Output Line Research Articles

Сорбционное извлечение радионуклидов стронция из поверхностных вод природным алюмосиликатом

The contamination of large volumes of surface waters with radionuclides is caused by the appearance of a significant number of objects that pose a potential radiation hazard. The search and development of affordable, environmentally friendly sorbents for the purification of such waters is an urgent task, the solution of which will make it possible to propose effective measures for the purification of natural water bodies from pollution. The article presents the result of research of sorption reduction of 90Sr radionuclide from aqueous solutions with experimental samples under static and dynamic conditions. Methods. We have defined the strontium concentration range within which the reduced component distribution between solid and liquid phases obeys Henry law. The granulated sorbent distribution index in the Henry area was Kd=(3.46±0.2)•102 ml/g in terms of strontium and this is comparable with the Kd=200 ml/g value of the initial natural glauconite. The obtained value of the sorbent static exchange capacity in terms of strontium in the (10-5 – 1) g/l concentration range is ≥ 4.2 mg/g. We investigated the sorption kinetics in the recirculation mode. We have presented the output curves of the strontium sorption with the developed sorbent in the dynamic mode. The strontium distribution index was at least 2.42 ∙ 103 ml/g and this approximately 10 times exceeded the value obtained under the static conditions. After passing of 900 column volumes of the model solution through the column, no compacting of the sorbent was observed and this confirmed preserving of its hydro/dynamic characteristics and the possibility to use it as a filter loads in ant water treatment systems. Results. The sorbent produced from local mineral raw material is applicable and feasible for use in treatment of the Ural region water bodies contaminated with 90Sr. We have demonstrated good perspective of the natural aluminum silicate glauconite of the Karinsk deposit (Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia) granulated with bonding tap water use as a sorbent for extraction of strontium radionuclide from natural waters in the process of radioactive-contaminated territories.

Short-Term Peak-Shaving Operation of Single-Reservoir and Multicascade Hydropower Plants Serving Multiple Power Grids

In China, there are numerous single-reservoir and multicascade hydropower plants (SMHPs), which provide high-quality peak-shaving power supply due to their characteristics of rapid load tracking and flexible regulation. However, the short-term peak-shaving operation (SPSO) of SMHPs serving multiple power grids faces difficulties from complicated hydraulic and electrical connections, dimensional disasters and complex solution difficulties. To effectively address the above problems, this paper presents a new method combining a typical peak-shaving output curve and a spillage adjustment strategy for the SPSO of SMHPs. First, the typical peak-shaving output curves of SMHPs are determined by the fuzzy membership function, flat-to-peak ratio and valley-to-peak ratio to reduce the dimension of SPSO. The fuzzy membership function is applied to identify the peak, flat and valley periods of multigrid loads. Then, taking the maximum total final energy storage of the scheduling period as the objective function, an SPSO model of SMHPs serving multiple power grids is established to balance the energy storage and peak-shaving requirements. Energy storage refers to the maximum hydropower generation that a hydropower plant can theoretically produce under a certain storage state. Finally, a spillage adjustment strategy is adopted to modify the power outputs of the SMHPs to minimize water spillage. The results from a real-world hydropower system in China demonstrate that the proposed method can allow SMHPs to play an important role in peak shaving while obtaining relatively high energy storage with negligible water spillage.

A Fractional Drift Diffusion Model for Organic Semiconductor Devices

Because charge carriers of many organic semiconductors (OSCs) exhibit fractional drift diffusion (Fr-DD) transport properties, the need to develop a Fr-DD model solver becomes more apparent. However, the current research on solving the governing equations of the Fr-DD model is practically nonexistent. In this paper, an iterative solver with high precision is developed to solve both the transient and steady-state Fr-DD model for organic semiconductor devices. The Fr-DD model is composed of two fractional-order carriers (i.e., electrons and holes) continuity equations coupled with Poisson’s equation. By treating the current density as constants within each pair of consecutive grid nodes, a linear Caputo’s fractional-order ordinary differential equation (FrODE) can be produced, and its analytic solution gives an approximation to the carrier concentration. The convergence of the solver is guaranteed by implementing a successive over-relaxation (SOR) mechanism on each loop of Gummel’s iteration. Based on our derivations, it can be shown that the Scharfetter–Gummel discretization method is essentially a special case of our scheme. In addition, the consistency and convergence of the two core algorithms are proved, with three numerical examples designed to demonstrate the accuracy and computational performance of this solver. Finally, we validate the Fr-DD model for a steady-state organic field effect transistor (OFET) by fitting the simulated transconductance and output curves to the experimental data.

