Islamic Tenets Research Articles

“She Needs to Be Shy!”: Gender, Culture, and Nonparticipation Among Saudi Arabian Female Students

This article examines Saudi female students’ socialization process in mixed‐gender interactions during their study abroad, focusing on how they negotiate culture‐specific gender expectations of women's deference and modesty. Findings reveal that Saudi women's deference to maintaining an ideal image of Saudi womanhood makes shyness and fear of judgment predominant aspects of their gender identity. Saudi women's adherence to these norms often leads to their nonparticipation in classroom and social interactions, and a deeper ambivalence is indicated when they seek social and academic opportunities through active participation. Findings also demonstrate that Saudi women use religion to both justify and challenge gender identity norms. Women who comply with Saudi gender norms assert that these norms are prescribed by the tenets of Islam; those who resist these norms argue their irrelevance with respect to Islam. Saudi women's religious interpretations serve to empower their own sense of gender identity, which signifies their agency founded on ideological and cultural constraints in the context of religion. This study offers implications for second language learners’ nonparticipation in relation to gender, highlighting how gender norms intersect with other discursive categories, particularly ethnicity, culture, and its central aspect here, religion.

Tinjauan Penerapan Pungutan Pajak dan Zakat Menurut Konsep Ekonomi Islam di Indonesia

This paper deals with the source of the country's sources of income in the modern era it is more known for its tax obtained from the community for the purposes of the State for the prosperity of the community. Taxes in Islam was taught by the Prophet Muhammad SAW certainly different provisions and type so that it provides insight for us to assess how the difference in the terms and conditions of the religion taught in the modern era of the levy by the State to the people so that we can assess, read and take heed and which one is better and can be applied in the life of a country. The purpose of this paper is to expose about the wealth tax, income tax, (zakat), a land tax (kharaj), tax farming (usr), a protection tax (Jizya), a tax customs import tax, (ushur), the spoils of war (ghanimah and fa'i) along with the conditions that exist in tenet of Islam.

Treading the Path of the Shari�a: Indonesian Feminism at the Crossroads of Western Modernity and Islamism

The downfall of Suhartos New Order in 1998 has opened up a new era of political freedom and participation for activists and for groups that try to promote emancipatory agendas as well as for political Islamists keen on introducing tougher conservative, religious measures to society. Womens activism and participation in different sectors has flourished, and their voices have had much stronger echoes in the political dynamics of the country. However, the new era has also given rise to Islamic radicalism that is also hostile to feminist causes and perceives feminism as part of the Western hegemonic project. In such a slippery political terrain, womens movements in Indonesia have to remake the image of feminism in Indonesian terms so that it cannot be dismissed as an ideology imported from the West and, simultaneously, they must develop a home-grown counter-discourse against the mainstream interpretation of sacred texts by using the same sources of knowledge that the Islamists employ. To what extent women activists have succeeded or failed in their struggles to free Indonesian Muslim women from the shackles of the male-dominated reading of Islamic dogma, and what the future trajectories of their struggles might be, are the primary concerns of this essay.

Dakwah Strategies of Sharia Tourism: The Case of Gili Air, North Lombok

For the past few years, Lombok in particular and West Nusa Tenggara in general have not only been known as an island of thousand mosques, but also as a world tourist destination, particularly Shari’a compliance (halal) tourism. With such a new branding, respective stakeholders on the island should therefore make an effort to plan strategies for presenting the concept of halal tourism that serve and benefit both domestic and foreign tourists. Dakwah (Islamic propagation/preaching) can play an important role in strengthening local people’s faith while also balancing between religiosity and tourism. This study looks into how the halal tourism ‘brand’ can be manifested in Gili Air, one of the famous small islands of tourist destination located in the northern part of Lombok. The study reveals that the dakwah strategies for shari’a tourism in Gili Air are carried out through twofold strategies, namely da‘wah bi al-lisān and da‘wah bi al-ḥāl. The first refers to a model where the activities of propagation revolve around preaching of Islamic tenets. The latter emphasizes actualization of Islamic doctrines into daily life.

