Islamic Movement In Indonesia Research Articles

The Role of Islamic Movements in Indonesia and Malaysia in Rejecting the Abraham Accords

The Role of Islamic Movements in Indonesia and Malaysia in Rejecting the Abraham Accords

Muhammadiyah Goes International? Challenges and Opportunities

The idea of Muhammadiyah internationalization emerged as a response to the phenomenon of globalization, where Muhammadiyah tried to ensure that its da'wah movement was in line with the conditions of the times. This approach also includes global social issues such as the fate of workers, gender inequality, nuclear issues, and the environment. Muhammadiyah has a high commitment to the values of Pancasila and tries to contribute to achieving Indonesia's national ideals as stated in the Preamble to the 1945 Constitution. In the international context, Muhammadiyah not only plays a role as an Islamic movement but also as a socio-Islamic movement that tries to respond to various global issues. This article discusses how Muhammadiyah tries to develop the concept of peaceful Islamic da'wah amidst the complexity of the international world. Furthermore, it explains how Muhammadiyah's role in international relations involves active participation in conflict resolution, peacebuilding, and humanitarian activities in various countries. Muhammadiyah's internationalization strategy is explained through programs such as sending its best cadres abroad, establishing schools and charitable efforts in various countries, and participating in international forums. The author also discusses the concept of Muhammadiyah internationalization in three dimensions, namely ideas, roles, and movements. The idea of internationalization involves global socialization of the character of the Muhammadiyah movement and teachings. The role of internationalization includes increasing the role of Muhammadiyah in international forums, such as humanitarian missions, peace, and social activities. Meanwhile, the internationalization of the movement aims to make Muhammadiyah a model of Islamic practice that can be adopted globally. Furthermore, this article describes how Muhammadiyah, as an Islamic movement in Indonesia, is actively involved in the dynamics of the international world to encourage the transformation of the role of religions in overcoming global problems. Through internationalization, Muhammadiyah seeks to be part of a global movement that brings enlightenment, promotes Islam as a religion of peace, and contributes to the development of world civilization.

Menapaki Jejak Kebangkitan Pendidikan Islam di Era Pasca Reformasi (1998-2000): Sebuah Kajian Historis

The history of Islamic education in Indonesia spans from the arrival of Islam and has been influenced by government policies and socio-political dynamics. The Reform era brought significant changes in efforts to renew Islamic education to meet contemporary needs and strengthen Indonesia's national identity. Islamic organizations such as Salafi (Wahhabi), integrated Islamic schools, and the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS) have influenced Islamic educational policies. The research method employed was literature review, a qualitative approach relying on theoretical analysis from scholarly literature. The conclusion highlights that Salafi ideology underpins the establishment of educational institutions and foundations involved in disseminating Wahhabi doctrine through preaching and book publication. This movement has also influenced the formation of Islamic movements in Indonesia. Integrated Islamic schools, pioneered by activists from various campuses, emerged partly due to concerns over children's moral conduct and inadequate parental supervision. Significant changes and reforms include curriculum improvements, enhancement of teacher quality, and educational policies affecting the national education system. The Prosperous Justice Party (PKS), starting from nurturing cadres and campus preaching, has evolved into a influential political force. PKS has laid a strong foundation for Islamic education programs and social initiatives. The influence of PKS is evident in improving the quality of Islamic education at elementary and secondary levels, as well as in shaping a strong Islamic identity among educated middle-class communities.

Deradicalizing Digital Islamic Space Through The Ahl Al-Sunnah Wa al-Jama’ah (Aswaja) Thoughts: Indonesia and Malaysia Cases

The digitalization of Aswaja’s moderate understanding in the digital space is essential to counter religious extremist narratives. Focusing on the context of Indonesia and Malaysia, two countries where the majority of Muslims adhere to Aswaja teachings, this research aims to answer the question of how is Aswaja preserved in the digital space to deradicalize radical Islamic movements in Indonesia and Malaysia? This study employs a qualitative research method using the Religious Social Shaping of Technology (RSST) approach. Data were obtained through interviews, observation, and documentation. The research found that the practice of Aswaja in these two countries has transformed new media. The digitalization of Aswaja is based on its moderate principles. Aswaja’s moderate values have influenced the new religious environment as an antithesis to the more extreme and closed religious spaces controlled by extremist Puritan communities. In Malaysia, Aswaja’s digital narratives tend to be more controlled and less contested, whereas in Indonesia, Aswaja’s narratives tend to be less controlled and face more contestation. This study contributes to the development of a new religious space, where the more moderate the ideological basis of new religious media, the more moderate the appearance of the religious media.

