Islamic Sources Research Articles

The The Teaching of Munasabat: its Significance in the Study of the Text of the Quran

At present, in kazakh society, especially among young people, the number of people interested in Islam is growing. At the same time, many measures are being taken at the state level to improve the religious literacy of society as a whole. Today, in order to meet the spiritual needs of the people, the clergy of the country pays great attention to the translation of the Quran into the state language. For a kazakh muslim who has not yet fully developed religious literacy, the issue of correct understanding and interpretation of the Koran presented in the kazakh language is very relevant. Since the Quran is the main source of Islam, in the beginning, any Muslim perceives Islam as he understands its content in the Quran. In this regard, this article talks about the teachings of munasabat, which plays an important role in the interpretation and translation of the verses of the Qur'an in the right direction. This teaching, in turn, studies the relationship between each sura and verses of the Qur'an and contributes greatly to determining their ultimate meaning.

Credit-using behavior of Muslims in non-Muslim country:A study of Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand

In today’s globalizing economy, a wide variety of credit sources are available to people in need of funds. However, for Muslims, prescriptions and limitations imposed by the Islamic religion have the potential to shape their credit-seeking behavior. This study investigates credit-using behavior of Muslims in Thailand, a non-Muslim country. The sample comprised 385 Muslims selected from 13 districts in Nakhon Si Thammarat. Data were obtained through face-to-face administration of structured questionnaires and analyzed through means, frequencies, standard deviation and ANOVA. Findings showed that most of the Muslims in Nakhon Si Thammarat did not seek credit from Islamic sources. Instead, they looked to conventional banks, General Cooperative and Saving Group and Non-bank creditors. In addition, most Muslim credit users were found to be conservative, had only one credit contract with one financial institution, minimal remaining debt balances, and were punctual in debt repayment. It was also revealed that Islamic Cooperatives and Savings groups constituted the most suitable Islamic source of funds for Shariah-compliant credit. It is recommended that stakeholders in the banking and credit sector should put in more effort to advance the operations of Islamic cooperatives and savings groups to provide convenient access to financial services and broaden the scope of Islamic credit to Muslims.

Changes in religious attitudes and behaviors of Euro‐Turk students with theology education

AbstractThis paper studied a new dimension of international students, who are citizens of another country but came back to Turkey for religious education where their parents or grandparents are citizens. Did a five‐year religious education process based on the main sources of Islam lead to a change in these students' religious attitudes and behaviors, and if yes to what extent did these changes occur? A panel survey is conducted on these students in pre‐education and post‐education periods to answer this question. Without ignoring the effect of the social environment outside of education on religious attitudes, we found that students exhibit a more tolerant, nonstrict attitude toward both their coreligionists and those who have negative attitudes toward their religion. Additionally, in parallel with the deepening of religious knowledge, a questioning and critical perspective was formed with a decrease in superstitions. We found that the attitude change in female students was generally higher than that of male students.

Say What Your Longing Heart Desires: Women, Prayer, and Poetry in Iran

Say What Your Longing Heart Desires: Women, Prayer, and Poetry in Iran

Human Rights from an Islamic Perspective: A Critical Review of Arabic Peer-Reviewed Articles

The relationship between human rights and Islam is important in countries of the Arab world where religion plays a significant role in public debates and daily life. The topic is particularly relevant at a time of sharpening conflicts and polarization, when forms of government in the region, the current world order, and the legitimacy of international organizations are increasingly contested. Much of the scholarly work published in English on this topic draws on sources available in English. This review, therefore, aims to make a contribution to the field through analysis and discussion of academic papers published in Arabic. A search was made in Google Scholar in April 2022 which yielded 12 publications published in 2020 and 2021, after inclusion and exclusion criteria had been applied. These publications were analyzed drawing on the four framing categories. A summary is also given of the definitions, sources, and premises on which the arguments of the publications draw. The reviewed papers contrast the universal and divine foundation of Islamic human rights with the limitations of modern conceptualizations based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). The latter is described as emanating from Western hegemonistic aspirations and as detached from moral and spiritual values. The papers consequently argue that human rights would be guaranteed globally by generalizing a system of governance based on Shari’a law and the ideal of the Rightly Guided Caliphs. Little attention is given to human rights abuses observed in Muslim societies, diverse interpretations of Islamic source texts, or concrete measures to improve human rights protections in practice. Importantly, the arguments presented in these papers tend to reinforce a contemporary discourse that frames conflicting visions on human rights as a ‘clash of civilisations’ between ‘Islam’ and ‘the West’.