Characterization of a pulsed rhodamine/ethanol dye laser

We present here the implementation and characterization of a rhodamine dye laser pumped by a pulsed, high-power solid-state laser. The employed dye consisted of a solution of rhodamine 6G in ethanol at different concentrations. To maximize the laser efficiency the second harmonic of a pulsed Nd: YAG was used to collinearly pump the cavity. In particular, the effect of rhodamine concentration and pump energy on the laser emission were investigated. The laser emission obtained was found to have, on average, a width at half maximum (FWHM) of 12 nm. It was found, for example, that the wavelength of the output line varies linearly with the dye’s concentration. Under the employed experimental conditions, maximum efficiency of 12% is obtained with a concentration of 2.5×10−7 mol/l rhodamine in alcohol.

Development of 200 kV multi-function pulsed radiation system

<sec>A multi-functional pulsed radiation system with a peak voltage of 200 kV, an impedance of 2 Ω, and a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 30 ns is developed. The system can be switched flexibly in two states of generating pulsed electron beam and pulsed X-ray by changing the cathode and anode. It consists of a pulse power driving source, a vacuum diode, and an experimental cavity. A Marx generator, a high energy storage water transmission line, and two pulse compression switches are utilized to generate a high voltage on diode. An effector can be placed in the experimental cavity which has the same vacuum as diode. An insulation structure of transmission line and a diode are optimized to guide in system design. The system can provide a multi-functional experimental platform for investigating pulse power technology, system-generated electromagnetic pulse, biological radiation effect, etc.</sec><sec> The Marx generator generates a high-voltage pulse with hundreds of nanoseconds in FWHM and hundreds of kilovolts in peak value. The pulse is compressed by the main switch and pulse forming switch and then loaded to the diode. Electrons are emitted from diode cathode under the high-voltage pulse and accelerated in the gap. The electrons are extracted directly or converted into X-ray through the anode. Aluminized polyethylene is used as an anode when pulsed electron beam is generated, and tantalum film is used when pulsed X-ray is generated. Working state can be switched by changing the cathode and anode of diode.</sec><sec> The result shows that a current of 83 kA pulsed electron beam and an average energy of 67 keV X-ray are generated. Pulsed X-ray has good uniformity and low electron proportion (0.02%). In order to monitor the operation state and output parameter of the system comprehensively, a complete measurement system is established. Three capacitive voltage dividers are set at the beginning of transmission line, the end of pulse forming line, and the end of output line, while a B - dot current monitor is set at the diode. A Faraday cup is developed to measure the current intensity and the total energy of pulsed electron beam. For energy spectrum, dose and electron proportion, the measurement system composed of pulsed X-ray including spectrometric system, dose system and Rogowski Coil is build.</sec>

Optimized Economic Operation Strategy for Distributed Energy Storage With Multi-Profit Mode

Distributed energy storage (DES) on the user side has two commercial modes including peak load shaving and demand management as main profit modes to gain profits, and the capital recovery generally takes 8–9 years. In order to further improve the return rate on the investment of distributed energy storage, this paper proposes an optimized economic operation strategy of distributed energy storage with multi-profit mode operation. Considering three profit modes of distributed energy storage including demand management, peak-valley spread arbitrage and participating in demand response, a multi-profit model of distributed energy storage is established, and the proposed optimal operation strategy formulates three stages of the energy storage operation, namely month-ahead, day-ahead, and in-day. In the month-ahead optimization stage, the demand charge threshold of the next month is optimized to minimize the electricity cost. In the day-ahead optimization stage, under the constraint of demand charge threshold and with the goal of maximizing returns, the distributed energy storage is controlled to participate in peak-valley spread arbitrage and demand response, and the optimized output curve for the next day is calculated. In the in-day optimization stage, based on the optimized output curve, taking real-time demand response into account, the real-time charge-discharge power of energy storage is adjusted dynamically with the goal of minimizing income loss, thus to realize adaptive adjustment of distributed energy storage and eliminate the risk of income loss. Simulation results of distributed energy storage for typical industrial large users show that the proposed strategy can effectively improve the economic benefits of energy storage.