The Application of Simons’ “Levers of Control” in the Quran and Sunna

Abstract Simons’1 “levers of control” is a strategy-based framework that takes into consideration the belief systems of and the functions and interactions within an organization. The purpose of this article is to discuss Simons’ levers of control from an Islamic viewpoint, based on the teachings of the Quran and Sunna. It demonstrates that the concept of “levers of control”, as posited by Simons, does not contradict the basic tenets of Islam. In fact, all the main components of the levers of control – belief system, boundary system, diagnostic control system, and interactive system – were actually emphasized and vigorously implemented by Prophet Muhammad SAW. However, these practices have never before been organized into well-arranged and systematic categories that can be used as guidelines by Islamic organizations. Such organizations should aspire to implement comprehensively the practices of Prophet Muhammad SAW in all aspects of organizational management functions, including those related to control. However, in the absence of clear and comprehensive guidelines, any implementation may not be appropriate or in accordance with the practices of Prophet Muhammad SAW. More importantly, incorrect implementation as a result of limited understanding or misunderstanding of the Prophet’s SAW practices can affect the overall perception of Islam. By properly utilizing the levers of control, organizations that strive to emulate the practices of Prophet Muhammad SAW in their operations can be successful.

E-Marketing Strategies for Islamic Banking

This article describes how e-marketing is increasingly gaining interest within Islamic businesses. It is important to consider the extent to which it fits comfortably within principle notions of Islam and Sharia law. An Islamic business should ensure that its e-marketing strategy must be devoid of any contentious or exaggerated claims and there must be no excessive risk. As marketing practices include accentuating the benefits and features of products and services, and downplaying the negative attributes which potentially could lead to a consumer making an informed decision based on this unbalanced presentation. Arguably, this presents a form of risk that may be at odds with the fundamental tenets of Islam. This article presents a case-study of a large bank in Kuwait to identify how e-Marketing can be implemented more effectively to attract new customers and retain the existing ones by critically evaluating the viability of e-marketing strategies for promoting Islamic banking. A set of recommendations are also provided to support all Islamic Banks in the development of an e-marketing strategy.

Media and Religion: Rodja TV’s Involvement in The Civil Society Discourse for Community Development

After Soeharto’s fall in 1998, a plethora of different types of media discovered ways to grow and expand in Indonesia. After Indonesia accepted the democratic political system, freedom of expression became part of everyday life. As pillars of democracy, the media are the tools par excellence for the expression of the people’s ideas. Established in 2007, Rodja TV started its own discourse amidst civil society. The aim of this paper is to see the involvement of Rodja TV in the civil society discourse for community development. To what extent Rodja TV’s discourse has involved the four civil society spheres - private, public, market, and the state - and how it pursued the creation of the exemplified community it promotes. This paper takes the qualitative approach and uses data gathered from observation, documents, and interviews. Apparently, Rodja TV has adopted a safe discourse by showing its propensity for mainstream Sunni Islam rather than taking the jihadi approach to politics that strives for the establishment of an Islamic state. Rodja TV’s main targets are localism and globalism but it is open to local values and selected expressions of modernism. However, it does not criticise the Indonesian government and fights terrorism. While the station initially targeted a limited audience, because it broadcasts information about Islamic tenets, its public audience widened and members of Muslim associations, businessmen, and members of the government have become attracted to Rodja TV’s programs. Keywords: Rodja TV, da‘wa, umma, civil society, salaf(ism).

Cultural Traditions of Khanduri Blang in Reubee Village Aceh, Indonesia

Before Islam was introduced into Aceh, many people there still believed in animism or dynamism or Hinduism or Bhudhism. Some parts of those beliefs still affect the local Acehnese cultures even after most of the people have become Muslim. This study describes the ritual of Khanduri Blang, as an acculturation of the people from Reubee village and surrounding villages in Pidie District between their previous cultures with their new Islamic culture: The study also looks at the reasons why the people from Reubee still perform these rituals in recent times. A religious anthropological approach was used to get plenary data about the subject. The data was collected using observations, interviews, and study of related literature. The results showed that the people living in that area performed the rituals as they believed that they would prevent dangers and harm from ghosts and spirits that live around their rice fields. Even though the people have been acculturated to Islam they still perform these ceremonies since they have been handed down as part of their culture and they still do not have sufficient comprehension of the tenets of Islam. Furthermore, the involvement of their local religious figures in the ceremonies convinces the people that these rituals do not contradict their Islamic beliefs. Then too, the use of local traditions as a medium for introducing Islam brought the understanding that such rituals were part of the traditions of Islam.

