Islamic Research Articles

Risk and protective factors of miscarriage: Evidence from a nationally representative sample of women in India.

Miscarriage is the most distressing complication in early pregnancy, with one in every five pregnant women ending in a miscarriage, and its causes are multifactorial. This study aimed to find the risk and protective factors of miscarriage among women aged 15-49 years in India by using the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) data. The data were taken from NFHS-5; 53,560 women aged 15-49 years who had reported either a miscarriage (n = 5104) or livebirth (n = 48,456) during the last 12 months preceding the survey were included in the study. Various sociodemographic, lifestyle, comorbid, and fertility-related factors were considered in the Poisson regression analysis, and adjusted prevalence ratios were obtained. Significant sociodemographic risk factors were age less than 20 years or more than 34 years, urban residence, primary and higher education levels, wealth index middle and above, and occupation as employed. Muslim religion, Scheduled Tribe, and Other Backward Class castes were statistically significant protective factors. Obesity, severe anemia, hypertension, and thyroid disorder were the significant comorbid risk factors, whereas tobacco chewing was the only significant lifestyle risk factor. A higher number of ever-born children was the fertility-related risk factor, whereas the use of intrauterine devices was a significant protective factor for miscarriage. To reduce the incidence of miscarriage in developing countries like India, the respective governments and healthcare providers should develop intervention programs targeting women in well-educated and high-income families.

Pengaruh Aplikasi Edukatif Islami di Era Digital terhadap Pengetahuan Agama Anak Usia Dini: Studi di TK Islam Terpadu, Kota Serang, Banten

Islamic educational applications are one of the innovations that can make the teaching and learning process easier. Technological advancements, many educational institutions have begun to utilize Islamic educational applications as additional learning media. This app is designed to introduce the basic concepts of Islam through a fun and easy-to-understand method for children. However, although these applications promise benefits in increasing children's religious knowledge, there are a number of issues that need to be considered. This study aims to examine the influence of Islamic educational applications in the digital era on early childhood religious knowledge, especially in Integrated Islamic Kindergarten in Serang City, Banten. This study uses a quantitative approach with experimental design and data analysis using Smart PLS 3. The research population is early childhood in Integrated Islamic Kindergarten in Serang City, Banten. The results of this study show that Islamic educational applications in the digital era have a significant influence on the improvement of early childhood religious knowledge, especially in Integrated Islamic Kindergarten, Serang City, Banten. The use of this application not only enriches the religious learning process in a more interactive and interesting way, but also shows the effectiveness of technology in supporting religious education among children. This research also highlights the importance of the role of parents in accompanying children during the use of the application, as well as the need for quality application development both in terms of content and technology

Evaluation of the Claim that Islam Frightens People with Eternal Pain

There are various prejudices in society regarding the Islamic concepts of faith. These prejudices are easily eliminated when faced with true knowledge and basic religious sources. Allegations often represent uninformed judgment. The main goal of this article is to clarify a frequently asked question about Islamic beliefs regarding the afterlife. According to some, this question has recently caused young people to break away from faith. To what extent can we embrace a religion that predicts eternal torment? In this article, we draw attention to these prejudices and encourage readers to investigate the intellectual depth of Islam based on knowledge. Humans have great potential. However, a person can achieve happiness in both the world and the hereafter by revealing the potential given to him from birth through his/her choices and behaviors. A person can reveal his existing talent in the best and most accurate way by reflecting on the meanings of the names of his Lord, who created him, in his life and living in accordance with them. Prejudices regarding Islamic religion’s understanding of the afterlife have come to the fore on social media and books. In this article, we discuss the claim about Islam that "it scares us with eternal torment.” Does Islam really scare people with punishments? Are people attached to Islam out of fear, as claimed? Does the Holy Quran suppress questioning? Or does this encourage it? It is possible to find many pros and consensuses in the history of commentary and theology regarding whether punishment is eternal. While evaluating these views, we must be responsible for ensuring and filtering whether they conform to the spirit and basic goals of the Holy Quran and Hadiths. The fact that the names of forgiving, merciful, and merciful are among the beautiful Names of Allah (Al-Asma Al-Husna), but the names of the one who punishes, the one who is angry, and the one who torments are excluded, should be accepted as evidence that the punishment will not be eternal. Mercy is an ancient attribute that cannot be separated from the essence of Allah.

