Island Communities Research Articles

How Australian First Nations peoples living in the Torres Strait and Northern Peninsula Area of Australia describe and discuss social and emotional well-being: a qualitative study protocol

IntroductionColonisation has, and continues to, negatively impact the mental well-being of Australia’s First Nations peoples. However, the true magnitude of the impact is not known, partially because clinicians have low...

Pendampingan Masyarakat Nelayan Pulau Tunda Pada Kegiatan Pemulihan Ekonomi dan Sosial Pasca Pandemi Covid-19

ASSISTANCE OF THE TUNDA ISLAND FISHING COMMUNITY IN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RECOVERY ACTIVITIES POST COVID-19 PANDEMIC During The Covid-19 Pandemic, The Economic And Social Conditions Of The Delayed Community Were Indeed Very Well Known, Especially In Areas Located On Small Islands, Increasingly Developing These Conditions, Therefore Intervention From Various Parties Was Needed To Be Able To Stimulate These Conditions So That Economic And Social Activities Could Immediately Rise. Back on the island of delay even though it is in new normal condition. Community service activities involving as many as 320 students and 17 lecture in primagraha universities are expected to be able to take advantage of the restoration of the economic and social conditions of the tunda island community or sara village residents, tirtayasa district, serang regency, through this activity it is also expected to further encourage the tourism sector on tunda island to be better known in the community. The number of tourist visits during the covid-19 pandemic has decreased by 60%. The development of adequate education and health facilities by the local government will greatly assist the tunda island community in increasing their tourism potential with a holistic approach. Development based on the habits, culture and customs of the community will have an impact on the economic and social conditions of the tunda island community. Tunda island or the village of sara residents, which has extraordinary natural beauty and marine resources, can be trusted by the local government to be a leading destination that can have an impact on improving the economic and social conditions of the community, which in turn will also have an impact on the potential for improving the economic and social conditions of the community. Local revenue in the tourism sector. Tunda island tourism promotion through digital will be able to better introduce the beauty of marine resources owned by domestic tourists and national tourists.

The Role of the Indigenous Elite in the 2017 Regional Head Election of Buru Regency

The traditional elite in the 2017 Buru Regency Head Election has a strategic position for the survival of democracy for five years. The influence and power they have is the key in the democratic process of the 2017 Pilkada won by the couple Ramli Umasagi and Amustofa Besan (RAMA). This study seeks to understand the existence of local elites on Buru Island and their role in the 2019 Regent Election. using the elite theoretical framework proposed by Mosca, Pareto and Keller synthesized with the theory of political participation formulated by Mirriam Budiarjo, Samuek Huntingting and Joan Nelson. This study finds that in the Buru Island community, the local elite has been stratified in structure; Mat Gugul, Hinolog and Soa. The figures in this elite not only play a role in social, cultural and economic functions, but also have an increasing significant political role During the reformation period. Second, In the 2017 Pilkada, these elites have carried out intense participation, among others, in conducting political socialization, being the Pilkada committee, mobilizing lower-level so that the community participates in politics and not abstaining, Resolving conflicts if they occur and providing political support to RAMA candidates. whose triumphed in this election. This research strengthens theories about the role of local elites or non-governing elites in the political process. Therefore, theoretically the democratic process should pay attention to the role of local elites who have been proven to have an influence as evidenced in this study
 Key words: Indigenious Elite, Pilkada 2017, Buru Regency, Ramli Usagi, Matgugul, Hinolong, Soa

Disaster impacts, resilience, and sustainability opportunities for Gili Trawangan, Indonesia: transdisciplinary reflections following COVID-19.

This article provides transdisciplinary reflections from scientists and local NGO managers on the international small‐island tourism destination of Gili Trawangan, Indonesia, concerning the impacts, short and long‐term adaptation strategies, and sustainability opportunities from two disasters occurring in rapid succession: the 2018 Lombok earthquakes and the COVID‐19 pandemic starting in 2020. A brief review of the island's governance challenges sets up our analysis of revisited findings and new empirical insights on how the island's communities have dealt with two unique disaster scenarios over the last three years. We draw on a community resilience framework premised on social capital and collective action theories to position the island's ability to transition towards sustainable tourism post‐pandemic. We conclude with sustainability opportunities going forward.

