Island Communities Research Articles

The contribution of integrated farming to fulfill the food consumption of Payung Island community's

The Payung Island’s peoples depend on food supplies from outside, so they are very vulnerable to food shortages. One of the efforts to provide food sources for islanders is integrated farming. This study aimed to analyze the contribution of integrated farming to meet the needs of fruit and vegetable consumption of the Payung Island residents. The study was conducted from September 2018 - September 2019 in Payung Island, Thousand Island, by involving 38 respondents. Contribution analysis was used to analyze the contribution of integrated farming to the fulfillment of the Payung Island community's food consumption. The results showed that the current average food consumption of the Payung Island residents was lower than the residents of mainland Jakarta. The contribution of integrated farming to fulfill the vegetable and fruit needs of the Payung Island residents ranged from 47% to more than 100%.

Rural Revitalization in Times of COVID-19: A Small Island Community in the Seto Inland Sea

Rural Revitalization in Times of COVID-19: A Small Island Community in the Seto Inland Sea

Impacts of marine heatwaves on tropical western and central Pacific Island nations and their communities

Marine heatwaves can have devastating impacts on marine species and habitats, often with flow-on effects to human communities and livelihoods. This is of particular importance to Pacific Island countries that rely heavily on coastal and ocean resources, and for which projected increases in future marine heatwave (MHW) frequency, intensity, and duration could be detrimental across the Pacific Island region. In this study, we investigate MHWs in the tropical western and central Pacific Ocean region, focusing on observed MHWs, their associated impacts, and future projections using Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) simulations under a low (SSP1–2.6) and a high (SSP5–8.5) greenhouse gas emissions scenario. Documented impacts from “Moderate” mean intensity MHW events in Fiji, Samoa, and Palau, that were categorised as “Strong” at their peak, included fish and invertebrate mortality and coral bleaching. Based on CMIP6 multi-model mean estimates, and relative to current baselines, “Moderate” intensity MHWs are projected to increase from recent historical (1995–2014) values of 10–50 days per year (dpy) across the region to the equivalent of >100 dpy by the year 2050 under the low emissions scenario, and > 200 dpy nearer the equator. Under the high emissions scenario, 200 dpy of Moderate MHW intensities are projected across most of the region by 2050, with >300 dpy nearer the equator. For the most intense “Extreme” category of MHW, estimates range from <1 dpy under the current climate to >50 dpy projected under the high emissions scenario by 2050. In contrast, “Extreme” MHWs are projected to increase to <5 dpy by 2050 under the low emissions scenario, highlighting the importance for Pacific Island nations that global emissions more closely follow the low emissions scenario trajectory. • Marine heatwaves are impacting Pacific Island communities. • Projected increase in marine heatwave metrics in tropical central-western Pacific. • Poses threats to tropical central-western Pacific Island nation food security. • Case studies and impacts in Fiji, Samoa and Palau.

Buru Island Community Prohibition Expressions

Buru Island Community Prohibition Expressions

The fading of disaster memory in Pulau Sebesi: A historical construction

The island has been impacted by volcanic eruptions which led to tsunami in a different scale, where in 1883 claimed 36000 lives, subsequently in 2018 took one victim. Some island communities succeed in pertaining memory of tsunami through oral tradition, namely Simeulue, differently Sebesi communities fail to maintain its memory on tsunami. The gap of 138 years seems to bury the memory of tsunami in Sebesi island. This paper aims to explore why the Sebesi communities fail to maintain the disaster memory. To build an understanding the way in which the Sebesi forgetting their past disaster, this paper uses longue durée approach, oral history framework and archival studies to analyses the structures—both environmental structures and socio-politic and cultural structures—that play roles in the disappearance of disaster memory. The study revealed that none of survivor during its catastrophic tsunami in 1883 and repopulation of this island occurred only after 1940s. This resulted to the formation of community without disaster memory. Only after the 2018 tsunami, the community of Sebesi Island began to aware that there are hazards among their environments. Uncovering the fading of disaster memory in Pulau Sebesi elucidates lessons to pursue resilient development trajectory on the island.