Role of religiosity in purchase of green products by Muslim students

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the role of religiosity in Indian Muslim students with the objective of mapping their attitude towards green products.Design/methodology/approachData were generated from 306 Muslim students enrolled in educational institutes located in the national capital of India (i.e. New Delhi). The study sample was identified through purposive sampling, and then the questionnaire was personally administered. The data were analysed using SPSS and AMOS, and research hypotheses were validated using structural equation modelling.FindingsThe findings of the present study suggest that environmental concern is a precursor of consumer attitude towards green products, and antecedents of environmental concern are collectivism and eco-literacy. Further, the findings also suggest that religiosity significantly and positively affects collectivism values of consumers. However, religiosity was not found to be significantly associated with the level of eco-literacy of consumers.Practical implicationsReligiosity emerged as one of the main factors that needs to be considered while promoting green products in India. In their promotion messages, green marketers attempting to target Muslim students ought to emphasize that Islamic tenets enjoin upon them to collectively take the responsibility of preserving the environment. The natural resources and the environment may be presented as a gift of Almighty Allah, and steps towards environmental conservation may be projected as a mode of pleasing Allah.Originality/valueThis study is pioneering in the sense that it proposes a comprehensive and practical model for mapping attitude towards green products for young Indian Muslim consumers. In fact, the study takes a lead in examining the role of religiosity as antecedent in mapping of attitude towards green products and the role of collectivism and eco-literacy in influencing environmental concern.

Wayang as Da’wah Medium of Islam according to Sunan Kalijaga

Wayang is tradition contains phylosophical values and great teachings . For Javanese people , wayang is not only as performance, but therein the life guidance. At the beginning , wayang was used as a media for worshipping to ‘Hyang’ (God) about 1500 BC. It was also used as medium for spreading the doctrine of Isla mic teachings . Because of the closeness of wayang performance in the people ’s heart, Walisanga made wayang as one of their da’wah medium . Among the famous preacher (da’i) that uses wayang was Sunan Kalijaga. In order to researcher used al -Nahl 16:125 as a cornerstone in looking at the method of da’wah according to Sunan Kalijaga, namely methods of da’wah bi al-h}ikmah, bi al- mauiz}ah al-h}asanah, and bi al-muja>dalah al-ah}san. The researcher found that da’wah performed by Sunan Kalijaga was to modificat e the figures and the stories of wayang to be filled by Islamic values and phylosophi cal teaching , as described in the five figures of Pandawa as the representation of five tenets of Islam, they are Yudhistira ( Syaha>dah ), Bima ( S}ala>t ), Arjuna (Fasting Ramadhan), Nakula ( Zaka>h ) and Sadewa ( H { ajj ), as well as the figures of Punakawan, which represented people’s life and the way to face its obstacles which has not been exist before in Hindu era . Its represented by Semar, Gareng, Petruk, and Bagong . Thus, the figures of Pandawa and Punakawan influenced the people to finally embraced Islam .

Arabic Sign Language Adaptation In Teaching Fardhu Ain To The Disabled Hearing

The purpose of this study is to review the consensus of experts in the adaptation of the use of sign language in teaching fardhu ain to the disabled hearing. This study has used the technique of fuzzy delphi to seek a consensus of experts skilled in sign language to answer the review questions. Distributed instruments includes 14 items in order to obtain a consensus of experts. The findings show that there are five items that need to be adopted in the Arabic sign language that is the sign language related to the pronouncement of the Shahadah, beliefs and tenets of islam, body cleanliness, the aurat and prayer with the deffuzification value of 0.767.

MALDIVIAN LEGAL SYSTEM: ISLAMIC INFLUENCE AND LEGAL REFORM

The Maldivian legal system as it evolved, is one that has largely being influenced by the principles of Islam as a religion. With Islam declared to be the religion of the State in the Constitution, this is further strengthened by the fact that the Constitution mandates that no laws that are in contradiction to the tenets of Islam shall be ratified in the country. This sets the fundamental principle upon which the laws of the country rests. The reforms that have taken place since the enactment of the very first Constitution of the country in 1932 has in a large way being influenced by the said principle. Taking a qualitative approach, this paper aims to shed light on how Islam came to Maldives, the extent of its influence on the legal system in the country, and the scope for further studies on the subject.

