Caliphate Research Articles

Political Factors of Expansion and Stabilization of Imᾱmῑ Shiism in Mazandaran

The emergence of Shiism in the east of the Islamic caliphate occurred in the first centuries with the presence of the Shiite Alawites, and the area of the shores of the Caspian Sea was considered one of their main bases. Their actions in this region led to many developments in various fields, which, in addition to Mazandaran, affected large areas of Iran and the Islamic world. Although the expansion of the Shiite school in Mazandaran is the result of several factors, each of which can be discussed in its place - in terms of history and formation, the present research aims to investigate the political factors of the formation of Shiism in Mazandaran. It seeks to answer the question, "What did political factors cause the expansion and stabilization of Imᾱmῑ Shiism in Mazandaran?" The research method is descriptive-analytical, and data collection has been done using library resources. The results show that the formation of local governments such as Bavandians, Mar'ashians, etc., as well as the political relations of scholars and local rulers, such as the actions of Sayed Haider Amoli and Abdur Rahim bin Ma'rouf Rostamdari, are among the factors that play a major role in the expansion and consolidation of Imᾱmῑ Shiism in Mazandaran.

Шахматы как отражение культурного пространства Арабского халифата

The article examines the phenomenon of chess culture in the era of the Arab caliphate. It is shown that the golden age of shatranj (the Arabic version of chess) coincided with the rapid development of Arabic culture and science, thus reflecting the socio-cultural realities of that time. It is revealed that the treatise “The ethics of Chess” by the Arab thinker Raghib Ishafani demonstrates philosophical ideas in relation to the game of chess. The popularity of shatranj, which was demonstrated by the interest of state leaders and the holding of the first chess competitions in history, is noted, and attention is focused on the reason for its widespread use. The similarity of the rules of chess and the religious beliefs of the mutazilites, manifested in the concept of freedom of choice, is demonstrated. The reasons preventing the further development of the shatranj in the Arab caliphate are explained. It is shown that this fact was due to the religious mentality of the Arab-Islamic type of culture and the slow nature of the development of the social institutions of the East. It is noted that the further filiation of ideas from the Arab world to Europe led to the development of chess not only as a game, but also as a model reflecting the cultural and social processes taking place in society.

Struggling for Islamic Caliphate in a Changing Malay Society

Despite being banned by the government, HTI continues to struggle for Islamic caliphate as a clandestine movement. This study is aimed to explain factors resulting in the relatively successful penetration of caliphate ideology in a changing Malay society, as represented by Bangka Belitung Archipelagic Province. It employed a qualitative approach through the library study of both offline and online data sources in order to gain a holistic comprehension of HTI’s success. The research results elaborate HTI’s mobilization strategies as the internal factor and the context of changing Malay society and the dysfunction of moderate socio-religious organizations as the external factor contribute to HTI’s success in the changing society. Mobilization strategies comprising the intensive implementation of religious learning and preaching, publication, public demonstration, good relation and network with local important figures, and the competent use of communication and information technology become effective in the context of changing Malay society reconstructing identity and seeking solutions to its social and economic problems. In addition, the dysfunction of moderate socio-religious organizations producing a theological vacuum accentuates HTI’s relative victory. Thus, the performance of HTI depends on its internal capabilities and external context and the function of socio-religious organizations in society.

Symbol of (Iranian) Empire: The Sāsānian Imperial Standard (Derafsh-e kāviyān) from Arab-Islamic Conquest Narratives to Modern Nationalist Myths

Abstract: With its capture at the outset of the conquest of Iran in the early seventh century, the imperial Sāsānian standard, known as the Derafsh-e kāviyān , became a metaphor for imperial corruption, underscoring both the righteousness of the Islamic caliphate and the piety of the Arab-Muslim warriors who founded it. Two centuries later, it served as a potent symbol of pre-Islamic Persian splendor and the continuity of its rich tradition. Later still, modern Iranian nationalists raised the "banner of Kāveh" as part of their campaign to foster a sense of national consciousness and pride in the country's ancient heritage. Today, the Derafsh-e kāviyān continues to be a powerful symbol for secular Iranian nationalists campaigning against the Islamic Republic of Iran; for Kurdish nationalists seeking political autonomy; and for Tajik state authorities linking their nation to a mythical past.