Islam and Indonesian Culture (Rituals and Institutions)

This article explores the relationship between Islam and culture in Indonesia, focusing on aspects of ritual and religious institutions. Indonesia itself has quite a bit of cultural diversity and religious traditions, so this journal aims to investigate various aspects of Islam in life in Indonesia and how this influences rituals and institutions in Indonesia. The first part discussed in this journal is tracing the development of Islam in Indonesia, how Islam is integrated with local culture, and how the Islamic movement in Indonesia influenced the formation of religious rituals and institutions. Then the journal will explore various types of Islamic religious rituals in Indonesia, as well as explore Islamic institutions in forming Islamic identity in Indonesia, as well as explore their relationship with local culture. By presenting an understanding of the relationship between Islam and culture in Indonesia, it is hoped that the journal can contribute to religious, social and cultural studies in Indonesia in the future. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a focus on literature analysis. The research will explore information from relevant journals, books and previous research to gain an in-depth understanding of the role of rituals and religious institutions in the lives of Indonesian society.

The Existence of Islamic Politics Against Heterodox of Islamic Movements in Indonesia: Post-Independence Rifa'iyah Sect

This research explains the relationship between politics and Islamic movements which influence each other with their respective roles in society. Political discussions include power, ideology, legitimacy, government, state, nation and others. The political consequences have had a huge impact on the orthodoxy and heterodoxy of the Islamic movement in Indonesia. This study focuses on the Rifa'iyah case in the 20th century AD. The Rifa'iyah group is heterodox because it is considered to deviate from Islamic teachings in general. This causes heterodox groups to experience discrimination and prohibitions from the Central Java Prosecutor's Decree. The uniqueness of Rifa'iyah's living pattern is in groups and in rural areas. This minority group received political asylum and blended into society until their struggle succeeded in revoking the prohibition decree. Especially the emergence of reform which has become the political aspirations of the Islamic community. This research is a qualitative type using a social-historical approach. The data collection method is library research, while the data analysis method is descriptive analysis. The research results show that politics has a role as accommodative, hegemonic and power. Rifa'iyah's strategy is to adjust its political role to regain its legality by collaborating with political parties, studying academically by holding seminars, and taking advantage of the reform period. The existence of politics can dissolve or maintain heterodox.

TRANSNATIONAL ISLAMIC MOVEMENTS IN INDONESIA

Transnational Islamic Movement is a new vocabulary in academic view. This movement tends to focus on ideological ideas that side with Muslims all over the world. The main factor in the emergence of the Islamic Movement in Indonesia is because Indonesia is a country with the most adherents of Islam in the world. This study reviews the Transnational Islamic Movement in Indonesia. It aims to find out the history of the Transnational Islamic Movement and whatever groups exist in Indonesia. The type of this research is historical research. In this research, the authors review the premises and practice of the historical method to understand how it came to be. The result is the discovery of Islamic groups such as (1) Wahhabism, (2) Ikhwanul Muslimin, (3) Hizbut Tahrir, (4) Jihadi, (5) Da'wah Salafi and Sururi, (6) Tablighi Jamaat, and (7) Syiah.

Weaving Modernity in Salafism

This study examines the parallels between Muhammadiyah, the oldest and largest modernist Islamic movement in Indonesia, and Jama’atu Izalatil Bid’a Wa Ikamatus Sunnah, also known as Izala, the most significant Islamic reformist movement in West Africa, which originated in northern Nigeria. Concurrently, these groups share a common focus on socio-religious reform and a commitment to puritan Islam. It is undeniable that various Islamic movements/groups have existed and continue to exist outside the Arab world, but relatively few studies have focused on Islamic groups operating in West Africa or Southeast Asia, for example. This study highlights the importance of examining Islamic movements in regions beyond the Arab world, particularly in West Africa and Southeast Asia. The large Muslim populations in Indonesia and Nigeria offer a rich context for exploring the dynamics of Islamic movements. The research reveals, despite the groups’ Salafi-inspired ideologies, they mediate socio-religious reform, indicating the modernising rather than conservative aspects of Indonesian and Nigerian Islam. Within their respective contexts, these groups represent forms of reconstructed alternative modernity, or distinctly Islamic interpretations of modernity, which they define through executing their reform activities within Islamic frameworks. They navigate the complexities of modernity by balancing adherence to traditional values with adaptation to contemporary developments. Notably, the study is driven by a belief that comparative studies across different Salafi-inspired groups in distinct contexts could provide broader understanding of the evolving relationship between Salafism and modernity.

