Islamic Doctrine Research Articles

Adopting Corporate Social Responsibility in Maqasid Shari’ah: PETRONAS Initiatives

This paper aims to evaluate the significant contributions PETRONAS has put towards improving the living of respective stakeholders through a series of Corporate Social Responsibilities (CSR) by adopting the approach of Maqasid Shari’ah – Islamic legal doctrine that promote the welfare of people by protecting the following categories: faith (hifz ad-din), property (hifz al-mal), soul and intellect (hifz al-‘aql), life (hifz an-nafs), and offspring (hifz an-nasb). Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been an uncompromised avenue among industry key players to provide necessities for the involved society members. This paper disclosed a continuous execution of CSR by PETRONAS based on the audited and reported information of the respective entity as well as other relevant references. In this context, PETRONAS has been working very closely towards achieving the four dimensions of corporate responsibilities, namely; Continued Value Creation, Safeguard the Environment, Positive Social Impact, and Responsible Governance. Hence, this paper attempts to comprehend the relationship among these four dimensions and its entrenchment with the approach of Maqasid Shari’ah. This paper concludes that PETRONAS is one of the organizational businesses which its practice is congruent to the concept of Maqasid Shari’ah and also satisfy the definition of CSR in communicating with respective stakeholders in the time of necessity.

Relevansi Demokrasi Hukum dalam Konteks Siyasah Syar’iyyah Sekarang dan Akan Datang di Indonesia

Democracy is one interrested topic of discussions especially in relation to Islam. Many questions emerge associated with Islam and democracy such as: Does Islam has the concept of democracy? Does democracy compatible with Islam? What is the Muslim scholars response to the issue of democracy? This paper will investigates these questions using library research. This study discoveres that there are different opinions among Muslim scholars in relation to democracy: some said that democracy is compatible with the Islamic doctrine, another scholars stated otherwise, while the others stand between the two. Islamhas a term that resemble with the term democracy that is shurā, with different principles. In regard to the application of democracy in Indonesia, the majority of Muslim scholars in Indonesia accept positively to the concept of democracy and considered it to be compatible with the Islamic doctrine.

Islamic Faith and Philosophy in Durant's Encyclopedia "The Story of Civilization" - Critical Analytical Study -

Objectives: This research deals with collecting and studying what Durant wrote about the origins of the Islamic faith, such as monotheism, fate, destiny, and prophecies, as well as philosophy, Sufism, and Islamic morals, in chapter 13 of “The Age of Faith for Civilization” in his encyclopedia "The Story of Civilization". The researcher traced what Durant wrote, about the Islamic faith and aimed to explain the mistakes that Durant faced when talking about Islamic faith issues, Islamic philosophy, and Sufism and discussing them. Methods: The study used the analytical approach by analyzing Durant's texts regarding Islamic doctrine, Islamic philosophy and Sufism, as well as the critical approach of the similarities raised by Durant about it and showing their weaknesses. Results: The study showed the appearance of Jewish influence in Durant's writings on the story of civilization, and the invalidity of what he said about the doctrines of Islam, as well as his statement that algebra is the doctrine of the Qur’an and the Sunnah, as well as the invalidity of his questioning the call of the Prophet - Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) - and challenged him with most Muslim philosophers. Conclusions: Studying the Encyclopedia of the history of civilization in most cognitive aspects, especially the legal ones, and revealing the errors and similarities contained in it.

A Typology of Transgressive Thought in Iran

This paper presentation sketches an intellectual history of transgressive thought in Iran in the short period between 1920 and 1950. To that end, two types of transgressive thinking are distinguished. First, with regard to intellectuals such as Amir Khān Amir Aʿlam and Ahmad Kasravi, I develop the concept of liminal transgression. Second, in relation to personas such as Ṣādeq Hedāyat and Donyā magazine, I work on the concept of irreversible transgression. I elaborate on these concepts in relation to the educational reforms in the second half of the nineteenth century, during which natural sciences and empirical knowledge began to be systemically dissociated from Islamic knowledge (maʿrefat-e/shenākht-e eslāmī). Drawing on George Bataille and Michel Foucault, liminal transgression is defined as an oscillatory movement around the limit of a religious system. In contrast, borrowing from Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, I use the concept of irreversible transgression as a movement that radically stands outside of a given system. This latter type is transgressive to the extent that it fundamentally evades and avoids any knowing venture informed by Islamic or Islamicate ideas, narratives, and practices. I argue that in the better part of the nineteenth century, new sciences (ʿolum-e Jadid) were kept at a safe distance from Islamic knowledge without dismantling or disrespecting it. Since circa 1920, however, some secular Iranian scientists and literati increasingly dispelled Islamic knowledge – from lesser-known figures such as ʿAli Rādpur, who wrote frequently in scientific magazines in the 1920s to more distinguished writers such as Hedāyat, who openly criticized Islamic doctrines and practices in his (non-)fictions. These textual personas are re-contextualized as integral to the seventy-odd years of the separation between empirical knowledge and theological knowledge. This paper is the result of my involvement in the research project Beyond Sharia, convened at Utrecht University by Prof. Asghar Seyed Gohrab.