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIGITAL MEDIA IN FACILITATING THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE ISLAMIC RELIGION FOR THE Z-GENERATION IN THE ERA OF DISRUPTION

The era of disruption is marked by rapid technological developments that change various aspects of life, including how to obtain information and knowledge. Generation Z, as a generation that grew up in a digital environment, has extensive access to various digital media that can be used to deepen their understanding of the Islamic religion. This article explores multiple digital platforms that provide educational content about Islam. Through literature studies and case analysis with a qualitative approach, this article highlights the benefits and challenges of using digital media in religious education. Data was collected from various literature sources and interviews with Generation Z, namely students of the Informatics Engineering Study Program at Serang Raya University. The results of the research show that Generation Z prefers to use digital media to increase and improve their religious knowledge rather than using conventional media because it is more effective, efficient, and accessible anytime, anywhere according to Generation Z's preferences and learning styles. However, challenges such as the validity of the information and interference from irrelevant content are also identified. This article concludes that with the right strategy, good digital literacy, and continued guidance from teachers, educators, and religious leaders, digital media has great potential to become an effective tool in facilitating Generation Z's understanding and interest in Islamic teachings and can help them practice religious teachings better.

EVALUASI PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB KELAS 7 DI MARHALAH SALAFIYAH WUSTHO PONDOK PESANTREN ISLAMIC CENTRE BIN BAZ PUTRI YOGYAKARTA

Arabic is a mandatory language that cannot be separated from Islamic boarding schools, which is like two sides of a coin because it is the language of the Islamic religion. It will be easier for students to understand the Qur'an or the books they are studying if they master Arabic. Good learning of Arabic must be accompanied by evaluation so that it is clear what things support and hinder it. Evaluation includes four types of proficiency and skill tests (maharah), namely listening (istima'), speaking (kalam), reading (Qiro'ah), and writing (Kitabah). The research aims to determine the evaluation of Arabic language learning at the Islamic Center Bin Baz Islamic Boarding School (ICBB) Putri Yogyakarta, especially grade 7 Salafiyah Wustho. This research uses a qualitative-descriptive approach and aims to find out how language is practiced at the Bin Baz Putri Islamic Center Islamic Boarding School. The results of the study showed different levels of proficiency in the four language skills (listening, speaking, reading, and writing), namely Kitabah proficiency, which showed the highest achievement of 90%, Qiro'ah proficiency (85%), Istima' proficiency (85%), and Kalam proficiency (80%).

Kiprah KH. Sahal Suhana Tokoh Pendiri Pendidikan Islam Modern di Kabupaten Kuningan Jawa Barat, 1994-2016

Education in Indonesia has a long history of producing intellectual figures from local to national. In the Kuningan region, West Java, there are intellectual figures who are active in the field of education. This thesis aims to find out how KH. Sahal Suhana in driving education in the Kuningan Regency area, West Java in 1994-2016. This research uses historical research methods. The steps include heuristics, verification, interpretation, and historiography. The results of this research are the role of KH. Sahal Suhana, a person who was not born from Kyai descent, was able to take part in becoming a Kyai by becoming the pioneer of the founder of the largest Modern Islamic Education in Kuningan Regency, West Java and growing rapidly, including the Husnul Khotimah Foundation and the Al-Multazam Husnul Khotimah Islam ic Education Foundation. As a pioneer figure who is active in the world of education, he has succeeded in creating new breakthroughs in eliminating the negative stigma of Islamic boarding schools, such as dirty students, dirty water, always wearing sarongs, lagging behind in technology and other problems. In modernizing Islamic education through the Islamic Boarding School KH. Sahal Suhana has succeeded in changing the public's mindset towards the negative stigma of Islamic boarding schools, and in the curriculum has succeeded in developing science and technology for the students, and in terms of facilities and infrastructure has succeeded in completing the foundation's facilities to support learning.

