as it limits people interactions from their normal life. This paper tries to compare the effects on economic growth and visits by locals to central economic places (retail and recreation, grocery and pharmacy stores, parks, and workplaces) of Covid-19 in Indonesia’s provinces as social restrictions applied. By using Google’s mobility report data combined with the second quarterly GRDP data across Indonesia’s sub-national level, we compare economic and mobility performances between “the treated provinces” located in Sumatra, Kalimantan and Papua Islands (SKP) who’s their economy has been dominated by natural resources-based sectors (e.g., palm oil, natural gas, oil and coal) and “the untreated provinces” in Java-Bali-and Eastern Regions (Sulawesi, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara), henceforth JBE. We visualize and provide scatterplots to depict relationships between selected variables. We also test whether each impact differs between SKP and JBE. Our study finds that while almost all provinces have been impacted negatively during the pandemic, its effects graphically differ among regions, while Java’s provinces have looked to be affected strongly. However, our statistical analyses based on Welch’s and Levene’s tests provide weak evidence that the pandemic harms regions disproportionately.

Spatial Clustered Regression Analysis of 2017 Getis Score Indonesian Malaria Prevalence Data

Malaria is a disease that is still endemic to Indonesia. In the national scale, morbidity rate related to malaria continued to decline from 2009 to 2017. Eastern areas of Indonesia (namely Papua, West Papua, and East Nusa Tenggara) still have high endemic levels of malaria, while western areas (Islands Sumatera and Java) mostly have low endemic levels or even free of malaria. This indicates that malaria has a clustering pattern. This research used the Annual Parasite Incidence (API) data as the dependent variable and Slide Positivity Rate (SPR), Annual Blood Examination Rate (ABER), number of positive cases on children aged 1-14 years, and the number of Plasmodium falciparum cases and Plasmodium vivax cases data as the independent variables. Since they contain spatial autocorrelation, Getis Ord G_i were employed in the clustered regression analysis. Finite Mixture Model was employed as the clustering method. This study resulted in the forming of 3 clusters. Cities/regencies belonging to Cluster-1 were neither hotspots nor coldspots. Elements of Cluster-2 are SPR hotspots. Elements of Cluster-3 are hotspot areas of API, ABER, number of Plasmodium falciparum cases, number of Plasmodium vivax cases, and number of cases on children aged 1-14 years. Cluster-1 consists of 360 cities/regencies located in Islands Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Sumatera, and Java, and North Maluku Province. Cluster-2 consists of 88 cities/regencies, mostly located in provinces South Sumatera, Bengkulu, Lampung, Banten, DKI Jakarta, and West Java. Cluster-3 consists of 66 cities/regencies located in the Papua Island and East Nusa Tenggara Province.

Classification of Underdeveloped Areas in Indonesia Using the SVM and k-NN Algorithms

The determination or classification of underdeveloped areas essentially consists of classifying several observations taking into account existing indicators. The classification method used is K-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) and Support Vector Machines (SVM). This study aims to analyze the accuracy of the classification between SVM and k-NN algorithms in the classification of underdeveloped areas in Indonesia. The data source used in this study is secondary data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS). The data used are 514 districs and municipalities of Indonesia. After analysis, the conclusion is that there are 122 districs and municipalities that are left behind out of a total of 514 districs and municipalities in Indonesia. The most underdeveloped areas are on the island of Papua, followed by the areas of the islands of Bali and Nusa Tenggara, and Sulawesi. Based on the results of the classification of underdeveloped areas using the method SVM with the kernel RBF has the best results with the parameters C = 1 and γ = 0.05 while the results of the classification of underdeveloped areas using the method k-NN obtains the best results with k = 15 Based on the results of classification of underdeveloped areas using the SVM and the k-NN method, including the level of classification is very good. The two methods compared have the same precision value of 92.2% and can be used to determine the classification of underdeveloped areas. Keywords: classification, machine learning, supervised learning, underdeveloped areas.

