Ischiopubic Index Research Articles

Sex Determination through Pelvic Bone Using Anteroposterior Radiographs

Background: Forensic anthropology uses digital radiography to identify victims' gender, despite the population-specific nature of determining gender from bones, offering a cost-effective and straightforward method. The objective of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of the digital radiography technology for sex recognition of the selected participant group in Hyderabad, Sindh Time and location: Cross-sectional study conducted by department of Forensic medicine Liaquat University of medical and Health Sciences Jamshoro and Isra University Hyderabad at the outpatient of Liaquat University hospital, Hyderabad from February to May 2023. Methods: The study included male and female patients aged 18-50 years and was authorized by the Research and Ethics Committee LUMHS. Study participants were divided into two groups; male and female. Differences in pelvis bone fragments parameters like iliac height, inter-acetabular distance, pelvic inlet (breadth), acetabulum diameter, pubic length, Ischial length and ischio-pubic index on digital x-ray radiographs of both groups were examined and compared. Results: A statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in bony prominence parameters including inter-acetabular distance, acetabular diameter, breadth of the pelvic inlet, pubic length, ischial length and ischio-pubic index was observed between group A and group B. The study revealed that the accuracy in recognizing male individuals through ileum height (68.8%), inter-acetabular distance (64.7%), and the pelvic inlet breadth (61.0 %) Conclusion: The iliac height, inter-acetabular distance, pelvic inlet (breadth), inter-acetabular diameter, pubic length, Ischial length and ischio-pubic index on radiographs (x-rays) of pelvic bones are a reliable bone fragments parameters in sex determination with high precision.

Measuring pelvises in 3D surface scans and in MDCT generated virtual environment: Considerations for applications in the forensic context

Virtual Anthropology (VA) transposes the traditional methods of physical anthropology to virtual environments using imaging techniques and exploits imaging technologies to devise new methodological protocols. In this research, we investigate whether the measurements used in the Diagnose Sexuelle Probabiliste (DSP) and Ischio-Pubic Index (IPI) differ significantly when 3D models of a bone are generated using 3D surface scans (3DSS) and Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT) scans. Thirty pelvises were selected from the SIMON identified skeletal collection. An equal ratio of females to males was sought, as well as a good preservation of the bones. The pelvises were scanned using an MDCT scanner and a 3D surface scanner. The measurements of the DSP and IPI methods on the dry bones (referred to as macroscopic measurements here), and then to the 3D models. The intra- and interobserver, using the Technical Error of Measurement (TEM) and relative Technical Error of Measurement (rTEM) error was assessed, and we aimed to observe if the measurements made on the MDCT and 3DSS generated models were significantly different from those taken on the dry bones. Additionally, the normality of the data was tested (Shapiro-Wilk test) and the differences in measurements was evaluated using parametric (Student t-tests) and non-parametric (Wilcoxon) tests. The TEM and rTEM calculations show high intra and interobserver consistency in general. However, some measurements present insufficient inter- and intraobserver agreement. Student t and Wilcoxon tests indicate potentially significant differences of some measurements between the different environments. The results show that especially in the virtual environment, it is not easy to find the right angle for some of the DSP measurements, However, when comparing the measurement differences between dry and virtual bones, the results show that most of the differences are less than or equal to 2.5 mm. Considering the IPI, the landmarks are already difficult to determine on the dry bone, but they are even more difficult to locate in the virtual environment. Nevertheless, this study shows that quantitative methods may be better suited for application in the virtual environment, but further research using different methods is needed.

Gender Determination with Ischiopubic Index and Upper Pelvic Index in Iranian Adult Radiographic Stereotypes

Background: Different parts of the skeletal system have been studied in different studies to determine gender. The pelvis is one of the most important skeletal components for the determination of gender and identification of humans. Objectives: The current study aimed to determine gender using the ischiopubic index and upper pelvic index in the adult population of Iran. Methods: In this study, 140 individuals (70 male and 70 female subjects) referring to Athari Imaging Center in Tehran, Iran, for various medical reasons entered the study by giving written and oral consent using the convenience sampling method. Measurements were performed on digital anteroposterior pelvic radiographs (with standard conditions and radiographic stencil distance from the light source as 100 cm). The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22). Results: The mean ischemic index of the whole population was 108.88 ± 13.75. The difference in the ischiopubic index between male and female subjects was significant (P < 0.05). The mean upper pelvic index of the whole study population was 81.70 ± 10.09; however, the difference in the upper pelvic index between the two groups of male and female subjects was not significant (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The pelvic ischemic index in Iranian women is higher than that reported for men. If the ischiopubic index is higher than 103, with 93% sensitivity and 73% specificity, it would be female. According to the study of graphs, if there is a special identity for diagnosis, there will be the possibility to match the graph before the death of the individual with the graph taken from skeletal remains.

