Irtysh River Basin Research Articles

Assessing the Impact of Anthropic Pressures on Aquatic Macroinvertebrates: A Functional Trait Approach in the Irtysh River Watershed.

Little is known about how changes in the biodiversity and functional traits of macroinvertebrates in rivers respond to the responses of anthropic pressures and their driving factors. Macroinvertebrates were sampled at 17 sites in the Irtysh River Basin and classified macroinvertebrates into 10 traits and 38 categories between May and August 2022. Then, we performed R-mode linked to Q-mode (RLQ) analysis and calculated functional richness, evenness, divergence, and Rao's quadratic entropy (RaoQ) for each site and community-weighted means for each trait category. Our results indicated that there were pronounced alterations in species variability in the urban region. Functional divergence indicated fierce competition among species and considerable niche overlap in the urban region. Functional evenness indicated that species abundance distribution and interspecific functional distance were not uniform in the urban region. Functional richness indicated that the urban region was the strongest region in terms of niche occupation, resource utilization, and buffering capacity for environmental fluctuations. Rao's quadratic entropy showed that the trait difference of macroinvertebrates was the largest in all regions, which was caused by the gradient environmental difference. Research has revealed that urbanization significantly influences the evolutionary trajectory of macroinvertebrate fauna, culminating in an upsurge in pollution-tolerant species and a convergence of functional traits. We recommend strengthening the control of urban and industrial pollution and wise planning and management of land and water resources to mitigate the impact of anthropogenic destruction on habitat fragmentation in the Irtysh River Basin.

A Кipchak burial of the Menovnoe VII burial ground in the Upper Irtysh River Basin

In this paper, the materials of one of the burial mounds of the Early Kipchak cemetery of Menovnoe VII dated to the turn of the 1st–2nd mil. AD are introduced into the scientific discourse. It was the time of transition in the steppes of the Upper Irtysh River Basin of the hegemony from the Kimaks to Kipchaks; it is scantily addressed in the scientific literature, although, according to the written sources, it was specifically in the steppes of Eastern Kazakhstan where the Kipchaks started dominating; the vector of power changed, and the genesis of the Kipchak Khanate took place. There was the beginning of the Kipchak migration into the bordering regions of Kazakhstan, Central Asia, steppes of the Volga region, and Northern Circumpontic region, where they became known in his-tory as Polovtsy, according to the Russian chronicles, or Cumans in the Byzantine sources. Materials from the burial mounds of the Menovnoe VII cemetery are indicative of the earliest period of the emergence of the Kipchak traditions, which further developed already outside the region of their formation.

The Lower Ishim Basin in the Sociocultural Space of the Trans-Ural Neolithic (based on data from the Mergen archaeological microregion)

The Neolithic period in the Lower Ishim Basin (Western Siberia) is represented by several cultures and pottery groups (Boborykino, Koshkino, the group of the cordoned ware, Kozlovo, Mahanjar, comb ceramics with the features of the Sosnovoostrovskaya Culture, Kokuy, and Ekaterininsk). The reference territory for the study of the period comprises the north-eastern shore of Lake Mergen. Basen on the study of the settlements of Mergen 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8 the vectors and nature of the relations between the Lower Ishim Basin population and that of the adjoining territories have been identified. The aim was set by the need for tracking their dynamics in retrospective — from Neolithisation of the region to the final stage of the period, and in the context of the extant V.S. Mosin’s hypothesis of the sociocultural space of the Trans-Urals. As the basic markers of these processes, the following have been considered: raw material preferences within the lithic industries; morphological, ornamental, and technological specifics of the featured ceramic complexes; and specifics of economic adaptation. The data analysis has revealed that in the early and middle Neolithic (7th — mid to the third quarter of the 5th mil. BC) the dominant direction of contacts was south-south-western, western, and, proba-bly, north-western (the Upper Ishim River and the Turgay Depression, the Tobol-Iset and Upper Miass River regions, the Lower Tobol River Basin, left bank of the Irtysh River, and, probably, the Konda lowland). The population of the Ishim River valley during this period constituted an integral part of the sociocultural space of the Trans-Urals. At the end of the Neolithic (the third quarter of the 5th — first quarter of the 4th mil. BC), the principal vector of the relations of the population of the Lower Ishim Basin shifts to the east, which resulted in the formation of the syncretic Kokuy complexes (on the basis of the Artyn Culture of the right-bank Irtysh Basin and Baraba and in the penetration into the river valley of the bearers of the comb-pit (Ekaterininsk) tradition of the Middle Irtysh River Basin.