MAPPING TINGKAT KERAWANAN COVID-19 DAN FAKTOR AKSELERATOR PENYEBARAN VIRUS ANTAR DAERAH DI INDONESIA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN ANALISIS CLUSTER HIERARKI

Saat ini pandemi virus corona memaksa pemerintah untuk menyusun dan menerapkan kebijakan-kebijakan yang tidak biasa. Apalagi dampak dari pandemi ini tidak hanya dirasakan sektor kesehatan, namun juga memukul sektor-sektor lain seperti ekonomi, pendidikan, sosial, dan pariwisata. Untuk mencegah terjadinya dampak yang lebih besar perlu dilakukan pengelompokan daerah berdasarkan faktor-faktor yang menjadi akselerator penyebaran virus corona sehingga bisa disusun kebijakan-kebijakan yang tepat bagi tiap daerah. Hal tersebut dikarenakan kondisi demografi dan budaya antar daerah di Indonesia yang berbeda-beda. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, tujuan adanya penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui peta tingkat kerawanan pandemi di setiap daerah yang disertai faktor akselerator penyebaran virus corona dengan menggunakan metode analisis cluster hierarki. Analisis cluster hierarki adalah teknik multivariat untuk mengelompokkan objek berdasarkan karakteristik yang dimilikinya. Analisis cluster mengklasifikasi objek sehingga setiap objek yang memiliki sifat yang mirip akan mengelompok kedalam satu cluster. Adapun faktor akselerator yang dimaksud adalah usia, kebiasaan cuci tangan, aktivitas kerja, dan aspek bepergian. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa dari 4 variabel akselerator penyebaran virus, terdapat daerah-daerah yang perlu diperhatikan. Provinsi Papua, Papua Barat, Riau, dan Kepulauan Riau masuk kategori aman, namun dari sisi faktor usia penduduk daerah-daerah tersebut masih tergolong waspada. Artinya jika faktor usia tidak diberikan perhatian khusus, ke empat provinsi tersebut berpotensi naik status menjadi waspada atau bahkan Rawan. Hasil dari analisis ini diharapkan menjadi informasi mengenai keadaan status kerawanan tiap daerah dan dapat dijadikan sebagai saran bagi pemerintah dalam mengambil kebijakan secara tepat.

Bioactive composition, antifungal, antioxidant, and anticancer potential of agarwood essential oil from decaying logs (Gyrinops spp.) of Papua Island (Indonesia)

Decaying logs of Gyrinops spp. are an important agarwood source originating from Papua Island and have been exploited since 2004. It is well known as the resinous heartwood used as a pharmaceutical resource and was listed under the trading name “filaria” before 2020. The bioactive and chemical composition of agarwood essential oil (AEO) from decaying logs (Gyrinops spp., M1) was studied to ensure its potential in comparison with AEO from a 1.5-year-old inoculated agarwood tree (M2) and that of ordinary commercial AEO (M3). The chemical composition analyzed by the retention index showed that M1 had quite a similar profile to that of M2, while M1 was different from M3. Ten compounds in M1 were responsible for determining specific agarwood odor: agarospirol, dehydrojinkoh-eremol, baimuxinal, selina-3,11-dien-9-ol, selina-3,11-dien-14-al, selina-3,11-dien-14-ol, selina-4,11-dien-14-al, guaia-1(10),11-dien-15-ol, dihydrokaranone, and guaia-1(10),11-dien-15-al. The AEO of M1 had higher inhibition to the growth of Fusarium solani and showed the highest antioxidant activities compared to AEO of M2 and M3. Furthermore, all AEOs showed anticancer properties against breast cancer (MCF-7) in the range from 0.8% to 15.1% at the concentration of 0.1 mg ml−1. This study indicated that decaying logs (Gyrinops spp.) had antifungal, antioxidant, and anticancer potentials and could be further used as pharmaceutical resources.