Sex Determination using the Ischiopubic Index in South Indian Population

The aim of this study was to use the Ischiopubic index to explore the sex differences in the pelvis betweenthe male and female bones. The pelvis is characterized by sexually dimorphic features and thus it can beused for sex determination while establishing the biological profile in unknown skeletal remains. In thisstudy we have assessed the sex prediction potential of the Ischiopubic index using 72 dry innominate hipbones (38 male and 34 female) belonging to South Indian population. The lengths of the pubis and ischiumwere measured in these bones and the Ischiopubic index was calculated as per Washburn’s formula. TheIschiopubic index was calculated to be 85.46 ± 3.63 mm. in males (Range 74.15 - 95.28 mm.) and 97.75 ±4.10 mm. in females (Range 89.56 - 116.37 mm.). Application of the Student’s t test showed that there wasa statistically significant difference in the Ischiopubic index between the male and female pelvic bones witha p <0.001.

Sex differentiation by ischio-pubic index: A radiological study over the population of Bihar

Sex differentiation by ischio-pubic index: A radiological study over the population of Bihar

Gender determination from diagnostic factors on anteroposterior pelvic radiographs

BackgroundGender determination from skeletal remains is one of the primary factors in forensic medicine. This study aimed to identify the gender of patients referred to the radiology ward of the Rasoul Akram Hospital of Tehran using anteroposterior pelvic radiography. MethodsA total of 200 patients (100 male and 100 female) referred to the radiology ward of the Rasoul Akram Hospital for anteroposterior pelvic radiography during 2013–2014 were included in this study. After taking a standard radiographic image of all patients in the supine position and an anteroposterior view of the pelvis, factors including subpubic angles, pubic angle, X angle, ischiopubic index, ratio of the length of the symphysis pubis to the mid and minimum width of the pubis body, and ratio of the length of the symphysis pubis to the minimum width of the pubic superior ramus were measured on radiographs. The Student t test and receiver operating characteristic curve were used to compare the data of male and female patients. Values were significant at p<0.05. ResultsAll the evaluated variables were significantly different in male and female patients (p=0.000), with the highest level of measurement accuracy noted in the subpubic angle, Pubic Angle 1, X angle, Pubic Angle 2, minimum width of the pubic superior ramus, and ischiopubic index. Length of the symphysis pubis, length of the pubis, and ratio of the length of the pubis to the minimum width of the pubic superior ramus showed the lowest accuracy. ConclusionThe results of this study revealed that the evaluation of the radiographic images of pelvic bones by assessing the mentioned factors can be useful for sex determination from skeletal remains. However, ethical considerations should also be taken into account while using these factors.

Osteometric sex estimation from the os coxa in a Thai population

The coxal bone shows a very high degree of sexual dimorphism both morphologically and metrically. However, despite a number of recent studies on sex estimation from the skeleton in Thailand, no osteometric methods of sexing the Thai os coxa have been proposed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a standard sex estimation method for a Thai population by examining the efficacy of six coxal bone measurements and eight indices obtained from 200 Thai skeletons. Independent samples t-tests revealed statistically significant differences between males and females for all but one of the measurements. The equation with the highest correct allocation accuracy was based on four measurements (pubis length, ischium length, total height and acetabulum diameter) and had a predicted and cross-validated accuracy of 96.9% and a tested accuracy of 97.5% on a holdout sample of 40 individuals. The single variable equation with the highest correct allocation accuracy of 94.4% and a tested accuracy of 97.5% was for the ischiopubic index, which is calculated from ischium length and pubis length. Percentage accuracies in predicting sex from these equations were higher than many previous studies, suggesting high levels of sexual dimorphism in the Thai os coxa.