Revisiting Women's Piety Movements in the Indonesian Context

The current Islamic studies literature focusing on women’s expression in Indonesia remains understudied. It still presents a scholarly challenge for current Islamic studies to address the issue of ideal expressed space for women. This mainly includes women’s positions and roles in society and their concerns about public issues. This gap often becomes a source of criticism, especially from the feminist perspective. The latter believes that dogmatic religious understanding restricts women’s roles in public space. Addressing this puzzle, this paper aims to analyze how Islam affirmatively can address women’s expression as individuals and members of social groups. This paper employs critical discourse analysis by cultivating theoretical frameworks such as the debate between feminism and Islamic understandings of women. It also draws data from fieldwork, conducting in-depth interviews with women activists and academics. The findings of this study show that the need for inclusive public space for women to express their concerns while keeping their Islamic faith is imminent. This need could also expand women’s concerns to broader contexts such as interfaith dialogue. By focusing on three different Islamic women's movements, this paper further investigates how these three movements build up their expressed spaces and their impact on society.

Exploring the Concept of Islamization of Knowledge from Scholarly Perspectives

The study investigates the process of Islamization of Knowledge by conducting a bibliometric analysis of documents published in the Scopus database between 2010 and 2024. The findings demonstrate a favourable yearly pattern of publications and emphasise Malaysia's prominent position in this domain, with notable contributions from two well-known universities. The study also shows Muslim thinkers' diverse vocabulary and conceptual methodologies. This analysis serves as a helpful point of reference for future studies. It contributes to a deeper comprehension of the process of Islamization of Knowledge by identifying areas where further research is needed.

Kyai Abd. Rachman Bin Sopa Hamid: Jejak Keluarga Kesultanan Palembang Darussalam Di Tulung Selapan Ogan Komering Ilir

This research is the result of historical research with the title " Kyai Abd. Rachman Bin Sopa Hamid: Palembang Darussalam Sultanate Family in Tulung Selapan Ogan Komering ". This research was conducted to determine the journey and role of Kyai Abd. Rachman Bin Sopa Hamid in Tulung Selapan through the historical evidence left behind. In this research, Levinson's Role Theory is used. Through this theory, the traces, role and position of Kyai Abd can be analyzed. Rachman Bin Sopa Hamid in the Tulung Selapan village community, Ogan Komering Ilir Regency during the Palembang Darussalam Sultanate era until its current influence on the local community. Apart from that, the research method used is descriptive qualitative. From the results of his research, it is known that the fall of the Palembang sultanate into Dutch hands was marked by the capture of Sultan Mahmud Badaruddin II and his family who were then exiled to Ternate (North Maluku). At the same time, several imperial families and other Mujahid figures also fled to other areas, including Kyai Abdurachman bin Sopa Hamid, who at the time also fled to the Ogan Komering Ilir area, precisely in Tulung Selapan, until he died. The whereabouts of Kyai Abd. Rachman Bin Sopa Hamid in Tulung Selapan is marked by the presence of several relics in the form of a collection of swords and tenongs as well as the existence of Kyai Abd's food. Rachman Bin Sopa Hamid. During his escape in Tulung Selapan, Kyai Abdurachman bin Sopa Hamid then preached and broadcast the Islamic religion through education to the local community so that he was also known as a cleric and played a major role in politics such as leading the local community in facing the Dutch colonialists who came to Tulung Selapan to this day

Respon Mahasiswa dan Generasi Z Tentang Pernikahan Beda Agama

The aim of this research is to understand the views of students and Generation Z regarding interfaith marriages, as well as to highlight the problems that arise in connection with this. The research method used is a descriptive quantitative approach, which focuses on the correlation between factors related to interfaith marriages. This method uses data obtained from surveys or experiments, with a population of 300 people, using a quota sample method or random sampling. In general, the results of research related to interfaith marriages show that the majority of respondents have an understanding of the regulations for interfaith marriages and the potential for conflict in the household due to differences in religious views between partners. However, the majority of ulama in Indonesia prohibit interfaith marriages absolutely based on the teachings of the Islamic religion and the laws in force in Indonesia. Therefore, even though interfaith marriages are recognized as a human right, it is important for couples who want to marry partners from different religions to pay attention to applicable legal regulations and procedure.