Hizbut Tahrir's Political and Legal Movement in Indonesia During the Reformation Period

This research tries to explain and describe the political movement of Hizbut Tahrir in Indonesia. By using qualitative methods through literature studies, this research produces the conclusion that Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia is one of the most solid, neat and efficient sharia enforcement movements. has an international network. In fact, Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia is also known to be the most radical, in the sense that it does not just fight upholding Islamic law but more than that also establishing an Islamic caliphate because according to Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia, the application of Islamic law is absolutely impossible applied except within the framework of the caliphate. One of the strategies used by Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia in spreading ideas, by controlling strategic arenas in the middle public.

Sufism And Religious Politics In Secular Democracy : The Case of Turky

This paper examines the case of secularism in a Muslim country, focusing on Turkey. It seeks to answer the question of why the sufism and politics of religion can flourish in Turkey, a country where secularism is strictly enforced. Since 1924, the Muslim-majority country has established itself as a secular state, which separates religion from state politics. The policy initiated by Mustafa Kemal Atat?rk (also known as Ataturk) represented a rejection of the Islamic caliphate system that had been implemented by the Uthmaniyah dynasty since the 13th century. Ataturk sought to modernize Turkey based on democratic and secular principles. Although secularism has been a long-standing feature of Turkish society, the influence of Islam remains evident in the socio-cultural fabric of the country. Indeed, the passion for Islam has been visible in the political landscape since the early 1990s, particularly in sufism movement and political party. This paper is based on a qualitative study conducted through a literature search, supported by observation of events based on information from the mass media. The result of this study is an important finding about the reality of the dilemma in the implementation of secularism in the Muslim country of Turkey. That is, there is a paradox between the politics of religion and secularism in the Turkish state.

A Critical Overview of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)’s Origin, Goals, and Its Fall through the US and Allied Forces

The origins of ISIS were traced to the Arab Spring that created instability in the Middle East. This instability was exacerbated by the American-led coalition's invasion of Iraq in 2003, prompted by the 9/11 attacks. The paper aims to have an overview of the origin and goals of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and the strategies employed by the U.S. and Allied Forces to make ISIS fall. A systematic literature review approach was adopted to review the selected literature. ISIS was formed out of various militant groups in the country whose goal is to establish an Islamic caliphate governed by strict Sharia law. The goal of ISIS was to establish an Islamic caliphate in Iraq, Syria, and beyond with a caliph as the leader of the territories, thereby eradicating state borders and governments they deemed to be illegitimate. This caliphate is to be governed by strict Sharia law. This analysis delves into the strategies used by the US-led coalition to reclaim territories from ISIS. These strategies include military strategies, economic strategies, political strategies, and social strategies. It was, therefore, recommended that to combat ISIS's ideology effectively, the United States may need to collaborate more with Muslim clerics all over the world to promote interpretations of the Quran that counter radicalization in Islam.

The Influence and Adaptation of Observatories in Islamic Civilization: A Case of Malaysia

This article explores the historical development of observatories for astronomical pursuits within the context of Muslim civilization. It aims to provide an overview of how observatories evolved alongside advancements in astronomy during the Islamic caliphate. The study investigates the parallels between Malaysian astrofiqh observatories and those established during the Islamic civilization era, employing a qualitative approach involving instrument observation, interviews, and document analysis. The findings reveal that the ‘Abbasid caliphate led in establishing observatories for educational and research purposes in astronomy. Key factors contributing to the success of observatory development include the rulers’ support, intellectual dedication, and political stability. Furthermore, the study highlights specific similarities between Malaysian astrofiqh observatories and their historical counterparts, encompassing various aspects such as objectives, physical features, instruments, and nomenclature.

HISTORICAL CIRCULATION OF OTTOMAN TURKEY: FROM DYNASTIC TO REPUBLICAN SYSTEMS OF GOVERNMENT

This article explores the historical circulation of Ottoman Turkey, highlighting the significant transition from a dynastic system of government to the establishment of the Turkish Republic in 1923. The Ottoman dynasty, which was originally a vast and influential empire, underwent dramatic changes during the 20th century. The main focus was on the post-World War I period when radical reforms were implemented to address internal and external challenges. This analysis covers socio-political aspects, tracing the changes that overhauled the structure of the feudal empire into a modern republican state. The method used is by using a method of literature study or library research related to historical or other similar themes. Based on the theory of the History of Islamic Civilization. As for data collection analyzing historical texts, collecting relevant data, and describing them. The results of this paper reveal that: First, every Kingdom will inevitably experience triumphs and setbacks, for a civilization is inseparable from it. Second, Ottoman Turkey was one of the influential dynasties of world civilization, and it was also crowned as the heir to the Islamic caliphate. Third, the Ottoman Turks underwent significant changes in terms of culture, socio-politics, economy, and others. The setback he experienced led to the secularization of Turkey which began as a dynastic state or caliphate into a republic. This was none other than triggered by the political factors of power that were in the hands of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