Effective Pandemic Response: Lessons from Kauai.

Local health jurisdictions have struggled to protect their communities during the pandemic, and successes are few. The Kauai District Health Office (KDHO) of the Hawaii Department of Health serves a rural island community of 73,000 residents. As a state agency, KDHO works closely with the county mayor and administration. Kauai has experienced comparatively low COVID-19 case and case-fatality rates while maintaining strong community and leadership cohesion. Kauai's response was highly rated by residents in a recent Community Assessment for Public Health Emergency Response survey. In this article, we describe examples of local response efforts in the areas of (1) policy and regulations, (2) health-directed isolation and quarantine, (3) case investigation and contact tracing, (4) testing availability, (5) vaccine rollout and availability, and (6) public information, as well as the factors that have contributed to Kauai's successes. KDHO regularly prioritizes agencywide initiatives that cross program silos; staff have experience using the incident command system in real-world situations; the community health worker team is multicultural, multilingual, and well established; and staff are integral members of the community they serve. Preexisting partnerships were strong, including those with county agencies, healthcare partners, and nongovernmental organizations, which facilitated early and effective collaboration. Response successes include implementation of unified command, coordinated public messaging, early protective measures, effective disease control and outbreak response, attention to secondary impacts of the pandemic, free community testing, mass vaccination, and mobile vaccinations and testing. The value of local health departments engaging regularly and authentically with partners and communities cannot be overstated. It has saved lives on Kauai. Local health jurisdictions should focus on all-hazards and all-staff endeavors to enhance their disaster response effectiveness.

Offshore CO2 Capture and Utilization Using Floating Wind/PV Systems: Site Assessment and Efficiency Analysis in the Mediterranean

A methanol island, powered by solar or wind energy, indirectly captures atmospheric CO2 through the ocean and combines it with hydrogen gas to produce a synthetic fuel. The island components include a carbon dioxide extractor, a desalinator, an electrolyzer, and a carbon dioxide-hydrogen reactor to complete this process. In this study, the optimal locations to place such a device in the Mediterranean Sea were determined, based on three main constraints: power availability, environmental risk, and methanol production capability. The island was numerically simulated with a purpose built python package pyseafuel. Data from 20 years of ocean and atmospheric simulation data were used to “force” the simulated methanol island. The optimal locations were found to strongly depend on the power availability constraint, with most optimal locations providing the most solar and/or wind power, due to the limited effect the ocean surface variability had on the power requirements of methanol island. Within this context, optimal locations were found to be the Alboran, Cretan, and Levantine Sea due to the availability of insolation for the Alboran and Levantine Sea and availability of wind power for the Cretan Sea. These locations were also not co-located with areas with larger maximum significant wave heights, thereby avoiding areas with higher environmental risk. When we simulate the production at these locations, a 10 L s−1 seawater inflow rate produced 494.21, 495.84, and 484.70 mL m−2 of methanol over the course of a year, respectively. Island communities in these regions could benefit from the energy resource diversification and independence these systems could provide. However, the environmental impact of such systems is poorly understood and requires further investigation.

Fisheries Co-Management in the “Age of the Commons”: Social Capital, Conflict, and Social Challenges in the Aegean Sea

Fishing activity in Greece remains important for the management of marine resources. Fishery co-management, involving various social groups and stakeholders, is considered necessary for marine ecological conservation. Environmental NGOs have acquired valuable expert and scientific knowledge on marine ecosystems which is essential for natural resource management. However, such knowledge is often in conflict with the interests of fishers, who often have tacit/lay knowledge which is rarely considered. The aim of this paper is twofold: first, to critically discuss the perceptions of different stakeholders regarding the protection of marine commons, and second, to unveil the potential conflicts in the management of the MPA on Gyaros Island. Gyaros is a cultural heritage monument, home to a colony of Mediterranean monk seals, and a traditional fishing area for adjacent island communities. Methodologically, the paper synthesises the empirical findings of a five-year (2013–2018) research project. Survey material collected over two separate periods (2014 and 2017) from the local population and professional and recreational fishers is combined with rich qualitative material from various stakeholders and participatory research to inform the research objectives. The successful management of MPAs requires that all users contribute to, agree to, and respect the terms of the MPA.