Structural optimization on the oscillating-array-buoys for energy-capturing enhancement of a novel floating wave energy converter system

With the development of wave energy conversion technology, more and more wave power generation devices begin to appear. However, the wave energy capture efficiencies of proposed wave energy converters (WECs) are generally low, especially in some areas where wave energy resource is not rich. Instead, a solution of array-type WECs bears practical potential to increase the wave energy capturing capacity. In this paper, a novel floating-array-buoys WEC (FABWEC) system is presented as the basic model and the structure of its energy capture mechanism, oscillating-array-buoys, is optimized to improve the wave energy capture efficiency. A mathematical model is developed to calculate the efficiency of buoy capturing wave energy. The simulated FABWEC models of different buoys spacing, buoys placement modes and buoys actuating arm lengths are established and analyzed by the hydrodynamic software to assess the efficiency performances. The optimization model is ultimately obtained by comparing the performances of different models. Furthermore, the physical model experiments are carried out under laboratory conditions to verify the optimization results of simulation. The results show that for the cylindrical oscillating-array-buoys, the wave energy capture efficiency could be effectively improved by increasing the buoys spacing appropriately, placing the buoys vertically and arranging the lengths of buoy actuating arms staggered; The average efficiency of buoys capturing wave energy in a wave period can reach 0.36 according to simulated investigation, which is about 38% higher than that of the basic model; The experimental performances are consistent with the simulation results, and the experimental power output of the optimized model can reach up to 1.64 W. Compared with the basic model, the average power output of the experimental optimized model is improved about 50% and the output curve is more stable. It is significant that the optimization model of array-buoys structure verified by simulation and experimental investigation has been practically applied to the next generation FABWEC system, which provides a beneficial experience for the practical application and efficient operation of wave power generation devices.

Modeling motor-evoked potentials from neural field simulations of transcranial magnetic stimulation

ObjectiveTo develop a population-based biophysical model of motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) following transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). MethodsWe combined an existing MEP model with population-based cortical modeling. Layer 2/3 excitatory and inhibitory neural populations, modeled with neural-field theory, are stimulated with TMS and feed layer 5 corticospinal neurons, which also couple directly but weakly to the TMS pulse. The layer 5 output controls mean motoneuron responses, which generate a series of single motor-unit action potentials that are summed to estimate a MEP. ResultsA MEP waveform was generated comparable to those observed experimentally. The model captured TMS phenomena including a sigmoidal input–output curve, common paired pulse effects (short interval intracortical inhibition, intracortical facilitation, long interval intracortical inhibition) including responses to pharmacological interventions, and a cortical silent period. Changes in MEP amplitude following theta burst paradigms were observed including variability in outcome direction. ConclusionsThe model reproduces effects seen in common TMS paradigms. SignificanceThe model allows population-based modeling of changes in cortical dynamics due to TMS protocols to be assessed in terms of changes in MEPs, thus allowing a clear comparison between population-based modeling predictions and typical experimental outcome measures.