Typology of Islamic Movements in Indonesia 18-19 Century

The study explores the typology of the Islamic movement in Indonesia in the 18th to 19th centuries with a focus on resistance to Dutch colonialism, education, as well as tasawuf and tarekat aspects. The phenomenon of religious revivalism, especially in the growth of the practitioners and tarekat, was closely linked to the rise of the people of Hajj in the 19th century. Dutch colonial politics, in its attempt to humanize Indonesia from Islam, used Western education as its primary tool. The process of secularization occurs as a result of the penetration of Western influence into the education system, forming secular groups that tend to support non-religious organizations. The emergence of the Islamic modernist movement as a result of the diversification of the movement, especially in the fields of law, leadership, and conflict between custom and religion. Political developments show the accommodation and polarization between the traditionalist and modernist groups, shaping the diversity of Islamic movement in Indonesia. The study uses a library method with a qualitative approach, analysing contemporary historical sources related to the Islamic movement in Indonesia during that period. The results identified the typology of the movement based on its patterns and characteristics, including political, economic, educational, tasawuf, and tarekat. Various events of resistance to colonialism are described, such as the Padri Movement (1819-1837) in Minangkabau, the Diponegoro War (1825-1839) in Java, the Banjarmasin War, and the rebellion in Banten influenced by the Qadiriyah tarekat wal Naqsyabandiyah. Educational institutions, especially gymnastics, have become the focus of the Islamic movement. The importance of the role of tasawuf and tarekat in motivating resistance against colonial oppression is illustrated, for example, through the network of tarekat Syatariyah in the Java War. In conclusion, the Islamic movement in Indonesia in the 18th to 19th centuries involved complex typologies, covering aspects of resistance, education, and spirituality, shaping the dynamics of Indonesian Islamic history.

Nurcholish Madjid's Neo-Modernism in Substantive Islamic Movements in Indonesia

At this time, there is a stagnation of thought among Muslims regarding whether the concept of an Islamic state is still being debated or not. Islamic socio-political movements are divided into two streams, namely Substantive Islam and Symbolic Islam. Nurcholish Madjid firmly rejects the politicization of Islam in the interests of political groups that are members of Islamic parties. With the motto: "Islam Yes, Islamic Party No!". According to Nurcholish Madjid, Islamic political power is not always related to Islamic parties. He tries to convey a more substantial view of Islam, not just symbolism. Seeing the current situation, the criticism conveyed by Nurcholish Madjid is still very relevant. This research was conducted to explore the relevance of Nurcholish Madjid's thoughts on state politics in Indonesia by considering the current situation. Based on the results of this research, it was revealed that Nurcholish Madjid chose Islam which is more substantial than just symbolism. This has its roots in the universal values of Islam, not just the symbol of the "Islamic party" itself. If we look at the current situation, the criticism raised by Nurcholish Madjid is still relevant because, at this time, the politicization of religion is generally used to attack political opponents or increase party electability. Instead of using Islam as a moral guide for politics, political elites tend to use Muslims for individual interests.

The Influence Of The Modern Islamic Education Movement On The Development Of Islamic Thought In Indonesian The Perspective Of The Quran (Study Of Al-Qur'an Letter Ar-Ra'd Verse 11)

This discussion will talk about the organic link between the modern Islamic movement in Indonesia and the development of Islamic thought as we are witnessing it today in Indonesia. So to sequence our analysis, we will talk about modern Indonesian Islamic movements from a historical perspective, contemporary Islamic thought: a creative struggle to create a new Islamic tradition in Indonesia, at the end we include an analysis of challenges and challenges. the opportunity to create a new tradition is the study of the Qur'an letter Ar-Ra'd verse 11, in the form of literature relevant to the research topic. The author reads various books, journal articles, and publications related to the Modern Islamic Education Movement in Indonesia on the Development of Islamic Thought in Indonesia Today in the Perspective of the Qur'an. Talking about Islamic Movement Studies is an interesting thing and often invites a lot of debate. It does not only concern theoretical issues but also concerns the applicable realm in the social life of religion. The problem of studying Islamic movements, especially Islam, is experiencing dynamics and challenges according to the development of science. Keywords: Modern Islamic Movements, Historical Perspectives and Contemporary Thought