PleistoDist: A toolbox for visualising and quantifying the effects of Pleistocene sea‐level change on island archipelagos

Abstract Pleistocene sea‐level change played a significant role in the evolution and assembly of island biotas. The formation of land bridges between islands during Quaternary glacial maxima, when sea levels were more than 120 metres below present‐day sea levels, often facilitated historical dispersal and gene flow between islands that are today geographically disconnected. Despite the importance of Pleistocene sea‐level change, few software packages exist that model the effects of this phenomenon in a standardised and generalised manner. Here, we present PleistoDist, an R package that allows users to visualise and quantify the effects of Pleistocene sea‐level change on islands over time, and test multiple temporally explicit hypotheses of inter‐island dispersal and community assembly. Re‐analysing published datasets, we demonstrate how using PleistoDist to account for historical sea‐level change can provide greater explanatory power when analysing extant island communities, and show how population genetic simulations can be used to generate spatiotemporally explicit neutral expectations of population genetic structure across island archipelagos.

Representations of Indian Ocean Ecologies, Heritage and Kinship in Banaadiri Fishing Poems and Owuor's The Dragonfly Sea

ABSTRACT This article brings Yvonne Owuor’s 2019 novel The Dragonfly Sea into conversation with nine Banaadiri fishing poems called geeraarro, a form of classical Somali oral poetry in the maanso category. I explore the ways in which ideas of labour, kinship, and cultural heritage are presented in the fishing poems created over generations by an Indian Ocean coastal community as compared to a novel based on an Indian Ocean Island community, written by a Kenyan writer, and published by a major US publishing house. Working through oral narrative structures, the novel and the poems explore the relationship between littoral communities and Indian Ocean ecologies. I model how the comparative analysis of radically different forms of literature can illuminate the relationship between story, poetry and ecological sensibility. It breaks down the barriers between orality and literacy through the use of a range of analytical approaches including close reading, close listening, textual and performance analysis.

SALAI JIN COMMUNICATION RITUAL IN THE ISLAND TIDORE COMMUNITY

<p class="07AbstrakInggris">Salai Jin is a dance that is believed to have magical powers and is used by the community as a ritual to connect the human realm with the Jinn realm. This dance which contains mystical rituals is performed to ask for help from the Jinn, such as; healing the sick, repelling the plague, or as a form of benefit if the ritual succeeds in healing the sick. This research uses descriptive-qualitative analysis with the Ethnographic Communication approach. Data collection is done directly by the researcher. This technique is carried out using question and answer interaction with or without using interview guidelines with traditional leaders, ritual implementers, and researchers who have conducted Salai Jin studies. Salai Jin or the genie dance is a ritual communication process carried out by the Tidore Islands community with the aim of being able to establish relationships with the jinn nation which is called the embodiment of the ancestors or Papa <em>se Tete so</em> that the Jinn can provide assistance to heal one of the residents of the disease suffered. In general, this ritual procession takes place inside and outside the room led by Sowohi or traditional elders.</p>

Island biogeography, competition, and abiotic filtering together control species richness in habitat islands formed by nurse tree canopies in an arid environment

ABSTRACT The theory of island biogeography predicts that island size is a key predictor of community species richness. Islands can include any habitat surrounded environments that are inhospitable to the resident species. In arid environments, nurse trees act as islands in an environment uninhabitable to many plant species, and the size of the canopy controls the size of the understory plant community. We predicted that plant species richness will be affected by the area of the habitat and decrease with habitat isolation. We sampled the adult and seedling plant communities at canopy center, canopy edge, and outside canopy microhabitats. We found that species richness in both adult and seedling communities increases with increasing island area. However, richness in seedling communities was greater than in adult communities, and this effect was greatest at the canopy center microhabitat. Competition has been demonstrated to be more important in controlling species distributions near the canopy center, and stress is more important near the canopy edge. Thus, our results suggest that neutral forces, biotic interactions, and abiotic filtering act together to control species richness in these island communities.