On J Nevile’s (2000) , 'What Keynes Would Have Thought of the Development of IS LM'. It Is An Oxymoron, Given that J M Keynes Himself, and only Keynes, Originally Developed the IS-LM Model between December, 1933 and February ,1936, when It Was Published in the General Theory in Chapter 21 in Part IV on pp. 298-299

Nevile writes that : “Thus, it is of considerable interest to speculate on what Keynes would have thought about the way ISLM became identified as Keynesian economics for most of the economics profession. We know, of course, what his first reaction to ISLM was in 1937.”(Nevile,2000,p.133). Nevile is simply ignorant of the fact that Keynes spent pp.298-303 of Chapter 21 of the General Theory in 1936 first presenting the model on pp.298-299 and then discussing his IS-LM model’s strengths and weaknesses on pp.300-303.There is thus no need whatsoever to engage in any speculation about some supposed reactions on Keynes’s part in 1937 since Keynes’s “reactions” are all laid out explicitly in 1936 on pp.298-303. Nevile’s 2000 view is simply repeated in 2016(2002) in Kriesler and Nevile: “In Section 2 we attempt to identify the ‘essence’ of Keynes’s central message and in Section 3 examine Keynes’s reaction to various formulations of the IS-LM to see what he thought important if an IS-LM framework was to be a good summary of the General Theory. We then consider whether Hicks’s IS-LM framework was an important step in the eventual distortion of Keynes’s message.”(Kriesler and Nevile,(2016),pp.69-70). We reach the same conclusion as we reached above on Nevile’s article ,since Keynes explicitly discusses what he viewed as the strengths/deficiencies of the IS-LM model in detail in 1936in chapter 21.It is not necessary to scrutinize Keynes’s 1937 replies to Hicks and Harrod,whose work represents half baked versions of Keynes’s superior formulation of IS -LM that is built on the D-Z model of chapter 20. Keynes’s discussions of the deficiencies in IS-LM DOES NOT include questions about expectations and uncertainty, since both expectations and uncertainty are incorporated in the D-Z foundations of the IS-LM model,with the relevant D-Z combination being linked to a particular Y value that is then combined with r to specify (r,Y) space ,where the IS-LM model is then specified by Keynes. No economist has ever created an IS-LM model that rivals Keynes’s,since all other IS-LM approaches fail to explicitly cover and incorporate expectations and uncertainty with one exception-Champernowne’s 1936 paper.

Innovative Design and Fuzzy Logic Control for An Underground Moving Sieve Jig

Underground gangue filling technology in coal mines is one of the effective ways to realize green mining. In this paper, a process of underground raw coal primary selection is proposed, which is based on a mechanical sieve jig as the main washing equipment. It refers to the structure of the ground mechanical moving sieve jig. It optimizes and improves the main structure of the jig machine’s driving mechanism and gangue discharge mechanism. It meets the requirements of the technology and the narrow space environment in the underground mine and realizes the effective separation of coal and gangue. In the jigging process of a moving sieve, it is very important to keep the jig bed stable and precisely control the quantity of gangue discharge for improving the system separation accuracy and efficiency. In this paper, a control method based on a fuzzy logic combination is proposed to realize the fuzzy logic control of the motor speed of gangue discharging, which aims at the nonlinear, time-varying uncertainty and pure lag characteristics of the control system of the underground moving sieve jig. Further industrial experiments were carried out and we obtained the variation law of the gangue’s quality in the moving sieve and the output curve of the gangue motor frequency under three working conditions. The experimental results show that the fuzzy logic control algorithm can quickly stabilize the jig bed in the vibrating sieve when the quantity of gangue changes abruptly or fluctuates greatly. It improves the separation efficiency of coal and gangue and effectively solves the problems of nonlinearity, time-varying and hysteresis in the control process of the moving sieve jig.

Physicochemical regularities of lead sorption by an impregnated type sorbent based on phosphorylpodand

The sorption of lead by an impregnated type sorbent based on the phosphorylpodand, 1,8-bis[2-(diphenylphosphorylmethyl)phenoxy]-3,6-dioxaoctane, was studied. Sorption isotherms were plotted, as well as the data on kinetics, selectivity, and dynamics of sorption were obtained. The phosphorylpodand-based sorbent attains the sorption equilibrium of lead extraction with a high rate. The maximum sorbent capacity was achieved when the equilibrium concentration of lead in solutions was more than 150 mg L−1. The 1,8-bis[2-(diphenyl-phosphorylmethyl)phenoxy]-3,6-dioxaoctane-based sorbent shows a high selectivity for lead sorption from neutral solutions. The output curve of lead sorption was plotted. The dynamic exchange capacity and total dynamic capacity of the obtained sorbent were determined.