Identification of the sex of the individual from “Demarking Points” of hip bone

Introduction: Identification of sex from the available bones has got tremendous value in the medicolegal cases. Anatomists are often asked for expert opinion regarding sex and age of the individual from the skeletal remains found under suspicious conditions. In this respect, metrical studies of the bones are more useful than mere physical examination. The growth factor and the nutrition of the man is widely variable in this world. Based on statistics, Demarking point (DP) are useful to identify the sex of the human clavicles with accuracy. Skeletal remains provide probably the most dependable information for identifying an unknown individual because of their relative durability with which they can be preserved and studied. Aims and Objectives: The identification of an individual from his skeletal remains is of great medicolegal importance The objective of the study was to evaluate the Demarking point (DP) from the hip bone. With this view, the present study has made an attempt to determine the sex of the hip bone from the Demarking point (DP). Material and Method: One hundred and sixty adult hip bones (90 males and 70 females) of known sex were picked up at random from the skeletal collections of the department of Anatomy from various medical colleges in Mumbai. The following measurements were made from dry hip bones which did not show any fracture, pathology or wear and tear. Weight, length and width of the hip bone, length of pubis and length of ischium. Ischiopubic index and coxal index were calculated of each hip bone from the study sample. The instruments used are osteometric board, sliding caliper and ordinary weighing balance sensitive to 0.5 gm. Observation: In this study it was found that ischiopubic index is the best criteria for discriminating sexual dimorphism in hip bones. Also the length of ischium is more useful for identifying male bones and length of pubis for female bones. Combination of these two i. e. the ischiopubic index was found to be the best discriminant parameters for both sexes. Result and Discussion: Earlier workers have studied the actual range and means of certain parameters of bones for assigning sex. In present study seven parameters were studied for determining the sex from the hip bone. The Demarking points (DP) of various parameters if crossed by any hip bone, sex of that hip bone can be identified with certainty. However, it is not necessary for any bone to cross Demarking points (DP) of all parameters for identification of sex. Any single Demarking point (DP) for any of the parameters if crossed, would detect the sex with 100% accuracy. Conclusions: The length of ischium was found to be more in male bones, length of pubis was found more in female bones and ischiopubic index was found to be the best criteria for determining sexual dimorphism in hip bones. Keywords: Demarking point (DP), Identification point(IP), Coxal index, Ischiopubic index, Dimorphism

Radiologic Study of Ischiopubic Index of Urhobos and Itsekiris of Nigeria

The study was designed to determine and compare the pubic length, ischial length and ischiopubic indices amongst Urhobos and Itsekiris. The parameters were measured from radiographs obtained from the Radiology department of Delta State University Teaching Hospital (DELSUTH), Oghara and Capitol Hill Clinic, Warri both in Delta State, Nigeria. Anteroposterior radiographs of 93 adult pelvis (age range, 18 years and above) were evaluated. 66 of the radiographs were those of Urhobos (36 males and 30 females), while 27 were those of Itsekiris (13 males and 14 females). The morphological measurements were the pubic length, ischial length and ischiopubic index. The mean values for pubic length, ischial length and ischiopubic index for Urhobo males were 78.51±12.4mm, 85.58±11.6mm and 91.66±5.86 respectively while those of their females was 92.39±7.08mm, 81.97±12.00mm and 114.93±18.14 respectively. The mean values for pubic length, ischial length and ischiopubic index for Itsekiri males were 82.20±10.62mm, Original Research Article Oladipo et al.; BJMMR, 5(9): 1114-1120, 2015; Article no.BJMMR.2015.125 1115 83.84±10.82mm and 98.40±9.37 respectively while those of their females was 92.05±6.36mm, 85.03±14.59mm and 111.03±18.37 respectively. There were significant data for male and female pubic length and ischiopubic indices both in Urhobos and Itsekiris. The demarking point of ischiopubic index was more useful in sex determination assigning sex to 78.6% Itsekiri females (p<0, 05). The accurate determination of sex and race are important tools to forensic scientists and physical and clinical anthropologists. Thus, this study is important as it has provided the necessary data for Nigerian population under investigation. The data is recommended to obstetricians, physical and clinical anthropologist and forensic scientists.