The Fatwas of Indonesian Ulema Council tn The Era of Covid-19 Pandemic: An Islamic Legal Maxim Perspective

One of the triggers for the spread of the COVID-19 virus is a crowd of people, while several Muslim religious ritual activities are carried out in the form of a crowd (congregation). To avoid crowds of people, the Indonesian Ulema Council issued religious fatwas so those ritual activities would not become a cluster for the spread of COVID-19. This study analyzes the Indonesian Ulema Council’s (MUI) fatwas during the COVID-19 pandemic using the legal maxim perspective. This study uses the literature review method. Some primary and secondary literature on MUI fatwas are analyzed critically to obtain a complete, detailed, clear, and systematic picture of MUI fatwas. The study results show that the entire MUI fatwa is based on the Islamic legal maxim theoretical framework, which aims to keep Muslims away from harm, eliminate difficulties and difficulties, and endeavor to benefit as many people as possible. Besides, the entire Fatwa refers to authoritative Islamic sources, namely the Koran, the Prophet’s Hadith, scholars’ opinions, and experts' views. This study’s results can be applied as a guideline for Muslims and Muslim medical personnel in implementing Islamic teachings in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Islamic Perspectives on Religiusity and Students' Attitudes Toward Sexual Harassment

There are many negative impacts of sexual harassment cases, both physically and psychologically. Ironically, cases of sexual harassment where students are the victims continue to increase daily in academic and religious-based educational institutions. This study aimed to determine the Islamic perspective on the role of religiosity on sexual harassment attitudes in students. This study uses a qualitative approach through literature study by collecting, reading, and analyzing various Islamic sources, both the Qur'an, Al-Hadith, books and relevant journals. The study results show that someone with religiosity will be careful in maintaining his attitude, such as staying away from acts of sexual harassment, not tolerating this attitude and being kind to his victims. It shows that religiosity is a factor that can influence a person's attitude towards acts of sexual harassment.

Linguistic, historical, and religious connotations of the term "Hebrew" in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic sources

There is no doubt that the Hebrew language, which is an important part of the Semitic languages to which our Arabic language belongs, has become one of the important languages in the Arab region, and it is time for Arabs to learn it and understand what is going on around them and from within them in terms of plans that reflect on the future of the region as a whole. Therefore, it was our duty as specialists in the study of Semitic languages and the Hebrew language in particular to write research on the origins and divisions of this language. From this point of view, this research was prepared to complement the great scientific research and studies in the field of Semitic studies, especially the Hebrew side of it, the research has been addressed to several topics, the most important of which was the definition of the term "Hebrew" in Arabic and Hebrew, and knowing the origin of this term with mentioning the most important opinions that touched on the hadith about its origin and interpretation, and also the origin of the word labels (Jews - Israelites - Hebrews), and then it was proven whether the words "Hebrew" and "Arabic" are one word? Or is there a difference between them, hence the historical and religious connotations of the term "Hebrew" are mentioned in Jewish sources, and then in Jewish sources and finally in Islamic sources, where these connotations are the main axes around which this research revolves. In the end, there was the conclusion in which we mentioned the most important results we reached through the preparation of this research.