RELIGION, CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION, AND MODERNIZATION

Globalization is characterized by advances in science and technology that are inevitable by the community, including the people of Surakarta. People in Surakarta are in dilemma between tradition and modernization. Education, transportation, and economic advancement have transformed the social, religious, and cultural aspects of the people in Surakarta over the last three decades. Thus, how is the narrative of the paradigm shift of religiosity of the Surakarta community amid modernization? This descriptive qualitative study collected data through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The analysis employed an interactive analysis model. The findings revealed that the paradigm shift of religiosity of the Surakarta community is directly proportional to the social, political, economic, and cultural changes. There is a shift in the religious perspective of the Surakarta community known as hijrah from the abangan Muslim community to Islamist activism or new santri with all the limitations of understanding and Islamic doctrine, which requires assistance in terms of Javanese Islamic culture and local beliefs to avoid uprooting them. As a result of hijrah and becoming Islamic activism, people left the Javanese culture such as Kejawen and local beliefs. However, some of them have transformed the culture to fit the teachings of Islam. So far, those who hijrah to NU still adhere to religious traditions and even transform Javanese culture to suit the times. Meanwhile, Islamic activism has left Javanese Islamic traditions and local beliefs. The shift in religious paradigm asserts two things. They are internal and external encouragement. First, internal factors are in the form of encouragement from within religious communities. Second, external factors are external stimuli that can encourage a shift in the Surakarta community's religious perspective.

The Sceptical Muslim

AbstractMany Muslims take the position that religious doubts constitute a serious problem for anyone who regards himself or herself as a Muslim, arguing that such a predicament may even result in apostasy. According to this position, the main problem with a Muslim who harbours religious doubts, a ‘Sceptical Muslim’, is that he or she is culpable for failing to respond appropriately to epistemic certainty about fundamental Islamic doctrine, primarily the existence of God and the Prophethood of Muhammad. I shall argue that, contrary to what many Muslims have asserted, the position of the ‘Sceptical Muslim’ is a viable one in an Islamic context.

La faute de grammaire entendue comme mal et le mal de la faute de grammaire dans le Taṯqīf al-lisān de Ibn Makkī al-Ṣiqillī

Abstract The Taṯqīf al-lisān wa talqīḥ al-ǧanān by the grammarian and linguist, Abū Ḥafṣ ʿUmar Ibn Ḫalaf Ibn Makkī al-Ḥamīrī al-Māzirī al-Ṣiqillī, is an example of the Arabic language spoken in 10th-century Sicily, when the island was an Islamic Emirate. In its 50 chapters, the treaty lists grammatical errors made by Sicilians whether common people (al-ʿāmma) or cultivated speakers (al-muḫaṣṣiṣūn). The typology of this treatise falls within those classified as laḥn al-ʿāmma, a field of linguistic science that is dedicated to correcting forms that deviate from the grammar rules of the standard language accepted by grammarians and lexicographers. This study will focus on two chapters concerning the incorrectness in the recitation of the Qur’an and in the transmission of aḥādīṯ. The study aims at analyzing the grammatical error concerning the sacred language and the Sunna that can lead to misunderstanding or misinterpretation of Islamic doctrines.

Palestinian American Women’s Marriages within and beyond Borders

Abstract This article explores American Palestinian women’s discursive strategies and identity politics by which they take control of their marital choices. Through the analysis of sixteen in-depth interviews with second-generation Palestinian women and personal observations within the community, the article shows that nationalist and religious discourses produced by the historical contexts respectively stimulated (semi)arranged in-group marriages in the 1990s and self-initiated exogamous marriages as of the early 2000s. Among the group, Islam has become the primary form of identification, and religious discourse has been circulating within Islamic institutions post-1980s. Based on this transformation, the study draws on the strategic use of religious sentiments and Islamic discourse and argues that women’s prioritization of Islamic identity has increased their agency in spouse selection and marriage process. Women’s negotiations within an Islamic framework also expose the ways Muslim women counter and redefine gender roles by fortifying their religious beliefs and reinterpreting Islamic doctrine.