Longitudinal trends of future suitable climate for conserving oil palm indicates refuges in tropical south-east Asia with comparisons to Africa and South America

Palms are crucial species to the flora of south-east (SE) Asia. Oil palm (OP) is a highly significant introduced species to the region and produces palm oil, an especially important commodity. OPs are grown in huge plantations in SE Asia, predominantly in Malaysia and Indonesia. These palms have detrimental effects on the environment, particularly from deforestation when creating new plantations. Future climate scenarios have indicated mostly reductions in suitable climate for growing OP throughout SE Asia and it is crucial to consider how the palms can be conserved. Climate change has been shown to stimulate poleward movements in some other species, which assist in conserving them and may permit assisted colonisation. However, poleward movement to these refuges is unlikely from the tropics. Recent research has indicated potential longitudinal refuges for OP in Africa and phased longitudinal refuges in South America, based on future suitable climate (SC) for growing OP. These data indicate how the sustainability of OP could be maintained rather than experiencing the complete decimation of the crop, which might otherwise occur. This current work was undertaken to determine trends of future SC for growing OP in SE Asia and to indicate refuges with implications for conservation and plantation management. The results are compared with those for Africa and South America. The longitudes considered in SE Asia were from 100°E to 146°E, which is an intentionally large area of land. The maps obtained from the climate modelling program CLIMEX, of climate suitability for growing OP, were employed to obtain the percentage SC in SE Asian regions and countries for current time (CT), 2050 and 2100. The average percentage SC decreased for 2050 and further for 2100. Increasing longitudinal trends in SC for growing OP were observed from CT to 2050, CT to 2100 and 2050 to 2100 from west to east. Vietnam, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea (PNG) and island Malaysia had increased SC by 2050. Large decreases in SC by 2050 for Thailand, Laos and Cambodia, which are towards the west of SE Asia, were observed. There was an increasing trend in suitable climate from CT to 2100 and a smaller trend from 2050 to 2100. Hence, OP may find suitable refuges by natural seed spreading towards the east of SE Asia, hence avoiding extinction. Similarly, new plantations could be established in the same direction, although environmental concerns are paramount. Vietnam, the Philippines, PNG and island Malaysia may become more suitable than Thailand, Laos and Cambodia. The sustainability of OP plantations is likely to decrease substantially with climate change. However, there is scope for a more sustainable situation towards the east of SE Asia. New plantations cannot be established without considering the severe effects on the environment from deforestation and increased greenhouse gases. Overall, urgent action is required to reduce the effects of climate change.

Antagonistic Potential of Endophytic Bacteria Against Phytophthora palmivora Causing Black Pod Rot Disease on Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) In Indonesia

Background and Objective: The utilization of biological control agents using microorganisms is considered as one of the safest and most affordable strategies. This study was conducted to investigate the antagonistic potential of endophytic bacteria against Phytophthora palmivora causing black pod rot disease on cocoa in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Endophytic bacteria were explored from healthy cocoa pods in Java, Sulawesi and Papua islands. Their antagonistic potential was screened using dual culture method. Bacterial isolates combating the growth of P. palmivora were grouped using rep-PCR technique (BOX1A, ERIC and REP primers). Their inhibition consistency was examined against P. palmivora using double layer technique. Histological assay on mycelial of pathogen was performed under SEM. The DNA of representative isolates was molecularly sequenced according to 16S rRNA and gyrB genes. The effectiveness of their antagonism under in vivo assay was observed on the P. palmivora-inoculated healthy cocoa pods. Results: The growth of P. palmivora was totally inhibited by 127 isolates. The clustering with rep-PCR assay revealed 12 groups of isolates which were independent on cacao clones, orchards and geographical origins. Several isolates showed the inhibition zone under double layer test. SEM viewed morphological abnormality as well as hyphal lysis, shrinking and wrinkling. The representative isolates were identified as members of Achromobacter, Alcaligenes, Bacillus, Burkholderia and Sphingobium genera. The optimum inhibition under in vivo experiment was exhibited by B. subtilis. Conclusion: The explored antagonists have possibility as alternative sustainable disease management strategy under appropriate formulation and application techniques as well as favourable environmental condition.