Memahami Gerakan Islam Transnasional (Studi Kasus di Indonesia, Brunei, dan Thailand)

This article aims to understand the transnational Islamic movement with a focus on three countries: Indonesia, Brunei, and Thailand. Transnational Islamic movement refers to the flow and influence of Islam that transcends national borders and has significant impacts on the social, political, and religious developments in the involved countries. This case study will discuss the key characteristics of the transnational Islamic movement in Indonesia, Brunei, and Thailand, as well as the factors influencing its development. Additionally, the article will also analyze how this movement plays a role in shaping the Muslim identity in these three countries. The research methods employed in this article are descriptive and comparative analysis. Data is obtained through literature studies and document reviews. The research findings indicate that the transnational Islamic movement in Indonesia, Brunei, and Thailand exhibits different characteristics depending on the respective countries' histories, cultures, and political situations. Factors such as migration, social media, financial support, and political issues play crucial roles in the development of this movement. In conclusion, the transnational Islamic movement has significant impacts within the contexts of Indonesia, Brunei, and Thailand.

Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama Contribution to The Islamic Economics Development in Indonesia

Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama are the two pillars of the Islamic movement in Indonesia. Therefore, the discussion about Islam in Indonesia is only valid with both. Muhammadiyah represents the modernist Islamic movement. Meanwhile, Nahdlatul Ulama represents the traditionalist Islamic movement. The role of both in da'wah activities of Islam in the religious, educational, and social fields is authentic and felt by society. In the context of Islamic economics, both contribute to development in Indonesia. There is their second attempt to develop Islamic economics since the beginning founding. This is a qualitative study that uses the approach of history. The results show that Muhammadiyah and Nahdlatul Ulama have contributed to the Sharia economic development since before the independence, both in Islamic economic thought and practices. With the spirit of Al-Ma'un, the founder of Muhammadiyah, KHA Dahlan, has inspired Muhammadiyah members to activity economy Islamic philanthropy and remains preserved until the day. At the same time, KH Hasyim Asy'ari, as the founding father of Nahdlatul Ulama, initiated Nahdlatut Tujjar as an embryo for the birth of Nahdlatul Ulama. Both have contributed to developing a good Sharia economy internally and externally.

Contemporary Narratives of Leftist Islam Movements in Indonesia and Turkey: A Comparative Analysis

This research analyses the contemporary narratives of leftist Islam movements being developed as a counter-narrative to dominant Islamic discourse in Indonesia and Turkey. These leftist Islam movements were introduced under different circumstances in the two countries. In Indonesia, leftist Islam was initially promoted by Islamic scholars who were interacting with Marxist references. This was shown in the cases of Haji Misbach, who was one of Indonesia’s – and the world’s – first leftist Muslim figures. In the case of Turkey, some leftist Islamic movements were inspired by the modern Turkish Marxist movement, which emerged in the middle of the twentieth century and was eventually combined with Islamic elements. This research argues that as both Indonesian and Turkish governments are consolidating their modes of authoritarian neoliberal governance, combined with increasing religiosity, the narratives of leftist Islam are re-emerging as a way to provide socio-political criticisms and to formulate alternative ideas on the role of Islam in improving the livelihood of Muslims in Indonesia and Turkey. This research engages with several cases of leftist Islamic movements in Indonesia and Turkey. In Indonesia, this research takes the examples of FNKSDA (Nahdliyyin Front for Natural Resource Sovereignty) and its media outlet Islam Bergerak (Islam on the Move) which have had an important role in organising leftist Islamic movement in Indonesia during the 2010s. In the case of Turkey, we examine the role of Antikapitalist Müslümanlar (Anti-Capitalist Muslims), also known as Kapitalizmle Mücadele Derneği (Association for Fight against Capitalism). This research identifies the socio-political origins, main ideas, goals, and strategies of the contemporary leftist Islam movements in Indonesia and Turkey.