Sosialisasi Meningkatkan Semangat Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam di Sekolah Dasar Negeri 36 Bengkulu Tengah

The limited level of public education and the low level of education and skills in the field of Islam are quite complex problems in the development process. The pursuit of knowledge is very important because knowledge is a means that everyone uses to achieve prosperity in this world and the hereafter. This lack of understanding of the teachings of the Islamic religion is very embarrassing because Islamic religious education is very important. On this occasion, we, students of KKN UIN FAS group 18, will provide an understanding of Islamic religious education to the children of State Elementary School 36, Central Bengkulu. The method of implementing community service that we carry out is a qualitative descriptive method. From the activities that have been carried out it can be confirmed that studying Islam in elementary schools has a lot of importance for children's development. The following are several reasons why Islamic religious education is important at the elementary school level, Character Formation, Understanding of Ethics and Morals, Introduction to Spiritual Values, Knowledge of Worship, Prevention from Negative Influences, Strengthening Islamic Identity, and Preparing a Generation with Noble Characters. Based on the implementation of activities and learning during the activities, it is known that socialization related to increasing enthusiasm for learning Islamic religious education at SDN 36 Central Bengkulu City has influenced students and teachers. The real impact is expanding understanding of Islamic religious knowledge through improving learning methods and utilizing the latest technological advances. Apart from that, as activity participants, students can gain insight into the importance of studying Islam so that they are more easily motivated.

Structural Model of Religiosity of the Engineering Profession of the Indonesian Engineers Association

This research asks questions about what engineers do and how they express their professional demands as well as their religious demands. This research is prioritized to determine the dynamics of engineering diversity through the relationship between the religiosity of Muslim engineers and future engineering-technology risks in Indonesia. To achieve its objectives, this research uses a holistic-integrative approach as a way to explore the relationship between engineers' religiosity and engineering-technology risks in Indonesia. This research begins with quantitative data collection and Maximum Likelihood Estimate (MLE) analysis, followed by modeling using the Structural Equation Model application (Structured Equation Modelling-Partial Least Square or SEM-PLS) version 3.0. The research begins with observing literature to obtain the main dimensions of religiosity, then selecting and determining the main and important dimensions of the Islamic religion. constructing each dimension into sub-dimensions and attributes that consist of diversity. using a modified worldview approach. The religiosity structure developed consists of 6 main dimensions, namely: dimensions of universal awareness (X1), universal views (X2), core values (X3); identity dimension (X4), observed behavior dimension (X5) and institutional culture dimension (X6). To test the structural model of religiosity, this research has collected field data obtained from 45 graduates of the engineering professional program as research respondents spread across Central Sulawesi and South Sulawesi.

Geospatial patterns, and individual and community levels factors of cesarean section deliveries in Ethiopia: A spatial and multilevel analysis.

Cesarean Section (CS) is the most popular surgery worldwide in obstetric care to save a mother's or the fetus's life. The prevalence of CS delivery in Ethiopia was 0.7% and 1.9% in 2000 and 2016 respectively and its spatial distribution and variation in Ethiopia are limited. This study provides evidence for healthcare providers and pregnant women on the national CS geospatial distribution and variation to promote evidence-based decision-making and improve maternal and neonatal outcomes. Therefore, this study aimed to determine geospatial patterns and individual and community-level factors of CS deliveries in Ethiopia. A secondary data analysis of 5,527 weighted samples of mothers using the 2019 Ethiopian mini demographic and health survey was conducted. The spatial hotspot analysis using Getis-Ord Gi* hot spot analysis of ArcGIS version 10.7.1 was used to show the spatial cluster of CS and multilevel mixed effect logistic regression analyses were employed. Statistical significance was declared at p-value <0.05 and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was reported. The prevalence of CS delivery in Ethiopia was 5.4% with 95%CI (4.6%, 6.4%). The spatial autocorrelation shows CS was clustered in Ethiopia (global Moran's index = 1.009, and p-value<0.001). Spatial hotspot indicates CS was prevalent in Addis Ababa, Diredewa, Oromo, and Somali regions. The odds of CS delivery were higher among mothers aged 24-35: AOR = 1.98, 95% CI (1.3, 3.1), and 35-49: AOR = 3.7, 95% CI(2.2, 6.1), live with female household heads: AOR = 1.9, 95% CI (1.2, 3.1), mothers with primary AOR = 1.6, 95% CI (1.07, 2.7), secondary: AOR = 2.4, 95% CI (1.3, 4.25) and higher education: AOR = 2.06, 95% CI (1.03, 4.2), multiple births: AOR = 8.1, 95% CI (3.4, 19.74), mothers in Addis Ababa: AOR = 3.4, 95% CI (1.1, 11.9) and Diredewa: AOR = 7, 95% CI (1.23, 40.7) as compared to their counterparts. In Ethiopia, CS deliveries remain below the World Health Organization estimate with distinct geospatial variation. Geographically, CS delivery is concentrated in urban areas like Addis Ababa and Diredewa, as well as in parts of the Somali and Oromia regions. Maternal age, female household head, Muslim religion, higher educational status, and multiple births at the individual level, and region at the community level were factors of CS delivery in Ethiopia. Therefore, efforts should be geared towards strategies and interventions to ensure fair access to CS delivery in line with WHO recommendations, especially in the regions where the CS delivery rate is below WHO estimates in Tigray, Amhara, Afar, and Benishangul Gumze regions.