Marine Ornamental Aquaculture: Measure Towards Biodiversity Conservation and Livelihood Promotion

Marine ornamental fishes are associated with the coral reef ecosystem, and they possess attractive colours, shapes, behaviours and aesthetic values. In recent days, aquarium tanks with a variety of marine ornamental organisms could be seen in homes, public places and commercial complexes, due to the developments in aquarium technologies. This indicates how this industry has been customized and became a popular hobby around the world. Aquarium business supports significant livelihood for millions of coastal and island communities across the world. Using destructive methods involving explosives and toxic substances (cyanides) for the collection of marine ornamental fishes from coral reefs damage the ecosystem and its biodiversity. Hence, aquaculture of the marine ornamentals would be encouraged as an alternative. The culture of marine ornamental fishes could be elevated from the small-scale backyard system with local coastal and island communities to big scale enterprises, by adopting feasible technologies. This article presents the overview of aquaculture of marine ornamental organisms and marine ornamental trade. The suggestions made here are intended to inform decisions on marine biodiversity conservation and livelihood promotion in coastal and island regions. Marine ornamental fisheries have been projected as an opportunity to sustainably breed marine species for the aquarium trade, while simultaneously generating employment for local communities.

Sero-Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C Antibody among the Residence of Island Communities of Lake Chad Basin, Borno State, Nigeria

Aim: The study sought to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) among the people of Lake Chad Basin of Borno State Nigeria.&#x0D; Study Design: A cross sectional quantitative survey that derived information on the behavioral characteristics, vulnerability of the population and prevalence of HBV and HCV.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Testing for HBV and HCV antibodies was carried out among the people of urban and rural communities of Lake Chad Basin of Borno State Nigeria in 2017.&#x0D; Methodology: 1790 samples were collected on dried sample blot card, dried and transported to National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development Abuja where the samples were tested using HBsAg ELISA rapid test kit (ACON, USA) and confirmed with HBsAg ELISA test kit (ABON, ABON Biopharm Hangzhou Co. Ltd). HCV tests was carried out using ACON hepatitis C test strip (ACON Laboratory, INC USA) and confirmed with ELISA HCV kit (ORTHO HCV version 3.0; Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Raritan, New Jersey, USA). The results were expressed in percentages&#x0D; Results: The result of the study revealed that 28 representing 1.56% tested positive for HBV and 3(0.17%) was HCV positive. On disaggregation, Commercial sex workers (CSW) and prison inmates had the highest prevalence of HBV and HCV 8.5% and 1.41% respectively. The highest number of positive cases of HBV was recorded among the males in the age range of 40-44 (3.25%), while the highest cases among the females was within the age range of 35-39 (6.8%). HCV positive cases were one male and two females within the age range of 20-24. HBV was higher in urban communities (3.70%), while HCV was higher in rural communities (0.17%).&#x0D; Conclusion: Interventions such as vaccination against HBV, sexual education prevention of blood exposure was suggested to mitigate further transmission of these infections

Profile of Community Understanding and Literacy About Disaster Risk Mitigation: The Responses of Java South Coast Community Against Megathrust Earthquake and Tsunami Prediction

&lt;em&gt;&lt;span&gt;Widiyantoro et al., as Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB) scientists, predict the worst possibility that in the south of Java Island, a megathrust earthquake with a maximum magnitude of up to 9.1 on the Richter scale and a tsunami of up to 20 meters. So understanding and literacy about mitigation of the megathrust earthquake and tsunami need to be improved so that the South Coast of Java Island (Pansela) community has prepared for these disasters. This study aims to analyze the understanding and literacy of the Pansela community of the earthquake and tsunami disaster against the predictions made by ITB scientists. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with a total of 57 community respondents living in Pansela. The study results show that most communities believe in this prediction and have fewer mitigation efforts against this disaster. However, the respondents still did not know the specifics of the megathrust earthquake. They considered an earthquake in the south of Java Island related to the megathrust earthquake. Therefore, it is necessary to increase community understanding and literacy regarding mitigation efforts against megathrust earthquakes and tsunami.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/em&gt;

A Geospatial Approach to Energy Planning in Aid of Just Energy Transition in Small Island Communities in the Philippines

Providing electricity in off-grid island communities is a big challenge, exacerbated by the high cost of transporting fossil fuels and the non-viability of extending grid connections. Installing renewable energy systems in these areas is deemed a practical solution, especially supporting just energy transitions in these communities. However, the lack of information about resource availability and the most suitable locations hinders effective planning. This paper aims to determine the sufficiency of available renewable energy sources to meet the electricity demand of off-grid island communities. It is achieved through a three-phased approach: (1) an assessment stage; (2) geospatial analysis; and (3) technical potential estimation. The approach is applied in three island communities in Palawan, namely Araceli, Balabac, and Cuyo, where a diesel power plant currently provides electricity to its households and commercial/institutional establishments. The results indicate that the three islands can be powered by 3, 1.5, and 11 MW solar photovoltaic farms, respectively, which is sufficient to meet the projected demand until 2030. The approach can be helpful, especially for off-grid island communities, as they plan to provide universal electricity access using renewable energy sources.

Wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 in a small coastal community: Effects of tourism on viral presence and variant identification among low prevalence populations

Wastewater-based epidemiology has been used to measure SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in cities worldwide as an indicator of community health, however, few longitudinal studies have followed SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater in small communities from the start of the pandemic or evaluated the influence of tourism on viral loads. Therefore the objective of this study was to use measurements of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater to monitor viral trends and variants in a small island community over a twelve-month period beginning May 1, 2020, before the community re-opened to tourists. Wastewater samples were collected weekly and analyzed to detect and quantify SARS-CoV-2 genome copies. Sanger sequencing was used to determine genome sequences from total RNA extracted from wastewater samples positive for SARS-CoV-2. Visitor data was collected from the local Chamber of Commerce. We performed Poisson and linear regression to determine if visitors to the Cedar Key Chamber of Commerce were positively associated with SARS-CoV-2-positive wastewater samples and the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Results indicated that weekly wastewater samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 until mid-July when positive samples were recorded in four of five consecutive weeks. Additional positive results were recorded in November and December 2020, as well as January, March, and April 2021. Tourism data revealed that the SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration in wastewater increased by 1.06 Log10 genomic copies/L per 100 tourists weekly. Sequencing from six positive wastewater samples yielded two complete sequences of SARS-CoV-2, two overlapping sequences, and two low yield sequences. They show arrival of a new variant SARS-CoV-2 in January 2021. Our results demonstrate the utility of wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 in a small community. Wastewater surveillance and viral genome sequencing suggest that population mobility likely plays an important role in the introduction and circulation of SARS-CoV-2 variants among communities experiencing high tourism and who have a small population size.

The Concept of Oceanian Sovereignty in the Context of Deep Sea Mining in the Pacific Region

Based on an interdisciplinary experience addressing traditional dimensions in marine resource management in the Pacific, the socio-ecological interconnectivity between island communities, the ocean realm and the legal context concerning the management of seabed resources (Tilot, 2006, 2010; Tilot et al., 2018, 2021a,b; Mulalap et al., 2020; Willaert, 2020a,b, c; 2021; DOSI, 2021), this paper proposes to discuss the relevance and efficacy of the concept of “Oceanian Sovereignty” (Bambridge et al., 2021) in the context of Deep Sea Mining, from the different legal, environmental, anthropological, social, political, and economic science perspectives. The policies and practices developed in the Pacific in this context could well serve as a suitable model elsewhere to reconcile competing perspectives in addition to sustaining the Human Well-being and Sustainable Livelihoods (HWSL) and the health of the Global Ocean.

Infection of Plasmodium falciparum and helminths among school children in communities in Southern and Northern Ghana