NARASI KEKERASAN SIMBOLIK DAN MELEMBAGA DALAM NOVEL TEROR MORAL KARYA ONGKY ARISTA UA

Symbolic violence is a way that is always used by the dominant class or upper class in the social structure (ma-institutional) of society to impose. mindset,culture, also the lifestyle of the lower class. The focus of this research is on how the form of symbolic violence in the novel Moral Terror, how the institutional character in the novel Moral Terror. This research is a qualitative descriptive research with the main instrument in the research being the researcher. Alone. The purpose of this study is to describe the symbolic violence and institutionalized violence that occurs in the novel Terror Moral by Ongky Arista UA. The focus of the research is 1) violence. symbolic includes the mechanism of euphemism; in the form of twelve. love, giving, and rejection. While the sensorization mechanism; in the form of preservation of positive morals, honor, and decency. 2) institutionalized violence includes social habitus mechanisms found in coastal island communities; in the form of upper class habitus, lower class habitus.

Genomic evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in Reunion Island.

Island communities are interesting study sites for microbial evolution during epidemics, as their insular nature reduces the complexity of the population's connectivity. This was particularly true on Reunion Island during the first half of 2021, when international travel was restricted in order to mitigate the risk for SARS-CoV-2 introductions. Concurrently, the SARS-CoV-2 Beta variant became dominant and started to circulate at high levels for several months before being completely replaced by the Delta variant as of October 2021. Here, we explore some of the particularities of SARS-CoV-2 genomic evolution within the insular context of Reunion Island. We show that island isolation allowed the amplification and expansion of unique genetic lineages that remained uncommon across the globe. Islands are therefore potential hotspots for the emergence of new genetic variants, meaning that they will play a key role in the continued evolution and propagation of COVID-19 as the pandemic persists.

Storylines of South Pacific Convergence Zone Changes in a Warmer World

Abstract The South Pacific convergence zone (SPCZ) is evaluated in simulations of historical climate from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) and phase 6 (CMIP6) models, showing a modest improvement in the simulation of South Pacific precipitation (spatial pattern and mean bias) in CMIP6 models but little change in the overly zonal position of the SPCZ compared with CMIP5 models. A set of models that simulate a reasonable SPCZ are selected from both ensembles, and future projections under high emissions (RCP8.5 and SSP5–8.5) scenarios are examined. The multimodel mean projected change in SPCZ precipitation and position is small, but this multimodel mean response obscures a wide range of future projections from individual models. To investigate the full range of future projections a storyline approach is adopted, focusing on groups of models that simulate a northward-shifted SPCZ, a southward-shifted SPCZ, or little change in SPCZ position. The northward-shifted SPCZ group also exhibit large increases in precipitation in the equatorial Pacific, while the southward-shifted SPCZ group exhibit smaller increases in equatorial precipitation but greater increases within the SPCZ region. A moisture budget decomposition confirms the findings of previous studies: that changes in the mean circulation dynamics are the primary source of uncertainty for projected changes in precipitation in the SPCZ region. While uncertainty remains in SPCZ projections, partly due to uncertain patterns of sea surface temperature change and systematic coupled model biases, it may be worthwhile to consider the range of plausible SPCZ projections captured by this storyline approach for adaptation and planning in the South Pacific region. Significance Statement The South Pacific convergence zone is a band of intense rainfall that influences the weather and climate of many Pacific Island communities. Future changes in the SPCZ will therefore impact these communities. We examine climate model representations of future climate to find out how the SPCZ might change in a warmer world. While the models disagree on future changes in the SPCZ, we suggest that it may be useful to consider groups of models with common “storylines” of future change. The changes in the position of the SPCZ in a warmer world correlate strongly to the amount of rainfall change locally. Some models suggest a northward movement of the SPCZ, while others suggest a southward movement. Consideration of the full range of possible future behavior of the SPCZ is needed to better prepare for the impacts of a warmer climate.