Bridging Islamic and Conventional Finance through Integration of Knowledge (IoK): The Potential of the Third Sector

Finance is integral to civilizational prosperity yet has impacted the global development of recent centuries, proved inherently inconsistent, and created multiple issues, i.e., inequalities. In this regard, Islamic finance (IF) offers solutions. Moreover, contemporary appraisals of the Integration of Knowledge (IoK) methodology represent a novel alternative to extant challenges and issues. The paper’s objectives are, therefore, to propose an IoK model of Islamic and conventional financial (CF) convergence with leverage to fintech and demonstrate the potential of the waqf sector for such convergence and its equivalent revival and reform along such methodological contours. This paper is a methodological contribution. However, library research, critical content analysis, and heterodox methods of concretization, synthesis, and transdisciplinary analytical reasoning substantiate the paper’s methodology. Islamic sources of knowledge, i.e., Qur’an, justify this study’s unorthodox methodology. A background depicts the CF problems and persistent issues that justify alternatives. It is followed by rationalizing IE development via IoK to converge IF and CF. The IoK model developed for IE development follows and is schematically demonstrated as novel findings of this paper to bridge the gap between IF and CF and leverage waqfs’ role and potential. Greater reference to waqf projects institutionalized implications for IF and integration with CF. Further, leveraging waqf and even fintech as an indicator of digitalization within the IoK model has implications for attaining the defined maqāṣid and developing IE genuinely. A conclusion summarizes and provides actionable recommendations linked with the IoK model’s objectives to reform extant IF and conventional practice based on sound Islamic philosophical foundations and maqāṣid-oriented envisioning of IE development.

Portrait of Moderate Islam Within Muslim University Students in Indonesia

The violence in the name of religion is now not only happening in the Middle East but has also penetrated Indonesia. Indonesia is not only known as a Muslim-majority country that is friendly and peace-loving but also has a diversity of religions, ethnicities, races, and cultures that have the potential to trigger conflict at any time. Violations of religious freedom in Indonesia have increased dramatically in recent years. This study is aimed to explore the understanding of Muslim students in Indonesia about Islamic moderation, the perceptions of Muslim students in Indonesia about the application of Islamic moderation, and the challenges and strategies of universities in implementing Islamic moderation on Muslim students in Indonesia. This study uses phenomenology approach with Muslim students as the object of the research. The participants were selected purposively as many as 20 students. This study finds that Muslim students in Indonesia characterize Islamic moderation as Muslims who are open to technological change, tolerant and harmonious with other Muslims and non-Muslims, non-violent, democratic, and access to comprehensive Islamic sources. Even though Muslim students in Indonesia have implemented Islamic moderation, there are still misconceptions about Islamic moderation. The challenge of implementing Islamic moderation in Muslim students is that they are easily exposed to extreme understanding through social media or the pragmatic and rational Islamic community.

Islamisches Rechtswesen und umweltökologische Nachhaltigkeit: Positionen zu einer islamisch geprägten Umweltethik

In recent decades, questions of climate change and environmental problems have received increasing attention not only in Germany and Europe, but also globally. This has been accompanied by transnational and societal debates on environmental ethics. Such debates have also found their way into Muslim discourses. Since the 1960s, Muslim environmental activists, theologians, and scholars have addressed these issues from an Islamic ethical perspective. In doing so, they have referred to Islamic normative texts such as the Qur'an and the Sunnah (traditions of the Prophet) in order to identify points of reference and relevant concepts for environmental ethics. In this context, particular reference is made to classical concepts such as tawḥīd (the oneness of God and His creation), ḫilāfa (the vicegerency of man), and amāna (trust). These are supposed to serve as the religious basis for so-called eco-Islam. However, it is questionable whether these concepts, in their classical understanding, are applicable to contemporary non-religious discourses on ecological sustainability as well as to current discourses on ethics. Against this background, the present article explores more recent approaches to environmental ethics. It examines the extent to which approaches and concepts stemming from Islamic sources can be used as a basis for contemporary discourses on Islamic environmental ethics. The article follows a historical-critical approach and aims to provide insights for rethinking the question of Islamic environmental ethics.