The Meaning of Religion in Drug Rehabilitation Patients

There is a religious problem in today's modern life, such as a shift in religious values, which is indicated by the high rate of drug use among youths. In reality, these teens' primary motivation for doing drugs is to fulfill their curiosity about the drugs because adolescence is a psychologically curious enough stage of life. As a result, several measures try to reduce drug usage, one of which is to conduct rehabilitation based on religion, as was done at Inabah XX. This article will define religiosity in terms of belief, rituals, intellectual, experience, and consequence dimensions for drug rehabilitation patients. This study uses a qualitative methodology to gather data through observation, documentation, and interviewing procedures. Based on the collected data, the researchers discovered that drug rehabilitation patients fully believe in Islamic religious doctrines, including the presence of God, angels, prophets, sacred books, heaven, and hell. The Inabah program demonstrates a rise in diversity in religious practices, including fasting, prayer, and Qur’anic recitation. The inner serenity that rehabilitation patients experience is influenced by how obediently they perform dhikr and prayers. However, this ran contrary to how strictly they fast. Most of them are pretty ignorant regarding religion, but others are well-informed since they have studied religion since they were young. In terms of practice, the majority of them have managed to avoid drinking and thieving. Nevertheless, a few people still find it impossible to stop doing these forbidden acts.

Multicultural Education In The Concept Of The Philosophy Of Islamic Education

This paper discusses multicultural education in the philosophy of Islamic education. The purpose of this research is to provide us with an understanding of multicultural education, which is a concept, idea, or philosophy as a set of beliefs and explanations that recognize and assess the importance of cultural and ethnic diversity in shaping lifestyles, social experiences, personal identities, and educational opportunities for individuals, groups, and countries. Such multicultural education must be implemented as soon as possible in educational practice. This is because education with a multicultural perspective is believed to be able to grow and develop students into individuals who are not only proud of themselves (the culture, language, and other specialties they have), but are also able to recognize, accept, and respect the different specialties that others have. They are ready to live in equality. Multicultural education has a conceptual relationship and its relevance to Islamic religious doctrine.

12. Philosophy of moderation between intellect and Revelation Islamic Doctrine and contemporary Era

Revelation and the acquisition of intellect are two major sources of knowledge that have left the world in such a state of conflict that some religions could not fulfill the requirements of the intellect by only with holding the revelation and some people in response accepted only the intellect and denied the revelation. And as a result, the world suffered a spiritual and moral decline. Between these two extremes, Islam presents a beautiful combination of reason and revelation, which ornaments with harmony, unity and philosophy. Applying discourse analysis method in this article to study concludes the religion and intellectual Debate, and sheds light on the balance and combination of reason and revelation in the light of Islamic teachings.

The Drawbacks of Prophecy in Guiding Mankind, A Critique of Islamic Doctrine of Prophethood

The belief in the prophethood and sending prophets by God to guide mankind is one of the common beliefs of divine religions. According to Islamic theologians, divine knowledge and wisdom necessitate the sending of prophets to guide mankind. This study aims to determine the logical challenges associated with this idea, and whether such a thing is expected from God taking into account His attributes. The drawbacks and challenges of prophecy in the guidance of mankind include the logical problem of miracles' indication of prophecy, the inconsistency of miracles with the claims of prophecy, the temporal and linguistic mismatch between prophets and humans, human fallibility, the prophet's interregnum in the world, the problem of exegesis of the scriptures, and the problem of multiplicity of religions and sects. On the contrary, it appears that All-wise God could have used better, simpler, and more effective ways to guide mankind, such as spiritual and instinctive guidance, direct guidance, the sending of a single eternal prophet, and angelic guidance. As a result of the numerous logical and practical flaws in the use of prophecy to guide mankind, the author believes that it seems unlikely and unacceptable that All-wise and All-knowing God has sent prophets for human guidance, and that another justification must be sought for prophecy.

Sharia Politics in Nigeria and Malaysia: Governance, Islamization and Human Rights

Despite being federal secular states, the scope of Islamic law application and Islamic bureaucracy in both Nigeria and Malaysia has expanded tremendously under the influence of Islamist movements. Ideologically, Islamism aims to establish a political system based on Islamic tradition and the full implementation of Sharia law. Islamist activists in both countries have been working and pushing for the full implementation and enforcement of Islamic law including its criminal code which is also known as Hudud. Situating our analysis within a framework of the differentiated context of governance, this study expounds a comparative analysis of the processes of sharia implementation and the varying natures of human rights violation. Our analysis illustrates that the state failure in Nigeria cannot be resolved by replacing the secular political system with an Islamic one as the problem lies elsewhere. In Malaysia whereby state capacity in governance is much more effective, problems peculiar to the contemporary Islamic doctrine such as the theological interpretation of apostasy from the perspective of human rights are aggravated by a strong state capacity in regulating individual Muslims’ private lives. The tendency of seeing harsh punishment as an effective means of weeding out vices and associating it with the seriousness of the state in enforcing Islamic belief leads to the loss of a sense of jurisprudential proportionality, and a zero-sum-game mentality vis-à-vis the respect for human dignity and liberty for both Muslims and non-Muslims alike.