BackgroundInfections of Plasmodium species, Schistosoma species and soil-transmitted helminths (STH) inflict a significant burden on children mostly in deprived communities in Ghana. Despite the deployment of malaria vector control and the annual Mass Drug Administration by National Control Programmes, these infections still pose major public health concerns in Ghana. Some remote communities which are hard-to-reach are not covered by MDA campaigns which is a major challenge to meeting elimination targets. Adequate data is necessary for formulating policies and strengthening interventions to mitigate transmission. This study assessed the infection burden of Plasmodium, Schistosoma species and STH infections among school children in communities in Southern and Northern Ghana.MethodSchool children living in communities in Southern (Ada Foah, Pediatorkope, Tuanikope) and Northern (Kpalsogu) Ghana were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. A total of 493 (241 males and 252 females) school children aged (2–15 years) were enrolled in the study. Stool samples were collected to screen for Schistosoma mansoni and STH infections using the formol-ether concentration technique and urine samples were also collected to screen for S. haematobium using the routine urine examination method. Plasmodium parasitaemia was determined from thick and thin finger-prick blood samples.ResultsOverall, the prevalence of P. falciparum, S. mansoni, S. haematobium, Trichuris trichiura and hookworm infections were 17.2% (95%CI 12.8–19.7), 22.6% (95%CI 25.2–32.7), 1.6% (95%CI 0.89–5.2), 1.2% (95%CI 0.78–4.8) and 1.2% (95%CI 0.78–4.8) respectively. Plasmodium falciparum infection was generally widespread in all the study sites with Ada Foah recording the highest prevalence (35.3%) and Kpalsogu recording the lowest (5.8%). Schistosoma mansoni was present in only two Southern communities with Tuanikope recording the highest prevalence of 70.3% as against 51.5% recorded in Pediatorkope. A total of 4.5% (95% CI 2.82–10.8) of the children were co-infected with P. falciparum, Schistosoma species and STHs. This occurred only in the Southern communities; of which combination of P. falciparum and S. mansoni were predominant (1.4%).ConclusionA relatively low burden of parasites co-infection among children only in the Southern communities was detected. However, there were a high prevalence of single infections of P. falciparum and S. mansoni in those communities. Control measures for the helminths needs to be restarted in the island communities with a high burden of S. mansoni infections and that of Plasmodium needs to be scaled up in Ada Foah where P. falciparum infections were high.

Policing and Preventing Gender Violence in the Global South

This special issue is the product of a workshop on innovations in policing and preventing gender violence in the Global South, hosted by Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Centre for Justice 3-4 December 2019. The event was attended by scholars from Brazil, Pacific Island communities, Bangladesh, Argentina, and several Australian jurisdictions. Hence the articles in this special issue reflect the diverse nationalities present at the event. A central aim of the workshop realised in this special issue is the stimulation of innovation in understanding the policing and prevention of gender violence through novel international collaborations and cross-fertilization. It reverses the assumptions that underpin the epistemic injustice of the social sciences, that innovations generally flow only from the Global North to the Global South. This special issue shows that it can be the other way round.

Socio-Spatial Relation in Small Island (Case Study: Karanrang Island, South Sulawesi, Indonesia)

Social interaction is an influential factor in shaping a community in a small island. There is a lack of study on how multi-ethnic groups of people living in a small island have shaped their community and maintained social harmony. This study identifies and analyzes the social interaction of residents in Karanrang Island in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It focuses on how the social behavior of the residents has formed the spatial pattern of residential and community areas, including open spaces. Data of the residents' social behavior, activities, spatial layout of buildings, pathways, and major amenities were gathered from spatial mapping and on-site surveys. The analysis of socio-spatial patterns used the space syntax analysis method, namely Axial Analysis and Visibility Graph Analysis (VGA). The result shows that socio-spatial integration tends to occur in the irregular spatial configuration of residential areas, whereas socio-spatial segregation tends to occur in the regular spatial configuration. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of socio-spatial relation, the factors of activity location, residential density, and distance between houses significantly relate to social aspects such as community participation in social activities and willingness to assist neighbors. These findings are expected to provide consideration for the development of the socio-spatial structure that is suitable with the characteristics of small island communities, also to contribute to the sustainability of social order in the residential neighborhood of small islands.

The role of women in community resilience to climate change: A case study of an Indigenous Fijian community

Climate change is projected to have wide-ranging effects on natural resources, environment, agriculture and fisheries. The various impacts of climate change pose significant risks to Pacific Island communities and people's livelihoods. A community consists of different groups of people and requires contributions from all members to build community resilience to the impacts of climate change. The Indigenous Fijian (iTaukei) women have skills, knowledge, and unique local and traditional experience that can increase the resilience of the community, however, their voice is not often heard in a patriarchal community. An understanding of gender roles in a community is essential for adaptation to climate change.Fijian communities exhibit elaborate social support system and traditional practices that demonstrate high level of dynamism and institutional support in the community's response to risks. Using semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and participant observations, the study investigated the enabling and inhibiting factors that affect the ability of iTaukei women to contribute to building community resilience. The findings from the study identified that the village women contribute significantly to three key areas of community resilience, particularly social resilience, economic resilience and ecological resilience. The findings also indicated that women face barriers that prevent them from contributing to decision-making on issues related to climate change resilience in the community. The study recommends interventions that are culturally accepted and that also support the role of women in decision-making, while promoting their participation in various climate change forums in the community.