Impacts of climate change and environmental degradation on children in Malaysia.

The impacts of climate change and degradation are increasingly felt in Malaysia. While everyone is vulnerable to these impacts, the health and wellbeing of children are disproportionately affected. We carried out a study composed of two major components. The first component is an environmental epidemiology study comprised of three sub-studies: (i) a global climate model (GCM) simulating specific health-sector climate indices; (ii) a time-series study to estimate the risk of childhood respiratory disease attributable to ambient air pollution; and (iii) a case-crossover study to identify the association between haze and under-five mortality in Malaysia. The GCM found that Malaysia has been experiencing increasing rainfall intensity over the years, leading to increased incidences of other weather-related events. The time-series study revealed that air quality has worsened, while air pollution and haze have been linked to an increased risk of hospitalization for respiratory diseases among children. Although no clear association between haze and under-five mortality was found in the case-crossover study, the lag patterns suggested that health effects could be more acute if haze occurred over a longer duration and at a higher intensity. The second component consists of three community surveys on marginalized children conducted (i) among the island community of Pulau Gaya, Sabah; (ii) among the indigenous Temiar tribe in Pos Kuala Mu, Perak; and (iii) among an urban poor community (B40) in PPR Sg. Bonus, Kuala Lumpur. The community surveys are cross-sectional studies employing a socio-ecological approach using a standardized questionnaire. The community surveys revealed how children adapt to climate change and environmental degradation. An integrated model was established that consolidates our overall research processes and demonstrates the crucial interconnections between environmental challenges exacerbated by climate change. It is recommended that Malaysian schools adopt a climate-smart approach to education to instill awareness of the impending climate change and its cascading impact on children's health from early school age.

Reconstructing long-term dengue virus immunity in French Polynesia.

BackgroundUnderstanding the underlying risk of infection by dengue virus from surveillance systems is complicated due to the complex nature of the disease. In particular, the probability of becoming severely sick is driven by serotype-specific infection histories as well as age; however, this has rarely been quantified. Island communities that have periodic outbreaks dominated by single serotypes provide an opportunity to disentangle the competing role of serotype, age and changes in surveillance systems in characterising disease risk.MethodologyWe develop mathematical models to analyse 35 years of dengue surveillance (1979–2014) and seroprevalence studies from French Polynesia. We estimate the annual force of infection, serotype-specific reporting probabilities and changes in surveillance capabilities using the annual age and serotype-specific distribution of dengue.Principal findingsEight dengue epidemics occurred between 1979 and 2014, with reporting probabilities for DENV-1 primary infections increasing from 3% to 5%. The reporting probability for DENV-1 secondary infections was 3.6 times that for primary infections. We also observed heterogeneity in reporting probabilities by serotype, with DENV-3 having the highest probability of being detected. Reporting probabilities declined with age after 14 y.o. Between 1979 and 2014, the proportion never infected declined from 70% to 23% while the proportion infected at least twice increased from 4.5% to 45%. By 2014, almost half of the population had acquired heterotypic immunity. The probability of an epidemic increased sharply with the estimated fraction of susceptibles among children.Conclusion/SignificanceBy analysing 35 years of dengue data in French Polynesia, we characterised key factors affecting the dissemination profile and reporting of dengue cases in an epidemiological context simplified by mono-serotypic circulation. Our analysis provides key estimates that can inform the study of dengue in more complex settings where the co-circulation of multiple serotypes can greatly complicate inference.