The Religious Leaders' View on Deradicalization Efforts through the Islamic Educational Institutions and Anti-Terrorism Law in Yogyakarta

The government continues to carry out various de-radicalization efforts in responding to the phenomenon of terrorism and acts of religious-based extremism that have occurred in Indonesia in the last two decades. One of the deradicalization efforts is carried out through the application of the anti-terrorism law, although many parties are still debating the effectiveness of its enforcement. On the other hand, efforts to deradicalize the government through Islamic educational institutions need to be continued because this aspect is considered the most likely to moderate the understanding of the younger generation of Muslims. This study uses a qualitative approach, with a case study method that examines the views of religious leaders (lecturers and activist of Islamic religious organizations) on the role of Islamic educational institutions in Indonesia in the process of deradicalization and counter-terrorism. Clearly, this study reveals the need for the involvement of Islamic educational institutions in encouraging religious deradicalization programs, particularly on several aspects such as character building, moderate meaning of Islamic doctrine, understanding of the diversity of Islamic history and Fiqh, creation of comparative thought narratives, and taking appropriate action initiatives. good. Thus, this research concludes that the government needs to strengthen efforts to deradicalize through Islamic educational institutions and evaluate the effectiveness of implementing anti-terrorism laws.

Development of Sharia and Legal Studies in Australia

The study of Islamic law in Australian law schools shows positive developments. From 1997 when the first course on Islamic law was taught in at Charles Darwin University in the Northern Territory, there are now up to ten Universities that provide courses in Islamic law. This is due to several reasons, namely: 1) global and national events that require new perspectives in university culture, especially law schools; 2) law schools have the responsibility to break ties and create culturally literate citizens to maintain a harmonious multicultural society; 3) economic, political, security, tourism, education and other interests with Muslim Southeast Asian countries including Indonesia; 4) the study of Islamic Law is very important for the legal profession, especially for lawyers who will practice in areas with a significant Muslim population, or the field of international trade involving Muslim countries and; 5) Disputes involving family relations, social security rights, discrimination and immigration issues also require references to Islamic law. Harmonization of Sharia and Legal Studies in learning at the law faculty is provided by, among others: 1) the study of Islamic law becomes a component in a general comparative law course where certain features of Islamic law are highlighted for comparison with other legal models; 2) a course that combines the thematics of Islamic law with other topics, such as Law and Religion courses, or courses that focus on Islamic countries or regions, such as Law and Society in Southeast Asia, Middle East Legal Institutions, and Commercial Law. from Asia; 3) components of Islamic law are integrated into some, or all, of the legal courses taught so that the Islamic perspective becomes an inclusive part of legal education within the institution and; 4) Islamic law courses stand alone as elective courses at the Faculty of Law.

Re-Islamization of Land Law in Global Context: An Approach to Fight Ecological Scarcity

Penelitian ini berangkat dari keprihatinan tentang krisis lingkungan yang meliputi deforestasi, perubahan penggunaan lahan, hilangnya habitat, perampasan tanah, pencemaran air, dan degradasi tanah yang kita hadapi. Sementara itu, urgensi respon Islam untuk melawan kondisi tersebut seharusnya lebih dari tindakan sederhana seperti ceramah agama, khutbah Jumat, atau fatwa hijau bagi sekitar 1,9 miliar komunitas Muslim di seluruh dunia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis secara kritis kontribusi syariah saat ini untuk meningkatkan perlindungan lingkungan melalui re-islamisasi hukum hutan dan tanah secara modern, pada akhirnya, untuk mencegah pengembangan dan pemanfaatan sumber daya tanah dan hutan agar tidak terus jatuh ke dalam lingkaran setan. dari masa lalu. Sebagai penelitian hukum lingkungan Islam, penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan multidisiplin, meliputi pendekatan historis, pendekatan empiris, dan pendekatan konseptual; itu juga menggunakan metode tinjauan literatur untuk mensintesis temuan penelitian. Tulisan ini menemukan bahwa re-islamisasi hukum hutan dan tanah dapat menjadi perdebatan yang berkelanjutan karena perbedaan karakteristik hukum nasional dan lokal yang juga bergantung pada posisi syariah jika menjadi wacana tegas. Apalagi, mengakomodasi Syariah sebagai bagian integral dari hukum negara menunjukkan keunikan dan fleksibilitas doktrin Islam dan penegasan optimisme umat Islam terhadap iman mereka tentu saja merupakan kontribusi nyata untuk terlibat dalam gerakan hak ekologis. Di sisi lain, mengingat re-islamisasi hukum hutan dan tanah merupakan sumber alternatif untuk menegakkan perilaku ekologis masyarakat muslim agar lebih pro lingkungan.