Diplomatic Ties between the Ottoman Empire and the Malay Sultanate from the 14th to the 19th Centuries

Malaya began its relationship with the Ottoman Turkish Empire in the 15th century, during the time of the Melaka-Sultanate. This relationship continued even after the arrival of colonialists and the fall of the Ottoman Turkish Empire. At first, their relations were focused on politics and economics. These two kingdoms were considered to be the powerful Islamic forces that influenced Europe and Asia. The Sultan of Melaka visited Turkey several times to strengthen their relationship and even took an oath of allegiance to the Ottoman Turkish Empire, promising to defend Islam in Asia. After the fall of Melaka, the Ottoman Turkish Empire provided war aid through Aceh to help Melaka regain control of the seized kingdom. The Ottoman Turkish Empire also influenced the Malay community’s thinking and struggle to resist colonialism in the 18th century. The Malay community even took the Ottoman Turkish Empire as a model for freeing Malaya from Western threats. This paper will examine the initial relationship between the Melaka Malay Kingdom and the Ottoman Turkish Empire, particularly from a political perspective, and the type of influence that catalysed the Malays’ spirit to continue to rise and defend Malaya from external threats. This research will focus on document analysis and descriptive writing methods. The relationship between Malaya and the Turkish Government lasted until the Islamic caliphate fell in 1923. Furthermore, Ottoman Turkey was a significant Islamic government that the Malays expected to obey, as it acted as a power that was always concerned with Islam and the country as an Islamic state.

Opinion of Hadith Scholars on The Understanding of Hadith by Extremists

More than 120 Muslim scholars around the world have rejected Al-Baghdadi's caliphate and condemned atrocities committed by ISIS through one open letter distributed at the end of September 2014. The scholars decided that the concept of the Islamic caliphate is not valid. The article seeks to uncover and deal with hadith concerns misinterpreted by ISIS and addressed by hadith scholars’ views. This article uses library research techniques to gather a variety of ideas, facts, research findings, and expert opinions along with pertinent analysis. Among the causes of confusion and misunderstanding of hadith amongst Muslim is the development of technology, which allows people to obtain and interpret information about hadith without consulting religious experts, using logic of reason in interpreting the hadith, understanding the hadith without considering maqasid, misunderstanding of the contextual approach, and others. The results of this writing are expected to assist Muslim community in understanding the hadiths of the Prophet SAW well without any confusion that can distort their belief and practice.

ARAB ADMINISTRATION AND SETTLEMENT POLICY IN AZERBAIJAN

After the death of the Prophet Muhammad, the caliphs who came to power continued the conquests started with the aim of spreading Islam. Some of these activities were related to Azerbaijan. Like every state, the Arab caliphate had its own administrative system, which was more or less the same in all regions. The Arab armies governed the newly conquered territories by appointing governors. From the first day of its capture, Azerbaijan began to be governed by governors appointed here. The first governor who adopted Ardabil as his center, as it was during the Sassanid period, was Hüzeyfa b. al-Yaman has been. We can say that the Arab caliphate aimed to reduce the influence of the Byzantine and Khazars, the leading states of that time, in the region by attracting the local people to their side and forming a unified power unit relying on the support of the local people in the future struggle against them.

Holy war and the international order

ABSTRACT Scholars have traditionally characterised perang sabil, the Malay term for waging holy war in the way of Allah, as the predominant feature of the Aceh War in the late 19th century. In this sense, perang sabil was often understood as a natural response of Acehnese Muslims toward the Dutch (kafir) invasion of Aceh. This perspective emphasised the existence of rigid borders and centuries of rivalry between the Muslim world and Christendom. It tends to locate the Sultanate of Aceh as an outsider of the broader international society. Recent scholarship, however, has challenged such depictions. Scholars maintain that Muslim empires or sultanates historically integrated into and contributed to international society, effectively dismantling the binary notion of Muslim versus Christian. Ibrahim Alfian, an Acehnese scholar, has suggested that the Acehnese ulama formally declared perang sabil after 1877, four years after the Dutch first invasion, and it gained popularity in the 1880s. This raises the question: If perang sabil is considered a natural Muslim response to a Christian (kafir) empire, why did it not occur from the outset of the Aceh War? This article posits that Acehnese perang sabil was a reaction to the evolving stratification of the international society in the late 19th century, the persistent racialisation of Muslims, and the Dutch colonial genocide during the Aceh War.