The use of antimalarial plants as traditional treatment in Papua Island, Indonesia

sThe residents of the Eastern part of Indonesia, specifically, Papua and West Papua provinces, are dependent on traditional medicines with the use of plants, which includes treating malaria. However, there are limited information on the diversity of medicinal plants in Papua Island. Hence, the Indonesian Ministry of Health put together a database of all the natural plant-based raw materials in Indonesia, to address part of the issues encountered as a result of the limited information on the diversity of plants. Based on this background, the aim of the research was to analyze the information on medicinal plants used by the traditional healers in Papua Island based on the results of research on medicinal plants and Jamu (RISTOJA), especially in treating malaria. Data were obtained through ethnomedicine research conducted in 2012 and 2017 involving 54 ethnicities in Papua. Based on the results, 72 species of medicinal plants from 67 genera and 40 families were used traditionally in treating malaria on Papua Island. The most common medicinal plants used as traditional antimalarial concoction are Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br., Carica papaya L., Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees, and Physalis minima L. Similar to other ethnobotany research, the leaves were the most used plant parts in preparing the various traditional concoctions.

Carotenoid composition in buah merah (Pandanus conoideus Lam.), an indigenous red fruit of the Papua Islands

The composition of carotenoid pigments from the fruit of the Pandanus plant, Pandanus conoideus Lam. monocot or locally named as red fruit, indigenous to the Papua Islands, was investigated. By chromatographic and spectrometric analyses using RP-HPLC with C18 and C30 columns and gradient elution, NMR, MS/MS and FT-IR, eight κ-end group carotenoids, 5,6-diepicapsokarpoxanthin, capsorubin, capsanthin, cryptocapsin, 13-cis capsorubin, and three capsanthin epoxides were identified. Additionally, β-cryptoxanthin 5,6-epoxide, α- and β-cryptoxanthin, α- and β-carotene, and other carotenoid-type compounds were found. The κ-end group carotenoids in red fruit comprised 92 % in relative contents and was much higher than that in red chili pepper, Capsicum annuum L., at 64 %. These findings indicate that red fruit has similar carotenoids to those of red chili pepper, not only in composition but also in the content. Xanthophyll cycle carotenoids antheraxanthin and violaxanthin are the precursors of capsanthin and capsorubin, respectively. However, these precursors, as well as the precursors of zeaxanthin, were not detected in the chromatographic separation and identification in the extracts of red fruit, although they were detected in red chili pepper under the same analytical conditions used. Therefore, in red fruit, those precursors are likely not responsible for the biosynthesis of κ-end group carotenoids.

Normalized Difference Vegetative Index-related Assessment for Climate Change Impact on Indigenous Communities from High Resolution IKONOS Satellite Imagery in West Papua

High-resolution satellite imagery permits acquisition of critical data to observe climate-change and environmental impact on conflict-impacted indigenous communities with co-existing socio-economic factors, often within unstable regimes. Conflict may prevent direct access in remote regions to validate civilian conflict actor evidence. In such cases use of remote sensing tools, techniques, and data are extremely important. Software-based imagery assessment can quantify radiometrically calibrated or Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and provide temporal changes with rapid detection over large search areas. In this work we evaluate recent trends in equatorial alpine glacier ablation to address the probability of indigenous water scarcity, as pure glacial water reserves are depleted near the Grasberg gold and copper mine in the Carstenz region, Western part of Papua Island, North of Oceania.

Validation study of HLA-B*13:01 as a biomarker of dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome in leprosy patients in Indonesia.