Ischiopubic index of Edo people in Benin City, Nigeria

Background: Sex determination stands a key position in the human identification process. Aim: This study was conducted to determine the pubic length, ischial length, and ischiopubic index, and to ascertain their usefulness in sex determination among Edo people. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study that utilized 114 male and 86 female anteroposterior pelvic radiographs of patients who attended the radiological services of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, between January 2010 and September 2014. The subjects were in the age range of 18-60 years, with a mean age of 36.56 ± 11.93 years. Pubic and ischial lengths were measured with digital Vernier Caliper and ischiopubic index derived. Statistical Analysis: Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics using statistical package of social sciences version 20. P value ≤ 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: The ischial and pubic lengths exhibited statistically significant sex differences ( P P Conclusion: Ischiopubic index is relevant in sex determination.

ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY OF ISCHIOPUBIC INDEX OF THE ISOKO AND BENIN IN NIGERIA.

The ischiopubic index is calculated by dividing the pubic length by the ischial length and multiplying by 100. It has been said to be one of the parameters affecting the pelvic inlet and this is of interest to obstetricians and anatomic anthropologists. To determine and compare the pubic length, ischial length andischiopubic index among the males and females of Isoko and Bini ethnic groups of Nigeria. A retrospective cross sectional study. University of Benin teaching hospital (UBTH), Irrua Specialist teaching hospital (ISTH) and Eku Baptist Hospital. Four hundred antero-posterior radiographs; two hundred for the Isoko (males 105 and females 95) and two hundred also for the Bini (males 110 and females 90) adult pelvis in the age range of 18 - 65 years were evaluated. Pubic length, ischial length, and ischiopubic index were measured. The mean pubic length, mean ischial length and mean ischiopubic index of Isoko males are respectively (mm) 78.42 ± 3.40, 69.41 ± 5.10, 75.2-97.5, 87.52 ± 1.30. The range and point of demarcation are (mm): 75.2-97.5, < 86.22. For Isoko females, the mean pubic length, mean ischial length and mean ischiopubic index are (mm): 81.20 ± 5.0, 74.30 ± 6.10, 106.21 ± 9.10. The range and demarcation point are (mm): 87-125.10, < 97.11. The mean pubic length, mean ischial length and mean ischiopubic index of Bini males are respectively (mm): 74.32 ± 5.40, 82.71 ± 7.20, 88.72 ± 2.40. The range and point of demarcation are (mm) 70-98,< 86.32. For Bini females they are (mm); 86.48 ± 4.20, 78.61± 7.41, 112.21 ± 7.71. The range and point of demarcation are (mm): 84.1-132.50, < 104.50 respectively. The study showed sexual dimorphism in the ischipubic index of the study population and a significant difference in actual mean values and demarking points between the two population groups studied. This contributes growing database of anthropologically and obstetrically significant data for ethnic groups in Nigeria and could help in identification of skeletal remains in the hitherto restive Nigerian Niger-Delta region.

A Study of Ischiopubic Index Using X-Ray Films in Lagos State of Nigeria

The ischiopubic index was studied in adult pelvic X-ray films of subjects aged eighteen to seventy years. A total of 120 X-ray films made of 60 males and 60 females were collected from LUTH, Lagos State. The ischiopubic index was calculated by dividing the pubic length by ischial length and by multiplying by 100. The mean ischiopubic index for males was 101.05 ± 16.65 and that of the females was 115.99 ± 18.5. Sex differences of these indices were statistically significant (P&lt;0.001) for both sexes. The mean length of the females pubis was significantly longer than that for males (P&lt;0.001), and similarly the mean length of ischium in males was significantly longer than that of the females (P&lt;0.001). Using X-ray films, sex could be assigned using demarking points to 47% and 50% females in Lagos State. In conclusion, this research has provided evidence that the ischiopubic index and the demarking points are reliable in sexing the hip bones of Nigerians (using X-ray films). Thus the ischiopubic index may be of value in forensic and archaeological analyses and in solving medicolegal cases.