The Predicament of Security: Tracing Two Years of Taliban Rule

The paper is an overall assessment of the security situation in Afghanistan that includes both traditional and non-traditional aspects. The paper highlights the deteriorating internal security that is bolstering Pashtunisation in Afghanistan and causing the forced displacement of non-Pashtuns. The implication of this grim development in India’s neighbourhood has severely impacted the peace and security of the Central Asian Region, Russia, China, Iran, India and Pakistan. The victory of the Taliban has resuscitated myriad terrorist groups who want to establish Islamic Caliphate in neighbouring countries, therefore leading to the gradual Talibanisation of the Asian region. The paper also delves into how the departure of foreign forces has created a power vacuum in Afghanistan that has led to the revival of a New Great Game with the addition of regional actors.

متن و شرح رسالۀ «کیفیت واقعۀ بغداد» نصیرالدین طوسی

The Mongols’ invasion of the territories of the Islamic world, especially Baghdad, the seat of the Islamic Caliphate, had great consequences, including the fall of Baghdad and the Bani Abbas Caliphate, the killing of the Caliph, and extensive destruction in the geography of their invasion. About half a century after the invasion of the Mongols, Ibn Taymiyyah (1263-1328), regardless of historical documents, accused Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, a prominent thinker, of collusion and cooperation with Hulagu Khan. After Ibn Taymiyyah Harrani, these accusations were followed and disseminated in religious, historical, rijal (the study of hadith narrators and their personality), and even moral books by his students, such as Ibn Qayyim al Jawziyya (1292-1350). This article is an attempt to deny these accusations. Relying on the earliest historical documents, it tries to describe the historical event as it happened. In this regard, the article first provides the text of Nasir al-Din al-Tusi’s short treatise “On the Baghdad Incident”, included in Aladdin Atamalik Juveyni’s “Tarikh-i Jahangusha”, and then presents its descriptive interpretation separately. Although this treatise is short, it contains all the important points, from Hulagu Khan’s decision to go to war to the conquest of Baghdad and the analysis of the internal factors of the fall of the caliphate. This treatise, above all, is a very solid argument. For its author first of all was the witness of the Baghdad events. Secondly, in this writing, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi examines the Mongols’ attack on Baghdad but does not mention his own activity or role in the attack on Baghdad. Thirdly, if he had an activity and a role in this incident, or if he had an intention to take revenge on his religious opponents considering the situation, he should at least have hinted and expressed his approval, which is not the case at all.

Paradigm Of The Relationship Of Religion And The State

Religion has a central role in the history of world civilization. From the era of the Indus River Valley Civilization, Mesopotamia, to the golden age of the Islamic Caliphate and the European Colonialist Empire. Kings, emperors, and sultans always established close relations with intellectuals and religious leaders. Religion has been a tool for governing society since the beginning of human history. The research method used in this literature review involves analyzing various literature sources relevant to the theme of religion and state relations in the context of Islamic perspectives. This research will focus on the development of views in the context of the 20th century with the emergence of integralistic, symbiotic, and secularistic paradigms in managing the relationship between religion and state, to provide a comprehensive picture of the dynamics of this thought in a relevant time frame. All these paradigms reflect the complex dynamics in the debate over the concept and implementation of the relationship between religion and state within the framework of Islamic thought.