The global peak forecasting method for PV array based on the conservation of energy at uniform and partial shading

In order to extract as much power as possible from the costly PV power system, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is necessary. It is well known that the output characteristics of PV array are nonlinear, the MPPT control scheme at same irradiation is easy because of there is only one maximum power point (MPP). However, the P–V output curves of the PV array display the multiple peaks with several local peaks (LPs) and one global peak (GP) at partial shading. Rapid fluctuation of the shading and improper physical constraint make the MPPT method difficult. Generally, there will exist several peaks due to the passing cloud, shading of buildings, dust, and excreta of passing birds. In this paper, a novel forecasting technology using the law of conservation of energy is proposed to roughly track the GP of a PV array which located in the adjacent area of accurate GP. The proposed strategy is easy to combine with the conventional MPPT method and rapidly gain the actual GP. Study results and experiment tests demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can perform on a real PV power system under uniform or complex irradiation conditions.

A Virtual Power Plant Load Curve Clustering Method Based on Improved K-means Algorithm and Its Application

In view of how virtual power plants can effectively participate in power grid operation, a method of load curve clustering of virtual power plants based on principal component analysis reduction and aggregation level clustering and k-means clustering is proposed, and the application of clustering results is studied. Firstly, combined with the data obtained from the information physical network, the principal component analysis method is adopted to analyze the characteristics of different loads participating in the virtual power plant aggregation, so as to standardize the data and reduce the dimension. Then, the algorithm combining aggregation hierarchical clustering and k-means clustering is used to cluster all load output curves participating in the aggregation, to obtain load curve clusters of the same class and find out the clustering center. Finally, the clustering results are analyzed, and the corresponding evaluation system is established. Through comprehensive evaluation, appropriate load combinations are selected to participate in the virtual power plant aggregation.

Joan Robinson Was the First Bastard Keynesian: There Is No ‘Perhaps’

Joan Robinson Was the First Bastard Keynesian: There Is No ‘Perhaps’

The characterization of the built-in bipolar junction transistor in H-gate PD-SOI NMOS

The built-in bipolar junction transistor of H-gate partially depleted SOI NMOS was characterized by measuring the common-emitter output curve and calculating the common-emitter current gain. Unoptimized doping results in a low common-emitter current gain. The bias state of the front gate of the MOS has a significant influence on the characteristics of the built-in BJT. The geometry effect of the device is also studied. It is proved by mathematical analysis that the emitter current crowding effect also exists on the built-in BJT.

J M Keynes’s Very Severe criticism ( '…your argument…is most certainly nonsense.') of J. Robinson in Keynes’s Letter of November 9th,1936 was due to Robinson’s Use of the Incorrect M=L(r) Instead of the Correct M=L(Y,r)

Keynes’s very negative reaction to J. Robinson’s misuse of Keynes’s initial, beginning, introductory, preliminary exposition of liquidity preference in chapter 13 of the General Theory is explained by the fact that J. Robinson was repeating the same identical error made by R. Hawtrey, D. Robertson, and H. Henderson, which was to simply ignore Keynes’s M=L(r,Y) analyzed by Keynes on p.199-209 of the General Theory and incorporated on page 298 as part of his formal IS-LM(LP) model presented on pp. 298-299 in chapter 21 in Part IV of the General Theory. Instead, she used M=L( r) and/or M=L2(r). It is impossible to present an analysis of Keynes’s theory of liquidity preference unless (Y,r) space is used. Nowhere in Robinson’s 1935 comments on the final draft of the General Theory, sent to her by Keynes for review and comment, is there the slightest criticism/mention/discussion/query of a conflict between the two functions M=L( r ) and M=L( r,Y). Keynes had made it clear in his exposition in chapter 15 of the General Theory that the exposition in chapter 13 was the alpha, while the exposition in chapter 15 was the omega, with Keynes’s analysis on pp. 179-182 being the equivalent material he used in his tutoring of R. Harrod in the July -September, 1935 time period, after which Harrod acknowledged to Keynes in his letter of August 30th,1935, that the I=S equilibrium was simply a single, downwardly sloping line in (r,Y) space that intersected NOTHING, so that Keynes’s LM curve, M=L(r,Y), was absolutely required for an equilibrium to exist in (r,Y) space. Harrod was very clear. In this letter Harrod credited Keynes with making a fundamental, 'radical reconstitution’ of the theory of the rate of interest. Keynes now realized that Robinson had NEVER EVER understood what he had done in the General Theory, since the M=L(r ) curve could, at best, only be “interpreted “as a single, upward sloping line in (r,Y) space. Robinson’s misinterpretation is repeated in all heterodox, Post Keynesian and Institutionalist discussions such as Tily, who is a good example of the faithful continuing to put forth Robinson’s erroneous claims about Keynes’s theory of the rate of interest being a purely monetary one and as being what Keynes meant in the General Theory.