MALDIVIAN LEGAL SYSTEM: ISLAMIC INFLUENCE AND LEGAL REFORM

The Maldivian legal system as it evolved, is one that has largely being influenced by the principles of Islam as a religion. With Islam declared to be the religion of the State in the Constitution, this is further strengthened by the fact that the Constitution mandates that no laws that are in contradiction to the tenets of Islam shall be ratified in the country. This sets the fundamental principle upon which the laws of the country rests. The reforms that have taken place since the enactment of the very first Constitution of the country in 1932 has in a large way being influenced by the said principle. Taking a qualitative approach, this paper aims to shed light on how Islam came to Maldives, the extent of its influence on the legal system in the country, and the scope for further studies on the subject.

Tourism and Environmental Protection from the Islamic Spiritual Approach

Religion unequivocally is significant. It is part of religion that teaches human how to be law-abiding to God, human and nature as a whole concept. Necessity of understanding diverse aspects of religions will contribute towards a harmonious life. In contrast, disregarding it would bring chaos to humanities as well as this world. Considering the fact that understanding the concept of sustainability from religion’s perspective is vital, this discussion is considered significant. Human equipped with such knowledge will encounter new ways of understanding and maintaining harmonious living via comprehending the whole aspects of religion. Tourism is on the rise. People are now willing to spend their time and money on tourism locally or abroad. In fact, tourism is greatly encouraged by government of a country. Islam, as al-din or a way of life, provides guidelines in every aspect of life. Islam observes that any action performed by a Muslim is counted as virtue as long as it is done accordingly and does not inflict harm or damage to his self or others. In fact, this action is deemed worship if it is for the purpose of seeking Allah’s blessing and the implementation does not contradict with the tenets of Islam. Likewise, in tourism. Aspects such as intention of a visit, places to visit, method of a visit, activities and rukhsah during a visit are among the guidelines discussed. This paper thus attempts to describe the basic concepts of Islamic Tourism based on the Quran and Sunnah and its relation to the environmental preservation and protection.

Salafi activism and the promotion of a modern Muslim identity

Indonesia has witnessed the emergence of a market of Islamic goods, services and media platforms that have catalysed a qualitative shift in the ways individuals come to express their religious convictions. Salafi Islam is no exception to this transformation, and this article provides a case study of contemporary Salafi propagation amongst Yogyakarta’s students and graduates. Through description and analysis of campus based religious lectures, websites, magazines and fashion outlets linked to the al-Atsary Islamic Education Foundation, this article explores the intricacies of campus affiliated da’wa. Linked to a ‘literalist’ interpretation of Islam reliant on scholars in Saudi Arabia, Salafism is frequently denounced as foreign to Indonesian norms. Yet, while activists do indeed promote a rigid adherence to Islamic tenets, they also align Islamic values to concerns with a modern Muslim identity. By framing Salafism as sensitive to ideas of professional employment, while juxtaposing it against images of a less well-educated rural Islam, they have thus have created a unique strand of urban Salafi propagation.

Political Islam in Islamism and Post Islamism: A Study on Islamic Renaissance Front (IRF)

Asef Bayat suggests a new approach for Islamists, called Post-Islamism which is broadly welcomed researchers towards current political Islam. Otherwise, Islamic Renaissance Front (IRF) is engaging Post-Islamism approach as a resistance to Islamism and suggested application of secularism and liberalism in Malaysian political arena. The objectives of this paper are to analyze and address clear perceptions that had found in Islamism and post-Islamism discussion. The main methodology for this paper is content analysis for interpreted IRF’s printed publications and electronic articles. This study also analyzed based on latest findings on Islamic tenets. The research covers inductive method that explains IRF works. Deductive method is also used for generalization in order to observe essential content of Islamism and post-Islamism. The study also refers to experts on the field of Islamic thought. Three members of Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM) were chosen and interviewed so as to be more accurate in Islamic affairs explanation. The results showed that secular and liberal thought is found in the post-Islamism which is the same essence in Islamism critics. Additionally, this article resolves confusion in discourse of political Islam especially within secularism, liberalism and democracy issues. Post-Islamism also used Turkey’s Political Model as a collateral argument. However, researchers such as Sengupta have found that Turkey’s Political Model carries secularism and liberalism as well. Therefore, Turkey’s Political Model is actually secular political concepts. Besides, there are clear IRF calls for Islamist to transform Islamism to post-Islamism approach and to be secular or liberal.