Leprosy is a stigmatizing, chronic infection which degenerates the nervous system and often leads to incapacitation. Multi-drug therapy which consists of dapsone, rifampicin and clofazimine has been effective to combat this disease. In Indonesia, especially in Papua Island, leprosy is still a problem. Furthermore, there had been higher reports of Dapsone Hypersensitivity Syndrome (DHS) which also challenges leprosy elimination in certain aspects. Globally, DHS has a prevalence rate of 1.4% and a fatality rate up to 13%. The aim of this study is to validate HLA-B*13:01, a previously discovered biomarker for DHS in the Chinese population, as a biomarker for DHS in the Papua population.This is a case-control study of 34 leprosy patients who presented themselves with DHS (case subjects) and 52 leprosy patients without DHS (control subjects). Patients were recruited from 2 provinces: Papua and West Papua. DNA was extracted from 3 ml blood specimens. HLA-B alleles were typed using the gold-standard sequence based typing method. Results were then analysed using logistic regression and risk assessment was carried out. The results of HLA-typing showed that HLA-B*13:01 was the most significant allele associated with DHS, with odds ratio = 233.64 and P-value = 7.11×10-9, confirming the strong association of HLA-B*13:01 to DHS in the Papua population. The sensitivity of this biomarker is 91.2% and specificity is 96.2%, with an area under the curve of 0.95. HLA-B*13:01 is validated as a biomarker for DHS in leprosy patients in Papua, Indonesia, and can potentially be a good predictor of DHS to help prevent this condition in the future.

Daily struggle to take antiretrovirals: a qualitative study in Papuans living with HIV and their healthcare providers

ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to explore the experiences of Papuans living with HIV to take antiretroviral therapy (ART) from the patient and the healthcare providers (HCPs) perspective.DesignThis was...

Developing Papua Within the Framework of Diversity: A National Defence Perspective

ABSTRACT 
 The approach to developing apua throughout the years of Indonesia's national leadership has brought considerable improvement to the island of Papua. Indonesia’s First President, Soekarno has laid the foundation of Indonesia's geopolitics in the world political order stretching from Sabang in the west to Merauke (Papua) in the east. Sustainable development in Papua continues to date in various sectors, from infrastructure to the socio-cultural development of the Papuan people. A development program focusing on a respect to-diversity (kebhinnekaan) approach establishes Papua as an integral-nationalistic part of Indonesia under the outline of total sovereignty. Paradoxically, there are still small groups that raise the issue of Free Papua as a manifestation of separatism, either the armed movement in Papua or the dissemination of political issues in international forums. This phenomenon then becomes the focus of this paper and launched the main question, on how Indonesia manages to develop Papua within the frame of diversity from the perspective of national defense. The qualitative approach uses in-depth analysis based on the theory of national defense and theory of development to explain the emerging phenomena. Inquiries toward Papua-related negative issues found that they have the spirit and goal to separate Papua from Indonesia. Through this paper, it is revealed that a constructive development with the mentioned approach has gradually succeeded in building up minds and hearts of the Papuan people under nationalistic ties, as well as becoming the main bulwark for national Defence and eliminating separatism activities.
 Keywords: Development; Diversity; National Defence; Papua; Separatism

Genetic characterization and phylogenetic study of Indonesian cuscuses from Maluku and Papua Island based on 16S rRNA gene