The Role of Islam in Affecting the Transformation of Traditional Agriculture Knowledge: A Systematic Review of Dewi Sri Literature

This research aims to comprehensively understand how Islam has influenced the fundamental discussions within the Islamic Environmentalism movement, explicitly concerning agriculture and traditional knowledge systems. The study analyzed 103 scholarly articles and publications from Google Scholar, covering the period from 2011 to 2023. The search was conducted on December 14, 2023, using the keyword 'Dewi Sri.' The results show that cultural and agricultural factors specific to the region influence the Javanese agroecological perspective. In contrast, Islamic agroecological methods are shaped by the integration of Islamic teachings, particularly the concept of Green Islam, to create food systems that are both sustainable and self-regulating. However, the specific mechanism by which Islam affected alterations in traditional agricultural knowledge systems cannot be well elucidated using broad terms. It is essential to acknowledge that understanding the role of Islam in influencing the transformation of traditional agriculture knowledge in the Islamic environmentalism movement can facilitate collaboration within the Muslim community. This fact can serve as a valuable resource for integrating Javanese values without posing a threat to the integrity of Islam but instead as an opportunity to demonstrate that Islam also shares the same commitment to environmental preservation.

Entitas Agama dalam Perdebatan Studi Politik dan Hubungan Internasional: Perspektif Pra &amp; Pasca Nation-States dalam Perjanjian Westphalia (1648)

This conceptual article will explain the role and position of religious entities in the debate on political studies and international relations, which were once marginalized. This situation cannot be separated from the strong dominance of secularism which provides strong legitimacy for the importance of material factors such as military power and economic-political interests in the development of global political economy. Religious factors and other identities are considered abstract and do not get a place in the mainstream debate. However, along with the development of the dynamics and complexity of global political economy and security, religious factors have again received great attention. By analyzing the historical roots and transformation of political studies and international relations, with a deeper emphasis in the context of Islamic religion, this article which is sourced from secondary data, lays the stronger basis for understanding the rise of Constructivism School of Thought, which finally concludes that religious entities and other identity factors have played a significant and fundamental role in determining the direction of the dynamics of socio-political, economic and international security developments.

Legalization Of Islamic Principles (An Analytical Study Of The Maqashidi Interpretation Approach In The Book At-Tahrir Wa At-Tanwir By Thahir Ibn 'Asyur)

The Qur'anic Maqasid in the verses that are almost formal in formalising Islamic Shari'a are as follows: Al-Baqarah/2: 208 emphasising the importance of entering the religion of Islam with its universal values that apply to all human beings. Al-Ma'idah/4:60 explains that taghut is a being other than Allah that is worshipped, and that it is important to obey the legitimate leader. Al-Ma'idah/5:44 gives the definition of disbelief as the disobedience of religious believers to the laws of the heavenly religions, while providing benefits to all humanity. Al-Ma'idah/5:45 and 47 indicate that zalim and fasik are terms for followers of any religion who do not follow the legal provisions of their holy book and do not provide benefits. An-Nisa/4:59 explains that ulil amri are leaders who are just, trustworthy and beneficial. Finally, An-Nisa/4:65 states that Muhammad's shari'a is a just Islamic shari'a and ijtihad law based on justice. All these verses represent the moral ideal of the Qur'an, which aims to fulfil the benefit of mankind and emphasises that the Qur'an is a relevant revelation for all time and place.