Virtually (Im)moral: Pious Indonesian Muslim Women’s Use of Facebook

Since the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998, the Indonesian media landscape has been radically transformed. The country is now a highly saturated media space in which people are exposed to numerous media, ranging from television to social media. In this article, I explore the meanings of Facebook for Indonesian Muslim women, in which morality is a core concern. Facebook becomes a platform in which they address and (re)work their understanding of Islam and ultimately voice their sense of piety. Based on ethnographic research with Muslim women and Indonesian media, I discuss the way they are actively shaping their piety through Facebook, especially around the issue of veiling. Although some religious clerics have concerns regarding Facebook, suggesting that it could incite gossip and jeopardise marriages, my participants utilised Facebook to share and discuss Islamic tenets with other Muslim women. Hence, Facebook is not merely experienced as a site for passing time or for entertainment, but is also used as a medium through which Indonesian women shape and refashion their piety.

Moderation of Islamic dogma and its manifestations in Saudi society

One of the characteristics of Islam is that it is a moderate religion; neither supports excess nor supports negligence. And this manifests itself in Islamic belief, worship, rules and regulations, dealings and behavior, politics, economics and so on. As a whole, we can declare that, in every matter Islam has left the impression of moderation. This research deals with the moderation of Islamic faith and its manifestations in Saudi society as it has shown the attitudes of Saudi society towards Islamic dogma. It has been clear through this research that Islamic dogma is distinguished by moderation and Saudi society has taken this high-minded character in embracing their beliefs of Islam, dealt with Islam moderately and, accordingly, applied this doctrine in every level of their lives following the way of the Prophet -Peace and blessings be upon him- and his companions – May Allah be pleased with them- and the pious ancestors after them and their rightly followers until the day of judgment. The article is divided into three sections preceded by an introduction: the first section deals with the concept of moderation and Islamic dogma, the second section deals with moderation in Islamic dogma and the method of Saudi society in receiving their beliefs and the third one deals with the manifestations of moderated Islamic dogma in Saudi society. And finally a conclusion which gathers some findings of the article.

Religion as Factor in Formation of Law: Current trends

This article consists of the following parts: introduction, methodology, research results, analysis, and discussion. The article is devoted to religious law formation research from a historical and modern prospective. The authors consider the most prevalent religions in present-day society such as Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism and the way in which these religions influence legislation of India, Russia, Thailand, the United Kingdom and Muslim states. Furthermore, the author researches relationship between religion, law, and morality to reveal theoretical and practical links between religion and law. The explanation of the criteria for the legal provisions morality of is an obvious fact. In this regard, analysis of religious values and morality mutual influence is a necessary step of scientific research. This point provided a basis for studying the basic tenets of Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism in terms of their ability to determine law. In conclusion, the authors note that the search for the rule we are looking for is not absolute, and many lawyers denied the very possibility of its existence. However, the authors come to the conclusion that complete denial of religious determinism of law restricts the range of possible tools for studying law formation.

Complexity of Boko Haram Insurgency: A Reflection on Ebira Tao North Central of Nigeria, 2003-2013

In order to protect and preserve Islamic tenets against the British Christian Missionary Education System, the slogan, Boko-Haram, which means Western education is unlawful was developed to discourage the populace in the north from missionary education in the early stage of colonialism. This was later to be used in the modern day to describe the extreme Islamic Movement known as Jama’atu Ahli Sunnah Liddawati Wal Jihad, popularly known as Boko-Haram (Paden 2012: 41). The sect first emerged in North-East Nigeria in 2003 and from 2009 onward; their activities have claimed thousands of lives in Yobe, Borno, Adamawa, Bauchi, Abuja, Kano and Kogi States. Churches, mosques, markets, government and tertiary institutions were targeted for destruction. The people of Ebira Tao, in Kogi State, in the North Central area of Nigeria, were gripped fear because of speculation that the deadly Islamic sect has sympathizers in the community. Hence, some Ebira Tao Muslim youths were arrested by law enforcement agents on the suspicion of being adherents of the new radical Islamic ideology. Prior to this assertion, Ebiraland was noted for volatility where political and religious conflicts permeated every segment of the land. In view of this, Nigerian security personnel became suspicious and sceptical of the religious zealousness of the Ebira youths and tended to characterise it falsely. The killing of a soldier, bombing of a church, murder of a church pastor and personalities in Ebiraland with methods similar to Boko Haram modus operandi gave weight to the opinion that elements of Boko-Haram existed in Ebiraland. The paper therefore seeks to interrogate the alleged links of the Boko Haram insurgency to activities of youths in Ebiraland.