Background and Aim:Indonesian cuscuses are now becoming scarce because of the reduction of habitat and poaching. Further, molecular characterization of Indonesian cuscuses is still very lacking. This study aimed to determine genetic markers and phylogenetic relationships of Indonesian cuscuses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences.Materials and Methods:This study used 21 cuscuses caught from two provinces and 16 islands: 13 from Maluku and eight from Papua. Cuscus samples were taken by biopsy following ethics guidelines for animals. The genome isolation was done using gSYNC DNA Mini Kit (Geneaid Biotech Ltd., Taiwan). The 16S rRNA gene was amplified by primers (16SKUSAF and 16SKUSAR), and the polymerase chain reaction product obtained was 1875 base pair (bp). The analysis of genetic characterization and the phylogenetic relationship was performed usingMEGA version X software (https://www.megasoftware.net/).Results:16S rRNA gene sequencing attained 1598 bp for all samples. Based on the 16S rRNA nucleotide sequences, cuscuses from Papua and Maluku belong to the genus Phalanger and Spilocuscus. Phalanger spp. and Spilocuscus spp. from Papua can be distinguished from Phalanger and Spilocuscus from Maluku, except Spilocuscus from Ternate has a very close relationship with cuscus from Sentani, Papua.Conclusion:Indonesian cuscuses were derived into two clades based on 16S rRNA gene sequence, one group to genus Phalanger and another group to Spilocuscus.

Phosphorylation and activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam) oil and its fractions.

Red fruit (Pandanus conoideus Lam) oil (RFO) is utilized by inhabitants of the Papua Island to treat diseases such as infections, cancer, and cardiovascular disease, but the mechanism of action is unknown. We have recently shown that RFO stimulates nitric oxide (NO) production in endothelial cells. The present study was conducted to investigate the molecular mechanism of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activation by RFO. NO production by endothelial cells was determined with electron paramagnetic resonance. The vascular function of isolated mouse aorta was examined using a wire myograph system. Phosphorylation of eNOS was studied with Western blot analyses. RFO induced concentration-dependent vasodilation in isolated mouse aorta. The vasodilator effect of RFO was lost in endothelium-denuded aorta and in aorta from mice deficient in eNOS. Treatment of human EA.hy 926 endothelial cells with RFO led to an enhancement of eNOS phosphorylation at serine 1177 and NO production. The RFO-induced eNOS phosphorylation and NO production were reduced by inhibitors of Akt or AMPK, but not by an inhibitor of CaMKII. The effects of RFO were decreased by pharmacological inhibition of PI3K, indicating an involvement of the PI3K-Akt pathway. Moreover, acetone-soluble fractions and oily fractions of RFO showed higher efficacies than the RFO polar fraction in activating eNOS. RFO contains highly active compounds that enhance NO production through Akt- or AMPK-mediated eNOS phosphorylation. The increase in endothelial NO production is likely to represent one of the molecular mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic effects of RFO.

The Classification of betel leaves (Piper betle) from 15 ethnics in eastern Indonesia based on phytochemicals fingerprint analysis

Abstract. Andrianto D, Husnawati, Hermita S, Haryanti S. 2020. Classification of betel leaves (Piper betle) from 15 ethnics in eastern Indonesia based on phytochemicals fingerprint analysis. Biodiversitas 21: 252-257. Betel (Piper betle Linn), also called Golden Heart of Nature, is often used as traditional medicine. Nonetheless, betel plants originated from different places contains different phytochemicals profile, resulting in different utilization across ethnics. The research aimed to classify betel leaves from eastern Indonesia origins based on phytochemical profiles. In this study, the phytochemical profiles of 69 betel leave samples from 15 ethnics in eastern Indonesia were obtained using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint analysis. This data was then used to classify the betel leaves samples using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results of the analysis show that the betel leaves from Eastern Indonesia can be divided into three clusters. Cluster 1 consisted of betel leaves originated from two ethnics, namely Komoro and Greri, from Papua, while Cluster 2 consisted of those originated of two ethnics, namely Sumber Baba and Demta, both were also from Papua. Cluster 3 consisted of betel leaves originated 11 ethnics, namely Asilulu (Maluku), Balesang (Central Sulawesi), Bungku (Central Sulawesi), Mulong Kuni (Central Sulawesi), Saluan (Central Sulawesi), Tialo (Central Sulawesi), Tolage (Central Sulawesi), Gebe (North Maluku), Makian (North Maluku), Mey Brat (West Papua) and Waigeo (West Papua). The location of P. betle plantation in this research accounts for clusterization of samples, Papua island give the highest biodiversity because we can find all the three cluster in Papua island.