Features of the Technology of Ceramics of the Atlym Culture (Based on the Materials of Settlements of Barsova Gora)

Purpose. Barsova Gora is a unique archaeological and landscape site located in the Tyumen Region (West Siberia) of the Russian Federation. A technical and technological analysis of ceramics of the Atlym culture from Barsova Gora I/40 (13 vessels), Barsova Gora I/22a (7 vessels) and Barsova Gora IV/4 (9 vessels) settlements was carried out.Results. It was found that for the pottery manufacture potters of the Atlym culture mainly selected ferruginous clays, varying in the degree of sandiness and the presence of natural inclusions of shells and vegetation fragments. At all sites, potters exploited several clay plots. Recipes and assortment of molding masses vary considerably from settlement to settlement. The most stable technology is typical for ceramics from the site Barsova Gora I/22a for which only one recipe (clay + chamotte) has been fixed. It testifies to homogeneity of pottery traditions that existed on this site. A similar trend is demonstrated by ceramics of the site Barsova Gora I/40, where uncalibrated chamotte was used as the main impurity. The pottery technology of these two sites is very similar, and, apparently, these settlements constituted one group of the Atlym population with similar skills. It is possible that representatives of this group could have participated in the genesis of the Krasnoozerskaya culture of the Ishim River basin, as they recorded significant similarities in the adaptive and constructive skills of pottery making. The opposite situation can be observed at the site of Barsova Gora IV/4, where six single and multi-component compositions have been identified, which indicates a mixture of pottery skills and techniques. Several different groups of potters may have lived at this site, using different assortments of impurities to compose the molding masses. Probably, the Barsova Gora IV/4 site was left by another group of the Atlym population with different pottery skills, which differ from the skills of the “Atlym” from Barsova Gora I/22a and I/40 settlements. It can be assumed that the Atlym population of Barsova Gora IV/4 came to Barsova Gora from other territories, possibly from the Lower Priirtysh.Conclusion. The pottery technology of the sites Barsova Gora I/40 and I/22a has no direct analogues in the previously studied complexes of the Atlym culture in Western Siberia. For the vessels manufacturing technology of the Atlym culture in the territories of the Lower Irtysh River basin, Baraba and the Lower Ob River basin, the dominance of reipes with chamotte is not characteristic. At the same time, the use of chamotte as the main mineral additive and organic solutions is typical for ceramics of the later Krasnoozerskaya culture, which may be based on the Atlym culture. Vessel manufacturing techniques are also similar. Ceramics of the Atlym culture from the Barsova Gora IV/4 site demonstrates the greatest technological similarity with the pottery from The Lower Irtysh River basin. Potters of these territories used a similar range of mineral additives. The surfaces of the vessels were smoothed with a hard, smooth tool. The difference is manifested in the vessels design.

Dynamic Assessment and Sustainability Strategies of Ecological Security in the Irtysh River Basin of Xinjiang, China.