Joan Robinson Never Understood Any Part of Keynes’s Liquidity Preference Theory of the Rate of Interest in the General Theory

Keynes‘s first paragraph in his letter of the 9th of November,1936, is the following two lines: “I beg you not to publish. For your argument as it stands is most certainly nonsense.” Anyone who reads this correspondence will soon realize that it was simply impossible for Joan Robinson to have aided or contributed in any way to the development of the General Theory between 1930 and February, 1936, given the nature of these exchanges. Keynes is very specific as regards his Liquidity preference theory of the rate of interest: “You do not seem to realize that if you are right the whole theory of liquidity preference has to be thrown overboard…Such a conclusion cannot be brought in as a tacit inference from an unargued obiter dictum,”(Keynes,1936,CWJMK,Vol.14, p.146). Over the course of the two month correspondence from September 8th, 1936 till November 13th 1936, Keynes spent a great deal of time and effort trying to correct her many errors about his Liquidity Preference Theory of the Rate of Interest. J. Robinson compounded her original errors by making more additional errors due to her attempt to argue that Keynes was mistaken. Keynes finally realized that J. Robinson simply did not know what she was talking about. R. Skidelsky accused Roy Harrod of covering up certain aspects of Keynes’s life in his 1951 biography of Keynes in order to ”protect” Keynes’s reputation. This is correct, although Skidelsky overlooked Harrod’s additional failure to cover Keynes’s original multiplier-accelerator model of August, 1938 and Keynes’s careful tutoring of Harrod in correspondence, between July and September, 1935, of Keynes’s IS-LM model, which is presented by Keynes formally in the General Theory in chapter 21 in Part IV on pages 298-299. Unfortunately, Skidelsky has done exactly what he condemned R. Harrod of doing in 1951. Skidelsky never covered these exchanges between J M Keynes and Joan Robinson in the period between September and November, 1936 in any published work of his in the 20th or 21st centuries. It is then straightforward to show that other claims related to the General Theory made by Robinson can’t possibly follow ,given her complete and total ignorance of Keynes’s Liquidity preference theory of the rate of interest.

An Analysis of Joan Robinson’s 1972 Article ‘What Has Become of the Keynesian Revolution?’ In Light of Keynes’s Assessment of Her Understanding of His Liquidity Preference Theory of the Rate of Interest in His Letter of November 9th, 1936: ‘…For Your Argument… Is Most Certainly Nonsense.’