Genetic diversity of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu) accessions based on plastid cpDNA matK gene as DNA barcoding

Abstract. Abbas B, Tjolli I, Munarti. 2020. Genetic diversity of sago palm (Metroxylon sagu) accessions based on plastid cpDNA matK gene as DNA barcoding. Biodiversitas 21: 219-225. Metroxylon sagu Rottb is one of the plant species including in the Palmae family that deposits starch in the trunk. Sago palm was reported has high capability to produce a large amount of starch and large variation starch qualities which were mostly influenced by genetic factors. The objectives of this study are revealed sequence chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) associated with matK genes for the genetic diversity identification of sago palm accessions. Plant materials used in the studies were derived from Sago Research Center (SRC) collection. DNA extraction has adopted the procedure of Plant Genomic DNA Mini Kit. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed by using primer sets of MatK-1RKIM-f and MatK-3FKIM-r. DNA PCR product was sequenced by the 1st Base Asia, Singapore. Results of the study showed that the cpDNA sequence associated with matK genes in the genome of sago palm showed differences among accessions. Molecular diversities of sago palm accessions based on matK gene showed sago palm accessions separated into two genotypes. Genotype-1 incorporated of ten individuals of 15 accessions and genotype-2 incorporated five individuals of 15 accessions. A mutation site and deletion site occurred in the sequences of matK gene of the Genotype-2. Ten of the 15 sequences of the matK gene (belong to Genotype-1) were registered in the GenBank, NCBI as DNA barcoding and authenticity of sago palm germplasm from Papua islands, Indonesia territorials.

Modeling Poverty Percentages in the Papua Islands using Fourier Series in Nonparametric Regression Multivariable

Nonparametric regression has high flexibility in estimating the regression curve. Estimation techniques that are quite popular in nonparametric regression are Fourier Series estimators. Fourier series are trigonometric polynomials that have flexibility, so they can adapt effectively to the local nature of data. This Fourier series estimator is generally used if the data investigated by the pattern is unknown and there is a tendency for repetitive patterns to follow the trend line. The purpose of this study is to examine Fourier Series estimates and apply to cases of poverty in the Papua Islands. The Papua Islands which consist of 2 Provinces namely Papua Province and West Papua Province. Papua Province ranked first and West Papua Province ranked second in poverty in Indonesia. Based on nonparametric regression multivariable modeling using Fourier series, this model is good. This can be seen from the value obtained by Generalized Cross Validation (GCV) = 80, 76, Mean Square Error (MSE) is 18, 31 and R2=78, 16%.

Preparation and Characterization of Terpenoid-Encapsulated PLGA Microparticles and its Antibacterial Activity against <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>

Exploration of natural compound for the treatment of dental-related problems are gaining of interest for enhancing therapeutic efficacy of the drugs delivery system. In this study, we have prepared terpenoid, which have been isolated from Myrmecodia pendens Merr & Perry from Papua Island, Indonesia, to be encapsulated in Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), as the most widely used biodegradable polymer for biomedical applications, through one step single-emulsion method followed by subsequent coating by poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The resultant of terpenoid-loaded PLGA microparticles were characterized systematically through scanning electron microscope and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. In vitro drug release test was evaluated through dialysis method. Antibacterial test was conducted against Enterococcus faecalis as a model for persistent bacteria that causes root canal infections. The results showed that terpenoid-loaded PLGA microparticles were developed in spherical morphology with an average particle size of around 1-2μm. Terpenoid released from PLGA compartment at pH 6.5 and temperature of 37°C through a controlled-release profile mechanism with enhanced prolonged release. The bacterial assay result showed that terpenoid-loaded PLGA microparticles could reduce Enterococcus faecalis, effectively. Eventually, these result show that terpenoid-loaded PLGA microparticles as unique natural product-based extract could be developed as a potential naturally-based drug for dental-related diseases applications.