The drylands of China are extensive, and they are home to more than one-third of the country's population. However, the watershed territories of the drylands, where the majority of human activities are concentrated have long experienced strained human-land relationships, culminating in ecological security concerns. Correspondingly, it is essential to carry out a comprehensive assessment of the ecological security of dryland watersheds and to identify the key factors influencing ecological security in order to formulate strategies that ensure the sustainability of drylands. Premised on the Driving-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) model, this study developed an ecological security index and applied it to the Irtysh River Basin of Xinjiang, China, from 2000 to 2020. The obstacle degree model was applied to reveal the obstacles in two dimensions: criterion level and indicator level. The findings suggested that the ecological security comprehensive index in the Irtysh River Basin has increased significantly from 2000 to 2020, irrespective of the fact that it decreased during the study period and then increased. The ecological security level changed from 'critically safe' in 2000 to 'general safety' in 2020, with the state subsystem and pressure subsystem becoming ecological security weaknesses. The primary factors influencing the ecological security of the study area were water consumption, the area of high-efficiency water-saving irrigation, the proportion of wetland area, vegetation coverage, and livestock population. The ecological security of different counties in the basin varies greatly, whereas the factors that influence ecological security showed both similarities and differences among the counties. In light of on the findings, we proposed that future strategies for ecological security enhancement should concentrate on enacting the policy of localizing spatial differentiation, optimizing industrial structure, strengthening scientific and technological support in the field of water conservation, bolstering the treatment capacity of environmental facilities, and implementing the Mountains-Rivers-Forests-Farmlands-Lakes-Grasslands System to support the sustainable development of dryland watersheds.

The Main Problems of the Water Ecological Environment and Protective Countermeasures in the River Basin of the Altay Region, Xinjiang

This study systematically sorted out the situation of the water ecological environment in the river basins of the Altay region, and analyzed the main problems that exist concerning water environmental quality, water ecology, water resources, and other aspects. The Altay region has three major river systems: the Irtysh River, the Ulungur River and the rivers of Jimunai County. The water environmental quality of major rivers in the region remained stable, and the total amount of water resources in the Altay region is at the forefront of Xinjiang. However, insufficient ecological flow in the Altay basin, serious water ecological damage and water environmental risks are still prominent. Based on the main problems which were identified and the distribution of the river system, the Altay region would be divided into four areas: the Irtysh River Basin, the Ulungur River Basin, the river basins of Jimunai County, and the desert control unit in the south, and the four areas was divided into eleven water ecological environment control units. In order to provide scientific and technological support for the improvement of the water ecological environmental quality of the river basins in the Altay region, general ideas and countermeasures are put forward for protecting the water ecological environment of the river basin from the three aspects of enhancing water pollution prevention and control, strengthening the protection of water resources, and reinforcing water ecological protection and restoration.

Non-native fish of the Upper Irtysh and the Ulungur Rivers in China.

The Chinese section of the Irtysh River Basin and the Ulungur River Basin, two major river basins of the Altay region, are located at the northwest of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. As an international river, the Chinese section has seven state-level protected fish and seven local-level protected species as well. Many more commercial species have been introduced from eastern China and other countries, accompanied by some low-value and small-sized fish in recent decades. The non-native fish species have already threatened these protected fish. This study investigated the distribution of non-native fish species in the Chinese section of the Irtysh River Basin and the Ulungur River Basin. The basic data for the biodiversity conservation and the information of the non-native fish in these two river basins were gathered. There are a lot of studies on native fish in the Chinese section of the Irtysh River Basin and Urungur River Basin in China, but there is a lack of studies on non-native fish. Thirteen non-native fish belonging to four orders, nine families and 12 genera were collected in this study. The study includes one dataset. The dataset presents taxonomy, distribution, water body and location for each of the non-native fish collected from the Chinese section of the Irtysh River Basin and the Ulungur River Basin. Our study has found that the proportion of native species has declined, while the number of non-native species has increased from 2013 to 2022. The information we provided could help to develop an international strategy for the protection of aquatic biodiversity.

Variations in precipitation and temperature in Xinjiang (Northwest China) and their connection to atmospheric circulation