The Role of Government Political Approaches in the Growth and Decline of Hardline Islamic Movements in Indonesia

One of the most arduous challenges in the development of Indonesian democracy has been the political contestation between the hardline Islamists vs. secular nationalists. This paper describes how the Indonesian governments dealt with this conflict due to the growing Islamic conservatism and the midst of democratization. For this purpose, this paper examines the controversial government policies during the administration of Soekarno, Soeharto, Soesilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY), and Joko Widodo, who governed Indonesia for at least two terms. The analysis of the data collected from various media and research publications describes and compares the political approaches of these presidents in dealing with hardline Islamic movements. Soekarno had to end his primary reliance on democratic debates that resulted in no agreement by issuing an authoritarian decree allowing him to ban the most powerful Islamist party – Masyumi. Soeharto, who implemented iron-fist policies against the Islamists, created stability for badly needed development, but to maintain his power, he had to meet some of the Islamic demands. Due to the reform era, SBY attempted to be more democratic toward the hardline Islamic appeals, leading to his indecisiveness that enhanced the growth of Islamic hardliners. Jokowi uses legal and discursive strategies to uphold secular nationalism. Still, to deal with Islamic radicalism, he used semi-authoritarian approaches such as banning hardline Islamic organizations. This paper concludes that the Indonesian liberal democratic political approaches could enhance Islamic politics and the growth of hardline Islamism. In contrast, authoritarian or semi-authoritarian approaches to secular nationalism created more stability for the growth of moderate Islam in Indonesia.

THE MODERATE PATH OF ISLAMIC LEGAL THOUGHT: THE CASE OF MUHAMMADIYAH IN INDONESIA

The religious moderation is a newly introduced discourse in Indonesian Islam context. This movement is aimed at moderating extreme practices of Islam and religion in general. Muhammadiyah, one major Islamic movement in Indonesia is known for its moderate and modern inclination. However, as Muhammadiyah is also known as the movement of Islamic reformation which to some extent is often connected to purification, some identifications of Muhammadiyah as a non-moderate movement prevails. This article shows that Muhammadiyah is a modern and moderate Islamic organization. In order to proof this claim, this paper analyses one document produced by Majelis Tarjih Muhammadiyah, a council within the organization of Muhammadiyah responsible for responding novel issues within the realm of Islamic law in particular, and Islamic thought in general. The document called Risalah Akhlak Filosofis or Treatise on Philosophical Ethics which was issued in 2020 as the result of the council congress. Using the moderation theoretical framework, analysis of the treatise proofs that Muhammadiyah is a moderate Islamic religious movement, in two contexts, theoretical and practical. Moreover, in Muhammadiyah context, moderation is comprehended in two meanings, namely moderation in the meaning of balance and anti or avoiding extremism. In this sense, moderation can be seen through the explanation in the treatise which emphasizes the importance of placing roles in various contexts. Furthermore, moderation in Muhammadiyah’s thought can also be seen in its unwillingness to take advantage of other people’s thoughts. In this case, Muhammadiyah shows its tendency of moderation through dialogue of thought between civilizations.

Pengkaderan dan Dakwah Sebagai Basis Gerakan (Studi Kasus Ormas Hidayatullah)

The term "Islamic Movement" in the last decade has been confused, because some groups often associate it with radical movements, terrorism, to justify all means to achieve their political goals. This kind of meaning seems to send a negative message to the Islamic movement in Indonesia that has long struggled to build the nation. The term "movement" attached to each Islamic organization actually refers to two important concepts; renewal and reform. This research wants to reveal what kind of role Ormas Hidayatullah fights to build the nation. Starting from the history of its establishment, the concept of wiring and da'wah applied to the profile of its founder. The method used is library study, where the author collects, reads and learns various references relevant to the theme carried out in this journal article. The results showed that Hidayatullah's organization is a religious social organization that makes the empowerment and da'wah as the basis of his movement. The basis of hidayatullah's orams footing as orams da'wah as well as a paradigm da'wah for its cadres, namely, the Qur'an and Sunnah of the Prophet SAW. Currently, Ormas Hidyatullah has branches in various cities in Indonesia, even abroad.