Clustering tropical cyclone genesis on ENSO timescales in the Southwest Pacific

Tropical cyclones (TCs) as a natural hazard pose a major threat and risk to the human population globally. This threat is expected to increase in a warming climate as the frequency of severe TCs is expected to increase. In this study, the influence of different monthly sea surface temperature (SST) patterns on the locations and frequency of tropical cyclone genesis (TCG) in the Southwest Pacific (SWP) region is investigated. Using principal component analysis and k-means clustering of monthly SST between 1970 and 2019, nine statistically different SST patterns are identified. Our findings show that the more prominent ENSO patterns such as the Modoki El Niño (i.e., Modoki I and Modoki II) and Eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño impact the frequency and location of TCG significantly. Our results enhance the overall understanding of the TCG variability and the relationship between TCG and SST configurations in the SWP region. The results of this study may support early warning system in SWP by improving seasonal outlooks and quantification of the level of TC-related risks for the vulnerable Pacific Island communities.

Fish community structure varies by location and presence of artificial islands: a case study in Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario

Artificial islands and reefs have been used in the Laurentian Great Lakes for over 40 years as a means of improving aquatic habitat; but research on their efficacy has primarily focused on their ability to increase the abundance of specific sportfish, top predators, or other keystone species. To understand the importance of islands in structuring the whole fish community, we took a holistic approach and analysed the effect of islands, location, and the interaction effect between the two in structuring fish communities in Hamilton Harbour, Lake Ontario using a 30-year electrofishing dataset. The effect of islands varied by location within the harbour, with some species showing a preference for islands in some locations while avoiding them in others. Island communities also tended to have significantly different species compositions, with higher index of biotic integrity scores and species richness, greater numbers of pollution intolerant fishes, centrarchids, and fewer generalist species. However, these results paled in comparison to the level of inter-annual variation in the fish community of the harbour, which has changed markedly over the 30-year time span. Taken together, our results highlight that while island creation can influence the fish community, the type and magnitude of effect will vary based on their distance to other suitable habitats (i.e., location within the system) and the design of the island itself. Further, the noted inter-annual variability emphasizes the importance of considering long time scales (> 10–20 years) when exploring fish community responses to habitat creation. Collectively, these results will help the design of more effective management strategies for restoring fish communities.

PEMBELAJARAN IPA BERASASKAN PENGETAHUAN TEMPATAN TANAMAN FALOAK (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br) SEBAGAI SOLUSI PEMBELAJARAN IPA DI SEKOLAH DASAR

This paper aims to disclose the relationship of local wisdom owned by the Timor Island community, especially the city of Kupang and the competence that must be possessed by an educator who wants to combine science learning in elementary school with local wisdom. The method used is the literature review through reviewing related reference in the form of theory and research findings in scientific articles. The result obtained shows that the local knowledge can be integrated into modern natural sciences (IPA) learning in elementary school. The steps that the teachers may use in applying local potential in natural sciences (IPA) learning material in elementary school can be carried out by adjusting to the framework of the sociocultural study of education. The integration process of local wisdom in natural sciences teaching can be done by cultivating and a combination process. The expected benefit is to make natural sciences (IPA) more interesting to be studied at the elementary school level and to facilitate students to describe the concept of modern natural sciences (IPA) by applying the local knowledge around the school environment or residence

Customary Law or State Law: The Settlement of Marine Resource Disputes in The Kei Islands Community

The people of the Kei Islands have known cases settlement system since the olden days, namely the Customary judiciary, a forum in the Larvul Ngabal customary law system that holds a high authority, which is obeyed by the community and is often the main choice in resolving disputes. With a field study approach, this study aims to explain how the settlement process of natural resources disputes by a “customary judge” in the Kei Islands is still used as a reference by the community. What are the reasons? This study discovered that customary settlement forums are still used to resolve marine resource disputes and deemed to provide a sense of justice. Customary settlements are not only aimed at punishing the perpetrators, but also to restore the impact of the dispute on individual victims, their families and their social environment. This study also discovered that the customary settlements carried out in the Kei Islands have developed from the dated dichotomy and tend to produce hybrid settlement models.