Keynes ‘s first paragraph in his letter of the 9th of November, 1936, to Joan Robinson is the following two lines: “I beg you not to publish. For your argument as it stands is most certainly nonsense.” Anyone who reads this correspondence will soon realize that it was simply impossible for Joan Robinson to have aided or contributed in any way to the development of the General Theory between 1930 and February, 1936, given the nature of these exchanges. Keynes is very specific as regards his Liquidity preference theory of the rate of interest: “You do not seem to realize that if you are right the whole theory of liquidity preference has to be thrown overboard…Such a conclusion cannot be brought in as a tacit inference from an unargued obiter dictum.” Given this clear and unambiguous statement by Keynes, how is it possible for joan Robinson to claim that she knows what Keynes was doing in the General Theory In 1936, in a reply to an article by H. Neisser, criticizing certain aspects of the Investment multiplier, R. Kahn stated quite frankly that ‘My own ideas were largely derived from Mr. Keynes’. It should come as no surprise that the three article exchange between Neisser and Kahn in 1936 was never mentioned by J. Robinson in any of her published work in her lifetime. The reason that it was never mentioned is because Kahn’s statement directly conflicts with and undermines the claims made about the history of the development of the multiplier by Robinson. It is interesting that, in her discussions of uncertainty in this paper, there is no mention made of Keynes’s clear-cut definition of Uncertainty as a Function of the Weight of the Argument on pages 148 and 240 of the General Theory. Robinson never supplied any definition of uncertainty in her article. Even more interesting is J. Robinson’s comments in 1972 that demonstrate a complete and total failure on her part to recognize Keynes’s concept of multiple equilibria in a macro model that has absolutely nothing to do with Marshallian partial equilibrium approach, as well as her complete and total failure to absorb Keynes’s IS-LM model in chapter 21 in Part IV on pp. 298-299 of the General Theory that was built on the foundation of chapter 20’s mathematical representation of the theory of effective demand using the D-Z model. Keynes’s General Theory is not about a single D function and a single Z function, but an entire set of such functions, only one of which will specify an actual amount of aggregate effective demand, Y, which ,when combined with r, the actual long run nominal rate of interest, specifies the (r, Y)space for the use of the IS and LM model.

Electrodeposited mixed ZnS–CdS photoelectrode for natural dye-sensitized solar cells (NDSSC)

Photoelectrodes and sensitizers are the vital components of future low-cost dye-sensitized solar cells which are used to meet the present energy demand. Herein, ZnS–CdS thin film photoelectrodes (WE) prepared on steel substrate by electrodeposition method are sensitized by chlorophyll extract and combined with graphite counter electrode, both being dipped in sulphide–polysulphide redox electrolytes (S2−/S n 2− ) to form the dye-sensitized solar cells with the following configuration: $${\text{photoelectrode}} + {\text{dye}}//{\text{Na}}_{2} {\text{S}}(1{\text{M}}) + {\text{NaOH}}(1{\text{M}}) + {\text{S}}(1{\text{M}})//{\text{C}}({\text{Graphite}}).$$ The photoelectrochemical characterizations of the dye-sensitized thin film photoelectrodes under investigation include current–voltage (I–V) characteristics in dark and light, spectral photoresponse and cells power output. Photoelectrodes are found to be n-type semiconductors. From the power output curves, the light-to-electricity conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized ZnS–CdS electrode (8 h sensitization)-based solar cells, short-circuit current density (Jsc) and open-circuit voltage (Voc) is found to be 0.29, 0.51 mA/cm2 and 0.34 V respectively. The PXRD results show that the fabricated mixed ZnS–CdS thin films are made up of nanocrystals of size ~ 9.12 nm. Surface morphology of the films is studied, and SEM micrograms establish the polycrystalline nature of mixed ZnS–CdS thin films. The EDAX (energy diffraction analysis of X-ray) results show the presence of Zn, Cd and S in the thin films.

A Novel Diagnostic Method for Multiple Open-Circuit Faults of Voltage-Source Inverters Based on Output Line Voltage Residuals Analysis

A novel diagnostic method for multiple open-circuit faults of voltage-source inverters (VSIs) is proposed based on output line voltage residuals (OLVRs) analysis. Possible OLVRs are characterized for single-phase and double-phase faulty operations. By analyzing the OLVRs, it is found that the OLVRs show different characteristics under different open-circuit (OC) fault conditions, and the positive and negative polarities of the line current residuals are deduced to be consistent with the corresponding OLVRs. Therefore, the fault can be located by line current residuals to avoid the use of extra sensors and meanwhile improve the diagnostic speed. In addition, the presented method has the features of simple structure, robustness against false alarms and being easily inserted to the existing control algorithms. Simulation and experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, and additional tests show that the diagnostic speed can be as fast as 5% and as slow as 83% of the current period.