Palestinian Independence and Religious Extremism: Using the Palestinian Issue as a Khilafah Islamiyah Propaganda Tool on Instagram

Israel's attack on the Gaza area has become a major human rights issue that has attracted public attention. The genocide, which began on October 7, 2023, has claimed thousands of innocent lives. All Muslims in the world sympathize with the disaster that occurred in Palestine. However, this sympathy is vulnerable to being infiltrated by religious radicalism movements, especially those related to opinions spread on social media. Therefore, this research focuses on looking at these potentials. This research is empirical research using netnographic data collection by the hashtag #khilafah on Instagram. Based on this search, an account was found with the name @bultendakwahkaffah, which is an Instagram account for online bulletins spreading propaganda for the Khilafah Islamiyah movement. The propaganda spread by this account revolves around the implementation of an Islamic caliphate, which can guarantee the implementation of Palestinian independence. The form of Khilafah Islamyah as a representation of the unity of the Muslim ummah will liberate Palestine from Israeli colonialism, relying on the unity of all Muslims in the world and the implementation of Islamic law. The author also found that the account in question was affiliated with the ideologies of the Hizbut Tahrir organization, which was disbanded by the government in 2017. The Palestinian issue, which is full of humanity, really attracts the sympathy of the wider community. By hiding behind humanitarian issues, it is feared that the Islamic caliphate movement, which has long been a problem, will attract sympathy from many people on social media.

CRITICAL STUDY ON THE DA’WAH MOVEMENT OF THE MUSLIMAH OF HIZB UT-TAHRIR INDONESIA IN ESTABLISHING AN ISLAMIC SOCIETY IN INDONESIA

This research is a scientific paper arising from a thought of the big amount of women population along with their roles in building society and human civilization. However, empowerment of women, as the subject of da’wah, is still less, both in terms of the quality and the quantity. Hence, women as the da’wah object have not been properly managed. For that reason, the reseachers are interested in studying the activities of the da’wah movement of the Muslimah of Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia. The da’wah movement the Muslimah of Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia is chosen as the research object since building an Islamic society is related to their central issue of establishing an Islamic Caliphate. For analyzing such an issue, the researches determine the problem formulation, namely: how does the da’wah movement of the Muslimah of Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia realize an Islamic society? The method of the research is qualitative, namely by conducting observation along with interviews, library researches, and an analytic description method. The discussion result was obtained through a study of the da’wah movement of the Muslimah of Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia by utilizing da’wah approaches, both in terms of the manhaj, da’wah elements, and da’wah objectives, and then analyzing them. The result discloses that the da’wah movement of the Muslimah of Hizb ut-Tahrir Indonesia focuses on the da’wah of thoughts only. Therefore, those who have a vision of realizing an Islamic Caliphate and leading Indonesia will not be able to realize an Islamic society, or even to lead the country or to realize an Islamic Caliphate.

From Avicenna to Salam: The Excommunication of Muslim Scholars in the Islamic World

In this study, I have attempted to explain why, in the scientific realm, the Islamic world, after an impressive shine, showed a decline. I hypothesize that this was the result of philosophical and theological views of theologians like Al-Ghazali and Ibn Taymiyyah as opposed to the scientific work of Islamic scholars. The atmosphere was not conducive for the pursuit of scientific and intellectual activities among Islamic Caliphates. The excommunication of scholars by superficial theologians, Sufism, and Salafists’ influences on authorities is the primary reason for the backward nature of the Islamic world. I also contend that the excommunication of Islamic scholars in Islamic societies still persists in the modern epoch. An example of this is the excommunication of Professor Abdus Salam in Pakistan.

Medieval Caucasian Consumption and Identity: A Study of Splashed Sgraffito Wares

NEW AND DISTINCT CERAMIC TYPES emerged from the cultural centres of the Islamic Caliphate in Western Asia beginning in the eighth century AD. Islamic potters carefully added colour, glaze, and finishes to their vessels, which became luxury items throughout the Caliphate. People within the sphere of influence of the Islamic Caliphate slowly adopted objects, such as unique styles of glazed pottery, which symbolised status and power. The Byzantine Empire and Islamic Caliphate both influenced the material culture of the Southern Caucasus, which ebbed and flowed between them both. In particular, the emerging Caucasian polities in medieval Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan began to produce splashed sgraffito ceramics in the 9th and 10th centuries AD that were very similar to those created by Islamic potters in centres such as Baghdad, Samarra, and Nishapur. Scholars have explained such changes in Caucasian consumption patterns as the result of influence and trade between the Islamic Empire and the Caucasus; however, they have not considered the cultural implications of such a change. My paper discusses how Caucasian elites and eventually even the peasantry used splashed sgraffito to construct their individual and group identities. I examine three sites from the Caucasus where local potters produced and used splashed sgraffito ceramics. I assess Ani in Armenia, Shamkir in Azerbaijan, and Tbilisi in Georgia. My analysis suggests that ceramics played a larger role in the construction of political and individual identity at a time when independent kingdoms were emerging in the Caucasus.