The Roots of Romantic Topoi: A Local Intercultural Encounter and a Glocal Transcultural Experience

Many critics have speculated on the influence of Western literature on English romantic poets. Mainstream scholars have often referred to Greek, Roman, and Western sources, attributing the genealogy of romantic topoi to the West, while turning a blind eye to the impact of non-Western culture. As a result, the influence of Arabic materials on English Romantic poetry during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries remains insufficiently recognized. The present study challenges the pervasive assumption that English Romantic poets were influenced mainly by the Western philosophical, religious, and literary sources. Instead, it provides evidence supporting the view that the roots of romantic topoi derive from both intercultural encounters and transcultural experiences. In particular, the role played by Oriental, Arab, and Muslim writers in helping English romantic poets develop their themes, characters, imagery, and narrative modes is discussed. Moreover, Arab-Islamic influences on Western literature is acknowledged to rectify the misconception that romantic topoi solely resulted from the Western intercultural encounters. The analyses presented in the paper demonstrate that Arabic and Islamic sources inspired British romantic poets like Coleridge, Wordsworth, and Keats, helping them not only in finding their own voices but also in developing their themes, metaphors, symbols, characters, and images.

Afrika’daki Tarikatların Psiko-Sosyal, Kültürel, Tarihî ve İslamî Dinamikleri

In terms of Sufi studies, African geography has not been subjected to sufficient examination, both in the Islamic world and in the western world. Studies and researches are also mostly at the level of popular publications. In the works of Western researchers, the subject has not gone beyond reporting. Many western researchers approached Africa within the framework of the orientalist approach and plunged the continent into a whirlpool of marginalization. There is a need for new and appropriate academic studies in order to reveal the mystical accumulation in the continent based on both western and Islamic sources. Based on this fact, we are trying to deal with the activities of the sects that we focus on in our study, particularly in Africa. Our article will be evaluated under six sub-titles. In this context, firstly, the findings on the pioneers of the sufi orders in the field of science, morality and trade in Africa will be revealed. In the second stage, the understanding of al Tariqa al Mohammadi adopted by the sufi orders in Africa will be emphasized. As a third point, determinations will be made about the role of sufi orders in the spread of Islam in Africa. The fourth issue to be discussed will be the efforts of the sufi orders to keep the Islamic culture and civilization alive in Africa. In the fifth dimension, the struggle of the sufi orders against imperialism will be mentioned. In the final analysis, the contributions of sects to social life will be examined.

TOWARDS A FOUR-DIMENSION ISLAMIC FRAMEWORK FOR REDEFINING POVERTY

This study proposes a four-dimension model to redefine poverty based on the Islamic tradition. The extant literature is deficient in holistic discussion on poverty and its multidimensionality. The study employs inductive and deductive reasoning as a part of the qualitative research method to analyze the existing literature. It draws on the primary sources of Islam and works of Muslim scholars on poverty and other related aspects. It has also reviewed the conventional literature on poverty from social policy, economics, sociology, psychology, psychiatry, and health, among others. The study can influence policymaking and research directions and shed light on critical measures and strategies related to poverty alleviation. The study's novelty lies in developing an original Islamic model for redefining poverty and setting a new yet comprehensive direction for future research.