As one of the most vulnerable types of global ecosystems and water resource systems, arid regions are most sensitive to climate change. The Xinjiang (XJ) region is an important part of the arid region in Central Asia and is representative of global arid regions. The complex topography and underlying surface result in distinct climate change characteristics in XJ. In this study, XJ was divided into five sub-regions: the Irtysh River Basin (IRB), the economic belt on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains (NSTM), the Ili River Basin (ILRB), the Turpan-Hami Basin (THB), and the Tarim River Basin (TRB). The change in temperature and precipitation over XJ and its sub-regions were investigated from 1960 to 2019 using the Mann-Kendall method and cross-wavelet analysis. Moreover, the multi-timescale correlations between the variations in temperature and precipitation and the atmospheric circulation indices were explored. The results show significant warming and wetting trends in XJ from 1960 to 2019. The warming rate was 0.32°C/10 a (p < 0.01), with an abrupt change during the mid-1990s. The increasing rate of precipitation was 9.24 mm/10 a (p < 0.01), with an abrupt change during the middle to late 1990s. In terms of seasonal variation, the greatest warming rate was during winter (0.37°C/10 a), whereas the precipitation increase was concentrated in summer (3.48 mm/10 a). In terms of spatial variation, a significant warming trend was observed in THB, IRB, ILRB, and NSTM, and precipitation increased significantly in ILRB, NSTM, and the western TRB in southern XJ. The Hurst index analysis indicated that the warming and wetting trends in XJ will slow in the future. Climate change in XJ was closely related to atmospheric circulation at multiple timescales. The subtropical high, Northern-Hemisphere polar vortex activities and the Tibetan Plateau have a significant impact on climate change in XJ. The annual mean temperature in XJ was positively correlated with the area and intensity index of the subtropical high over North Africa, Atlantic, and North America, and negatively correlated with the area and intensity index of the Asia polar vortex. The XJ annual precipitation was positively correlated with the index of the Tibet Plateau Region one and negatively correlated with the intensity index of the Atlantic and European polar vortex, and the area and intensity index of the Northern Hemisphere polar vortex. The results of this study can provide some references for the scientific assessment and accurate prediction of climate change in XJ.

Geoecological assessment of the state of water bodies in the Irtysh river basin within the Omsk region

The ecologically successful development of the watershed is determined by the ability to resist external pressures exerted by natural and anthropogenic factors. The state of the drainage basin and its resistance to external influences is determined by the natural resource potential, the value of heat and moisture supply and the quality of water in water bodies. An urgent problem of our time is the deterioration of the quality of land surface waters as a result of anthropogenic impact, which in turn has a negative impact on the ecological state of the basin. The article assesses the ecological state of the catchment basin of the Irtysh River within the territory of the Omsk region. For river basins, the main environmental parameters of nature management are determined, calculated taking into account the modern technogenic load. Conclusions and corresponding recommendations are formed to improve and preserve the environmental sustainability of natural systems of existing river basins.

Павлодар аймағындағы Anopheles maculipennis кешені безгек масаларын (Diptera, Culicidae: Anopheles) PCR-RFLP негізінде түрге дейін анықтау

This article discusses methods for determining the genetic polymorphism of malaria mosquitoes of the Anopheles maculipennis complex. AN identification of similar species of the maculipennis complex was carried out by the PCR-RFLP method using the second internal transcribed spacer of the ITS2 ribosomal gene cluster. Based on the analysis of the ITS2 rDNA sequence, new Palearctic species were discovered in this collection: An. persiensis (Sedaghatetal., 2003), An. daciae (Nicolescu et al., 2004) and An. artemievi (Gordeev et al., 2004). Previously, a cytogenetic method was used on the territory of Kazakhstan, which included chromosomal polymorphism. It is found in the south of the range of this species (Stegny, 1991; Gordeev and Sibataev, 1996). In populations of malarial mosquitoes of An. messeae of Kazakhstan, new chromosomal inversions have been identified that are not characteristic of this region (Abylkasymova et al., 2019). There is also provided some information about the bioecology and harmful nature of Anopheles messeae mosquitoes. Bloodsucking mosquitoes of the Anopheles maculipennis complex are of great scientific and practical interest since they are known as active bloodsuckers and carriers of pathogens of a number of dangerous human and animal diseases. Based on their own research and literature data, were collected materials on the biology and ecology of Anopheles messeae mosquitoes of the Irtysh River basin. Data on the prevalence and landscape location of mosquitoes in the Maculipennis complex, there are presented seasonal dynamics and daily rhythm of abundance, and harmful value.