The attitude of people Andalusia on the spread of the Hanafi doctrine ( a historical study)

I have dealt with in this research a study (the attitude of people Andalusia on the spread of the Hanafi doctrine - a historical study), which is considered one of the most important topics that solves some Islamic doctrines problems such as ; its emergence, and the reasons for their spread in some Islamic cities while it is declining in other cities. The study of this topic is different from previous studies, which dealt with Islamic doctrines of thought in the land of Andalusia such as a jurisprudential study, the definition of its origins, its approach, and its jurisprudential opinions. The Hanafi doctrine is considered one of the first Islamic doctrines, and the most widespread in the Islamic countries like of the other cities, which opened their doors to this doctrine until it is spread and settled in it, and became the controlling to all aspects of life in these cities. Although the country of Andalusia was at the beginning of its era, it was affected by the Islamic East in various aspects, but it did not open its doors to this doctrine. I showed in this research the reasons for the non-proliferation of the Hanafi doctrine of thought in the country of Andalusia, which were political, scientific, social and geographical reasons.

Review: Alluring Monsters: The Pontianak and Cinemas of Decolonization, by Rosalind Galt

Review: <i>Alluring Monsters: The Pontianak and Cinemas of Decolonization</i>, by Rosalind Galt

Slaughter According to Sharia: A Study in Islamic Doctrine and Jurisprudence

Objectives: Islamic Slaughtering is one of the issues by which the servant becomes close to Allah in accordance with what is stipulated in the legal texts. The reason for the choice of the study is that the Muslim should be aware of what he/she eats or drinks. Therefore, the study came in accordance with the rules of doctrinal and legal provisions. The main objective is to clarify the doctrinal controls and the legal rulings related to slaughtering. Methods: The research applied three approaches, namely inductive, descriptive, and analytical. The material investigated related to the subject of Islamic slaughtering was drawn from the doctrinal and jurisprudential perspectives, by clarifying the legality of the sacrifices of the People of the Book, clarifying the views of the jurisprudential schools on the issue, and defining the term Islamic Slaughtering. Results: The research finds that the sacrifices of the People of the Book are permissible for all legal texts, and that the sacrifice is not valid unless the name of Allah is uttered, even if it is in a language other than the Arabic. Conclusions: The researcher recommends that Muslims should ask about Islamic Slaughtering because it is an act of worshipping Allah the Almighty. The sacrifices of the People of the Book are not problematic because it is a solution for Muslims. Thus, it is crucial that Muslims ensure that meat imported from non-Muslim countries was slaughtered according to Islamic rules

The Crisis of Modern Subjectivity: Rethinking Muhammad Iqbal and the Islamic Tradition

Despite the numerous books and articles on the thought and legacy of Muḥammad Iqbāl (d. 1938), hardly any significant academic studies exist that critically evaluate his philosophical thought in relation to his Muslim predecessors. The present article thus intervenes in the field of Iqbāl studies by challenging current scholarly assessments that present Iqbāl as a heroic reformer of Islam. This article is composed of three parts. It begins by providing a critical review of various scholarly treatments of Iqbāl's reformist thought and draws attention to problematic aspects of the current state of such scholarship. The article then proceeds to examine the ways in which Iqbāl's works frequently misconstrue or misrepresent various premodern Islamic texts and doctrines. It does so in two ways. The first of these involves an examination of Iqbāl's Eurocentric reading of premodern Islamic intellectual traditions and demonstrates that this is not only methodologically problematic but moreover undermined by Iqbāl's own limited grasp of modern scientific theories, such as evolution and the theory of relativity. This is followed by an examination of the concepts of selfhood (khūdī) and annihilation of the self (fanā'). Prominently featured in Iqbāl's thought and writings, his treatment of these two concepts illustrates the problematic aspects of his particular mode of interpreting premodern Islamic philosophy and Sufism. Overall, this article demonstrates that Iqbāl's status as a heroic reformer of Islam is misleading, as his interpretation of the premodern Islamic tradition is not as credible as it has often been presented to be over the past century.