Evaluation of Quality Principles from the Islamic Perspective

Quality is a phenomenon whose existence dates back to the first period of human history. Before the industrial revolution, quality was realized through mutual interaction between the person producing the service or the product and the customer. Customer's satisfaction was an important factor in determining the quality. In the development of quality, which had many different and simple applications in the past, a new era started with the industrial revolution, and new developments occurred in the principles, visibility, and applications of quality. In this period, with an increase in products and services, the masters working in production started to work in the background, and the direct contact between the producer and the customer was weakened and even disappeared. As a result of this, employers offering products and services developed new systems such as inspection, statistical quality control, and total quality management to ensure quality. Quality has reached its current form with total quality management. Studies in this field continue to expand and increase in many areas such as education and health. The understanding of quality has spread throughout the world with the development of communication and transportation facilities and the spread of global trade, and eventually, it has come to a position that affects many societies, including Muslims. Muslims, who have trained many important philosophers and scientists in many fields throughout history, also established many major and developed states and pioneered many areas of life. At this point, the fact that Muslims are at the center of important progress and developments in every field in a period and environment where there is no modern understanding of quality necessitates investigating the motivation behind this situation. Likewise, it makes it necessary to answer the questions; "Do the issues known as quality principles take place in the set of rules and principles brought by Islam?", “To what extent are the principles of quality compatible with the principles of Islam?” For this reason, in this study, it is aimed to examine the quality, its principles, and their development processes, to evaluate them within the framework of Islamic principles, and to determine the perspective of Islam on this issue. The study is limited to the evaluation of the planning, implementation, control, and precautionary phases of the Plan-do-check-act cycle (PDCA cycle), which focus on quality, customer orientation, the leadership of the senior management, continuous improvement, and its mechanism. Unlike previous studies, it is thought that the study, which is evaluated in terms of Islamic principles based on the principles of total quality management, will contribute to the literature with this dimension. Moreover, it is thought that it will support the awareness of quality principles that contributed to the advancements made by Muslims in many fields, especially in science, and will also provide Muslims with a perspective on today's quality understanding. In this study, studies and documents on today's quality and principles were used. Primary sources were also used by reaching the works of many experts on the subject, especially Edward Deming, who is known as the pioneer of quality, and today's academic studies were taken into consideration and used. The evaluation of quality principles was made within the framework of the Qurʾān and Sunnah, which are the main sources of Islam. During the study, a number of verses and ḥadīths related to quality principles were used, some examples from the Qurʾān and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muḥammad were given, considering that this would increase the volume of the study, and not all of the verses and ḥadīths were mentioned. At the end of the study, it has been found that “the leadership of the top management, customer centricity, continuous improvement, doing the works firstly with the stakeholders and in accordance with the plan, obtaining results by following the applications, evaluating the obtained results together with the relevant internal and external stakeholders and making improvements in the final step” which are among the principles of quality take place among the principles that Islam has set, with different dimensions. Likewise, it has been understood that the religious teachings and the practices of the Prophet Muḥammad are an important source of motivation for Muslims to achieve significant success and to do quality work.

AN ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE ON THE RULE OF LAW

The rule of law means the government must operate based on the principles of law. The rule of law is significant for good governance and sustainable development. For this reason, all States need to improve this aspect in their governments. Muslim States may need motivation from the religion itself, and in order to cater to this need, this article discusses the rule of law based on the Islamic sources of reference, including verses of the Qur’ān, the practice and saying of Prophet Muḥammad (s.a.w.), and the practice of his Rightly Guided Caliphs. This article finds that the idea of the rule of law is embedded in Islam, though some of its provisions on fundamental rights may not be universally acceptable.

Female Competencies from the Narratives of the Qur’an: Queen of Sheba’s Crisis Management Style as a Leadership Model

<p>This article examines the skills and competency of women in managing crises as narrated in the Holy Qur'an. The various kinds of crises (social, cultural, religious, and political crises) that exist in societies are illustrated in the Qur'an. It also gives different stories showing women's ability to manage and find solutions to crises. Among the different crises portrayed in the Qur'an, this article explicitly addresses the political crisis encountered by the Queen of Sheba (Bilqis) in her kingdom with Prophet Sulaiman (PBUH) as an example and how she managed it. It explains how the Queen managed the crisis with minimum loss through her leadership skills. A qualitative method is applied to analyze data derived from various sources such as theses, journals, and articles related to the principles of crisis management from an Islamic perspective and followed by exploring the crisis management models by being directed to the Al-Qur'an (the primary sources of Islam) and its interpretation. In this study, the political crisis, its management strategies, and its recovery results are analyzed. The study results show that women can be successful leaders with leadership characteristics, management, and personal skills.</p>