Anatomi dan Aktualisasi Islam Moderat di Tengah Gelombang Gerakan Islam Kontemporer di Indonesia

The article aims to emphasize conceptually and operationally that moderate Muslims are those who reject extreme religious models and declare violence and terrorism as views and behaviours that are not justified by religion. In addition, moderate Muslim groups reject the idea of a single truth from groups or individuals who monopolize the definition of Islam and prefer to seek common ground with other faith groups rather than the spirit of difference. Amid a wave of contemporary Islamic movements in Indonesia, both political and puritanical, Islamic moderatism in Indonesia anatomically displays its actualization in various segments of life. According to this study's findings, Islam wasathiyah shows a willing, tolerant and open religious attitude and respects various views on religious, social, political and state systems aspects.

Meta-Analysis the Root of Terrorism from the Perspektif Islamic Movement in Indonesia

This paper aims to map the root of terrorism in Indonesia from the Islamic movement perspective. The authors want to know how the root of terrorism has strengthened in Indonesia. A qualitative method approach was taken through a literature study regarding the delivery of research map information while the data was exported in the RIS Export file format. Then, the authors exported the data and processed it using VOSviewer to find out a bibliometric map of research development based on significant themes of Indonesian terrorism cases. Nvivo 12 plus provided exploration and description of terrorism in Indonesia to get an efficient explanation of the data. The findings are, the first to map the issue of terrorism in Indonesia. First, there was a correlation between terrorism, radicalism, and Islam. Different views of religious teachings eventually led to the terrorism movement. Several radical Islamic organizations in Indonesia have portrayed Islam as a terrorist religion. Second, the factors causing the strengthening of terrorism in Indonesia were due to injustice, oppression, and discrimination leading to terrorism and radicalism using the concept of jihad. This research suggests that the government can handle terrorism cases in Indonesia and neutralize ideas that are considered radical with a de-radicalization approach. (Tulisan ini bertujuan memetakan akar terorisme di Indonesia dari aspek gerakan Islam. Penulis ingin mengetahui bagaimana akar terorisme menguat di Indonesia. Pendekatan metode kualitatif ditempuh melalui studi pustaka sedangkan untuk penyampaian informasi peta penelitian, data diekspor dalam format file Ekspor RIS. Kemudian, penulis mengekspor data dalam format (RIS), mengolahnya menggunakan VOS viewer untuk mengetahui peta bibliometrik pengembangan penelitian berdasarkan tema signifikan kasus terorisme di Indonesia dan menggunakan Nvivo 12 plus untuk memberikan eksplorasi dan deskripsi terorisme di Indonesia demi mendapatkan penjelasan yang efisien dari data. Temuan penelitian ini adalah; Pertama, pada tahap pemetaan isu terorisme di Indonesia, terdapat korelasi antara terorisme, radikalisme, dan Islam. Perbedaan pandangan terhadap ajaran agama pada akhirnya memunculkan gerakan terorisme. Beberapa organisasi Islam radikal di Indonesia telah mencitrakan Islam sebagai agama teroris. Kedua, diketahui faktor penyebab menguatnya terorisme di Indonesia adalah rasa ketidakadilan, penindasan dan diskriminasi yang berujung pada gerakan terorisme dan radikalisme dengan mengusung konsep jihad. Saran dari penelitian ini adalah agar pemerintah dapat menangani kasus terorisme di Indonesia dan menetralisir ide-ide yang dianggap radikal dengan pendekatan deradikalisasi.

The Indonesian Government's Political Control of the Islamic Ideology Movement in a Country with a Majority of Muslims

Geneological perspective differences on the Jakarta Charter had become the main cause for some Islamic groups to have an endless struggle in embodying Islamism and Islamic ideology formalism as the basis of their philosophy and ideology. Compromise and radicalism are part of the movement of these groups. This study aims to examine the supporters’ movement of the understanding of Islamism and Islamic Idiology formalism in order to get involve in Indonesian political system. The phenomenological constructivism approach is used in understanding the views of New Order Regime and Reforms Regime in dealing with Islamism and Islamic idiology formalism which are taken from interview and document analysis. The results of the study show that the radical issues are far more than the normal level of the Indonesian Islam movement. The concerns of certain groups which are oriented towards the Islamic movement in Indonesia are more co-opted in an anti-Islamic global network sponsored by the United States. The status of the New Order Regime and the Reform Regime do not differ significantly in addressing various state issues related to the issues of the Islamic movement. For these two regimes, Islamism is still seen as a movement that must be tightly controlled, radical issues and terrorism are the most effective political instruments for controlling Islamic nationalism groups whose views differ from secular nationalist groups with regard to national philosophy and identity.