Evaluation of Products Grown with Pesticides in Terms of Islamic Law

Throughout history, healthy food has been one of the most important issues of every society. Religious, halal, clean and healthy food perspectives are the most natural rights of every person and it is necessary to respect others right. A Muslim must be sensitive and aware about halal and haram in their lives and one of the most important issues related to halal and haram is food. A wide variety of foods are consumed every day. However, the food is obtained due to biotechnology tools which are part of our daily lives. Firstly, the safety of these products in terms of health, and secondly is whether these products are halal for Muslims. Indeed, protecting human and environmental health is one of religious and humanitarian duty. In this study, it is tried to present the effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides used in agricultural food production on human, animal and environment and the perspective of the religion of Islam against these effects. These substances have a number of positive and negative effects on people and the environment. Currently, we can see variety of foods as seen natural, contain many harmful substances that threaten human health using technologic tools. At the beginning of the study, the nature of pesticides and how they can affect plants, animals and humans was discussed. In the later parts of the study, it is tried to interpret the halal and haram of these products in terms of Islam.

Science and Islamic ethics: Navigating artificial womb technology through Quranic principles

This paper explores the complex interplay between scientific innovation and religious ethics, with a specific focus on the ethical implications of Artificial Womb Technology (AWT) as interpreted through the lens of Quranic teachings on the essence of life. The objective is to meld the burgeoning field of reproductive technologies with the foundational principles of Islamic theology through an examination of Islamic jurisprudential rulings, contemporary bioethical discourse and innovations in reproductive technology. In addition to attention given to the compatibility of AWT with Islamic teachings concerning the sanctity of life, there is also a focus on the concept of motherhood and the preservation of family structure. This study undertakes an extensive exploration of both historical and contemporary interpretations of Islamic precepts, culminating in the establishment of an ethical framework. This framework is designed to harmonise religious doctrines with the exigencies of reproductive science by proposing normative guidelines for the ethical implementation of AWT and similar technologies. This paper makes a substantial contribution to academic discourse on science and religion by integrating advancements in reproductive health technology with moral principles intrinsic to the Islamic faith.

Science process skills and biology learning outcomes of high school students through the application of the guided inquiry learning model

Science process skills are important skills to develop when studying biology. Science process skills can positively contribute to students' biology learning outcomes. The right learning model can develop science process skills and student learning outcomes. This study aims to determine the effect of implementing the guided inquiry learning model on students' science process skills and biology learning outcomes. This quasi-experimental study was conducted at SMA Al Islam Surakarta. The research design used was a posttest-only control group design. The sample in this study consisted of 2 classes, namely one class as a control class and one class as an experimental class. Sampling was carried out using cluster random sampling. The research instruments were post-test questions and observation sheets. Learning outcome data were obtained from the posttest results, while science process skills data were obtained from observation results. Data analysis was carried out quantitatively using the Mann-Whitney U test. The results showed that the guided inquiry learning model affected students' science process skills and biology learning outcomes by being able to improve both aspects (sig&lt;0.05). The study concludes that the inquiry learning model affects science process skills and learning outcomes. It is recommended in biology learning to use a guided inquiry learning model.

Implementasi Hadist Tasamuh dalam Bermasyarakat

Tolerance in Islam is an interesting study, this is based on the very difficulty of finding the equivalent of the word Tolerance in the Al-Qur'an and Hadith. Differences in understanding the meaning of tolerance form the basis of understanding Pluralism. This article is to examine the meaning of tolerance in the hadith as the second source of the Islamic religion, using a social approach. This article finds that Tolerance in the Hadith is combined with the word tasamuh with the meaning or samahah of this word basically meaning al-jud (Glory). Or sa'at sadr (open-minded) and tasahul (friendly, forgiving). Islam itself is a religion that makes tolerance the most important part, this attitude is more widely applied in the area of ​​social interaction as shown by the attitude of the Prophet Muhammad. against non-Muslims at the time he was still alive. An attitude of tolerance in religion is respecting other religious beliefs by not being syncretic, namely by equating other religious beliefs with Islamic beliefs themselves, practicing one's own beliefs and worship. The attitude of tolerance also cannot be understood separately from the framework of the Shari'a, because if it happens, it will give rise to misunderstandings of meaning which result in a mixture of what is right and what is false. The teaching of tolerance is something that is inherent in the principles of Islamic teachings as found in faith, Islam and ihsan.