Tevhitten Şirke Giden Süreçte Bir Figür: Amr B. Lühay

Tawhid”, which means dedicating worship only to Almighty Allah and turning to Him, is the basis of Islamic belief. “Shirk”, which means associating partners with Allah (cc), has somehow existed in the life adventure of human beings since the first human and the Prophet Adam. Regardless of the society, geography, time and place, it is observed that shirk comes to life when belief in Allah (cc) is weakened. In the period when the Prophet Muhammad was sent, besides the belief in Allah among the Arabs, idolatry was one of the basic elements of religious life. In this study, the factors that led the Arab society, who were the first addressees of the Prophet’s message, to turn to idolatry, were revealed through a figure whose name is mentioned a lot in the sources. As the majority of Islamic sources point out, Amr b. Luhay from Huzaa tribe is the person who introduced idolatry into the life of the Hijaz society and the Arabs in general. In this study, his position and the process are clarified as much as possible. Ending the rule of the Curhum tribe over Mekka and seizing power with the support of his tribe, Huzaa, Amr b. Luhay undersigned some practices that would leave deep traces in later periods. The influence of the Prophet Abraham’s tradition of tawhid has been continuing especially in Mekka and the Hijaz region for a long time. According to narratives, Amr b. Luhay took some of the idolatry he saw during a trip to the north of Arabia and brought them to the Hijaz. Convincing the public that this idolatry has extraordinary qualities, he created new rituals and made an expansion in his own way. He encouraged the worship of idolatry such as visits, sacrifices, and circumambulation, inherited from the Prophet Abraham. Idolatry, which was respected and refrained by people when appropriate, increased numerically over time. The symbol of tawhid, the Kaaba, has turned into a pantheon of idolatry. Amr expanded the wave of idolatry in the peninsula by bringing the idolatry named Vedd, Yauk, Yegus, Nesr, Suva‘, which remained from the time of Prophet Noah and mentioned in the Qur’an, to different Arab tribes. Carrying out practices that were diametrically opposed to the understanding of tawhid and led the Arab society to the circle of shirk, Amr b. Luhay was not limited to bringing idolatry to the region The chief of the Huzaa tribe, Amr b. Lühay, draws attention as a pioneer and charismatic leader, influencing the masses by gathering power, material and spiritual forces in his hands in Mekka, the centre of the Arabian Peninsula. Due to his pioneering role in presenting Shirk to the Arab society, he marked a negative era. The statements in the narratives from the Messenger of Allah that he saw him in Hell should be a warning in the form of “indicating evil/a means of doing evil”.

The Politics of Islam: The Muslim Brothers and the State in the Arab Gulf

The Politics of Islam: The Muslim Brothers and the State in the Arab Gulf

Significant Development of the Concept of Ahl-Dhimmah on Religious Rights in Early Islamic State

This article is to trace the problem of the right of a citizen of different religions to practice the faith in an Islamic country. This issue is not a new issue since as early as the formation of the Islamic state of Madinah, communities of different religions have also already existed. Therefore, to understand the model of managing the affairs of non -Muslim religious beliefs through the historical lens of the Prophet Muḥammad Rasūlullah (PBUH)) has become important for the ummah. The present article, using a descriptive and analytical approach and drawing upon Islamic sources, i.e. the Holy Qur’ān, the Prophetic Traditions and selected opinion of Muslim scholars to explores the conceptual framework that Muslim jurists develop their ruling with regard to issue encounter Muslim and non-Muslims affairs in the light of Fiqh al-Siyār. As a result, this study shows that the combination of the guidance of Wahy and the contract signed by the Prophet Rasūlullah (PBUH) and Ṣaḥabah with non -Muslims, especially contract of Syurūṭ ‘Umariyyah gave inspiration for jurist to provide a social conduct of religious rights for non -Muslims.