Estimation of Race and Sex Using Ischiopubic Index and Subpubic Angle in Upper Egypt

Accurate estimations of race and sex are essential tools in forensic anthropology. The pelvic bones are the most accurate bones from which sex can be determined, where ischiopubic index and subpubic angle are important parameters in these bones. The objective of our study is to determine ischiopubic index and subpubic angle in Egyptian males and females and compare them with other populations. Antero -posterior radiographs of 120 adult males and females (aged from 18 to 70 years) were studied for measurement of the pubic length, the ischial length and subpubic angle. Results: the mean of pubic length, ischial length, ischiopubic index and subpubic angle in Egyptians males were 72.4 mm, 80.6 mm, 86.3 and 102.4° respectively. The mean of pubic length, ischial length, ischiopubic index and subpubic angle in Egyptians females were 83.5 mm, 74.5 mm, 103.5 and 141.2° respectively. The mean of pubic length was significantly increased in females than males in the (p<0.05), while the mean ischial length was significantly higher in males than females (p<0.05), the mean ischiopubic index was significantly higher in females than males (p<0.05), while the mean of subpubic angle in females was significantly higher than males

Radiologic Determination of Ischiopubic Index in South-South Nigerian Population

For anthropological and medicolegal reasons, sex is usually identified from the human skeleton. The hip bone is normally used and the ischiopubic index is one of the best parameters used for determination of sex. This study was carried out to determine the pubic length, ischial length and ischiopubic index of the South-South people of Nigeria. Anteroposterior radiographs of adult pelvis (age range, 18-75 years) were evaluated. Five hundred and eighteen (518) radiographs (259 males and 259 females) were those of the south-South people of Nigeria. The morphological measurements were pubic length, ischial length and ischiopubic index. The mean values of pubic length, ischial length and ischiopubic index of male South-South Nigerians were 74.99 mm, 85.03mm and 88.65, respectively while those of their females were 84.48 mm, 79.52 mm and 106.45, respectively. The mean pubic length was significantly longer in females than males in the population (p<0.05). The mean ischial length was significantly higher in males than in females (p<0.05). The ischiopubic index of the females was significantly higher than that of the males. Using the radiographs, sex could be assigned to 32.43% of males and 31.66% of females when using the formulae (Mean±3SD). But then, using the formulae (Mean±2SD), sex was assigned to 68.72% of South-South Nigerian males and 62.53% of South-South Nigerian females. When these results were compared with other races, there were racial differences. Thus, this study is important as it has provided the necessary data for the Nigerian population under investigation. An ischiopubic index greater than (90) will most probably be that of a female and less than (90) will most probably be that of a male in South-South Nigeria. The data is recommended to obstetricians, physical anthropologists and forensic scientists.

Care-seeking behaviour for malaria treatment among community primary school teachers ( a cross sectional study)

Background: The identification of sex from the skeleton is of great medico-legal and anthropological importance. The hip bone is commonly used. The ischio-pubic index is one of the parameters used for sex determination because of its reliability. Aim: To determine from radiographs, ischio-pubic index of Nigerians. This will help to establish a baseline anthropometric data and to define standard values for the local population. Methods: Standard anterio-posterior (AP) pelvic radiographs of 100 normal adults comprising 54 females and 46 males were employed in this study. Radiographs were randomly selected from the Radiology departments of University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital and Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital, Port Harcourt. The pubic lengths and ischial lengths were measured using the method adopted by Washburn and the ischio-pubic index was calculated. Results: The mean ischio-pubic index was greater in females (102.7±5.7). This difference between the sexes was statistically significant (P less than 0.05). The pubic bone was longer in females but the Ischium was longer in males. Conclusion: The result of this study confirmed previous reports that irrespective of race, the ischio-pubic index for females is significantly greater than that of males and that ischio-pubic index can be accurately used for sex determination in this environment. Ischio-pubic index greater than 90 will most probably be that of a female and less than 90 will most probably be that of a male Nigerian in Port Harcourt. Key words: Ischio-pubic index, Sex determination, Anthropometry, Pelvic radiograph, Nigerians in Port Harcourt

Radiographic Determination Of Sex Differences In Ischiopubic Index Of A Nigerian Population