What keeps an island community COVID-19 free in a global pandemic?

The COVID pandemic has offered opportunities for islands and other relatively isolated communities to establish pandemic‐protection boundaries. A July 2020 survey of Waiheke Island residents sought views on how the island had remained COVID‐19 free, despite proximity to a city of 1.6 million (Auckland, NZ). Many attributed that status to ‘pure luck’ or a ‘moat’ effect. However, many also attributed freedom from COVID‐19 to reinforcing high‐level community cohesiveness and shared values. The Waiheke community's response can be seen as a microcosm of New Zealand as an island nation and an exemplar of a response to pandemic threats uniquely possible for small islands.

Вербализация «первотектональных проекций» китайской культуры в корпусе национальных патриотических песенных текстов КР (Тайвань) и КНР

"Primary tectonic projections" of culture are realized in the discourse of nationalism of the PRC and the Chinese Republic (Taiwan), receiving verbalization in the texts of the national patriotic songs of these states. Being laconic and capacious symbolically, the lyrics of hymns and patriotic songs carry out the main task, which is to consolidate these symbols in everyday life and initiate the process of participation of the citizen with the national state. The relevance of the research topic is due to the intensification of the processes of national identity of the Chinese continental and island communities, which have been pursuing alternative development paths for more than 70 years. The novelty lies in the identification of significant projections of the primary tectons of Chinese culture, representing a number of mythologemes, numbers, visual and role images in the national text of the PRC and the Chinese Republic (Taiwan). English version of the article is available at URL: https://panor.ru/articles/verbalization-of-primary-tectonic-projections-of-chinese-culture-in-the-corpus-of-national-patriotic-song-lyrics-of-rc-taiwan-and-the-prc/78345.html

The unique challenges and opportunities of delivering a First Contact Physiotherapy (FCP) Service to remote island communities in NHS Highland

Purpose: The main aim of undertaking this project was to find an alternative yet pragmatic model of care to deliver MSK health & well-being support to the population of the Small Isles. The objectives were to provide a service that not only delivered on the contractual obligation for the GP contract, but also had a positive impact on patient experience, practitioner experience, associated travel costs, time and the carbon footprint of the service.

They Are Preserved Forever: Visualising the Memorialisation of Archipelagic Religious and Community Identities

In this article, we respond to the Special Issue theme by addressing the complexities of religious identities in archipelagic communities where the dual role of the sea as conduit and barrier has impacted the parish system, farming estates and community life. The focus is primarily on nineteenth and twentieth century testimonies and material evidence, approached within a broader chronological context going back to the Middle Ages. Using qualitative GIS mapping of the habitations of the people memorialised in two burial grounds in Orkney, we visualise the active role of the islander in constructing identities linking people and place at parish, community and personal levels. The results show that the people with memorial stones were buried within a long-established parochial structure but did not adhere to ecclesiastical norms, with district burial grounds being favoured over a single parish churchyard. We conclude that this approach demonstrates the complexities of identities within an island community and identify its applicability in other contexts combining material culture and historical documentation to investigate religious island identities.

Psychosocial effects of the quarantine during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic on the residents of the island of Brač.

BackgroundAn unprecedented health and economic crisis in small island communities during the COVID-19 pandemic indicated the importance of studying its harmful effects on residents’ mental health.ObjectivesTo examine the differences in negative affectivity, perceived stressors, and social support both on the quarantined and not quarantined islands.MethodsA web-based survey and correlational cross-sectional research design were used, based on a nonprobabilistic convenience sampling method to select 613 Croatian islands’ residents during May 2020. The participants completed the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the General Information Questionnaire, data on their exposures to stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic and the perceived social support.ResultsCompared with the nonquarantined residents of other islands, the island of Brač residents scored significantly higher on the symptoms of depression (M = 11.61; t = 2.13, P < 0.05) and stress (M = 13.06; t = 3.21, P = 0.001) subscales, receiving more support from religious communities (t = 2.34, P = 0.02) and less from the physicians (t = −2.68, P = 0.01). Lower sociodemographic status was associated with higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress.ConclusionThe COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the urgent need to protect mental health in isolated island areas specially for singles and people of low socioeconomic status.