The objective of this research work was to study the ischiopubic index in Cross River State in Nigeria. This was done by measuring the pubic and ischial lengths in 214-ray films (114 males and 100 females) of Cross River State indigenes. The ischiopubic index was calculated by dividing the pubic length by ischial length and by multiplying by 100.The sex differences of the pubic length, ischial length and ischiopubic index was found to be statistically significant when male and female x-ray films are compared (p<0.001).The demarking points of these parameters were worked out to determine sex. The demarking point of the ischiopubic index was more useful in sex determination assigning sex to 69% males and 81% females. The ischiopubic index therefore is a useful parameter in sexing of the hipbone. This research carried out in Departments of Radiology of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital and the University of Calabar Medical Center There was no external funding for this research

Pubis growth study: Applicability in sexual and age diagnostic

The growth of five variables of the ischiopubic area was analyzed from bone material from birth to old age. The main purpose was to evaluate its significance and capacity for age and sex determination during and after growth. The material used consisted of 327 specimens from four documented Western European collections. Growth curves were calculated by polynomial regression for two classical variables of the ischiopubic area (pubis length and ischiopubic index) and three new variables of the pubic acetabular area (horizontal and vertical diameter of the pubic acetabular area and the pubic acetabular index). None of the curves showed lineal growth, with the exception of the ischiopubic index and the masculine vertical diameter of the pubis acetabular area. Pubis length has the most complicated growth, expressed by a five-degree polynomial. All the variables are useful for adult sex determination, except the pubic acetabular index. The ischopubic index, vertical diameter of the pubic acetabular area and the pubic acetabular index seem to be good variables for sub-adult sex determination. For age estimation the best variables, in both archaeological and forensic remains, are the absolute measurements (pubic length, vertical and horizontal diameter of the pubis). However, pubis length is the best variable for age estimation because it can be applied until 25 years of age.

Pubic symphyseal synostosis and sexual dimorphism of the pelvis inPresbytis cristata andPresbytis rubicunda

This study examines the relationship between public symphyseal synostosis and sexual dimorphism of the pelvis in two sympatric species ofPresbytis—P. cristata andP. rubicunda. Whereas no specimen ofP. cristata shows fusion of the interpubic joint, a high percentage of female (43.8%) and male (83.3%)P. rubicunda have a fused public symphysis. As females of both species are similar in body size, they are predicted to give birth to similarly sized newborns. Based on comparison with other anthropoids, the percentage dimorphism in the ischiopubic index inP. cristata andP. rubicuda suggests selection on pelvic capacity in relation to obstetrics. In species characterized by cephalopelvic constriction (i.e., the size of the fetal cranium closely approximates the capacity of the maternal birth canal), successful birth seems possible only by a hormonally induced increase in pelvic joint mobility during delivery. However, fusion of the interpubic joint obviates pelvic joint mobility. Consequently, this study tests the hypothesis thatP. rubicunda shows obstetric adaptations of the pelvis that are not found inP. cristata. The results show that pelvic capacity is larger in females than males in bothP. cristata andP. rubicunda; the sexual difference is most pronounced at the inlet. Moreover, the pattern of pelvic dimorphism is nearly identical between the species. When females of the two species are compared,P. rubicunda evidences a shorter distance between the sacroiliac and hip joints and a wider bituberous diameter. The former is related to interspecific differences in locomotion, and the latter is associated with obstetrics.

Sex Determination with Fragmented Skeletal Remains

Abstract It is well established that the adult human pelvis offers a high degree of reliability in sexing skeletal remains. The ischiopubic index devised by Schultz [1] and tested by Washburn [2,3] and Hanna and Washburn [4] is generally reliable for 90% or more of cases tested. The ischiopubic index is derived by measuring the lengths of the pubis and ischium from a common point in the acetabulum. The success of this technique rests on the fact that, as a rule, the pubis is absolutely longer in females while the ischium is absolutely longer in males. A second and perhaps more important sexing technique elucidated by Phenice [5] is a nonmetrical method employing three features of the pubic bone. The first and generally most reliable feature is the ventral arc, followed by the subpubic concavity and, finally, the medial aspect of the inferior pubic ramus. The use of all three features gave Phenice in excess of 95% reliability in American whites and blacks. Kelley [6, 7] obtained similar results with this technique in California Indian material. In terms of time, energy, and reliability Phenice's visual sexing technique seems preferable over the ischiopubic index.