Ecohydrological Variation and Multi-Objective Ecological Water Demand of the Irtysh River Basin

Hydrological processes regulate the ecological processes of a basin. Climate change and anthropological activities lead to changes in the natural hydrological process of rivers, whereas variations in hydrological processes can disrupt the stability of ecosystems, resulting in various ecological challenges. Quantitative evaluation of ecological water demand and its key components can play a key role in the sustainable development of ecosystems. The studies of ecohydrological variation and multi-objective ecological water demand are of great significance for ecological protection and remediation due to the unique characteristics of each river basin and diverse ecological protection objectives. This study identified ecohydrological variation in ecosystems, focusing on the Irtysh River Basin as a case study, and improved methods for ecological water demand of valley forests and grasslands in terrestrial ecosystems and for the ecological water level of lake ecosystems. The results demonstrated that: (1) a drastic decrease in the annual average river flow of the basin and significant changes in ecohydrological characteristics can lead to reduced biomass; (2) the ecological water demand of valley forests and grasslands during the critical ecological stage (April–September) was 521 million m³, with 52.4% of total demand occurring in June and July. The minimum ecological water levels of the Burultokay and Jili lakes were 478.66 m and 480.66 m, whereas the maximum levels were 482.80 m and 483.20 m, respectively; (3) ecological regulation based on catchwork irrigation technology can create hydrological processes that meet the water demands of valley forests and grasslands and achieve remediation of the terrestrial ecosystem. The ecological water levels and the ecosystem balance of the Burultokay and Jili lakes can be maintained by optimizing the replenishment flow from the Irtysh River to the Burultokay Lake under different precipitation levels. This study can act as a reference for the ecological protection and remediation of the Irtysh River Basin and similar ecosystems globally.

Reservoir Regulation for Ecological Protection and Remediation: A Case Study of the Irtysh River Basin, China.

Hydrological processes play a key role in ecosystem stability in arid regions. The operation of water conservancy projects leads to changes in the natural hydrological processes, thereby damaging the ecosystem balance. Ecological regulation is an effective non-engineering measure to relieve the influence of water conservancy projects on ecosystems. However, there are still some problems, such as an insufficient understanding of hydraulic processes and difficulty evaluating the application effects. In this study, the theory of ecological reservoir regulation coupled with hydrological and ecological processes was examined and ecological protection and remediation were investigated using the valley forests and grasslands in the Irtysh River Basin as a case study. The results demonstrated that (1) to meet the demand of the hydrological processes in the valley forests and grasslands, in terms of ecological regulation, the peak flow and flood peak duration of the reservoir, named 635, in the Irtysh River Basin should be 1000 m3 s−1 and 168 h, respectively, and the total water volume of ecological regulation should be 605 million m³. Ecological regulation can guarantee that the floodplain range reaches 64.3% of the core area of ecological regulation and the inundation duration in most areas is between 4–8 d; (2) an insufficient ecological water supply would seriously affect the inundation effects. The inundation areas were reduced by 2.8, 5.1, 10.3, and 19.3%, respectively, under the four insufficient ecological water supply conditions (528, 482, 398, and 301 million m3), and the inundation duration showed a general decreasing trend; (3) the construction of ecological sluices and the optimization of the reservoir regulation rules could effectively relieve the influences of an insufficient ecological water supply. At water supply volumes of 528 and 482 million m3, the regulation rules should assign priority to the flood peak flow; at water supply volumes of 398 and 301 million m3, the regulation rules should assign priority to the flood peak duration. Consequently, this study provides a reference for ecological protection in arid regions and the optimization of ecological regulation theories.

Is There Spatial and Temporal Variability in the Response of Plant Canopy and Trunk Growth to Climate Change in a Typical River Basin of Arid Areas

The response of plants to climate change has become a topical issue. However, there is no consensus on the synergistic processes of the canopy and trunk growth within different vegetation types, or on the consistency of the response of the canopy and trunk to climate change. This paper is based on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), tree-ring width index (TRW) and climate data from the Irtysh River basin, a sensitive area for climate change in Central Asia. Spatial statistical methods and correlation analysis were used to analyze the spatial and temporal trends of plants and climate, and to reveal the differences in the canopy and trunk response mechanisms to climate within different vegetation types. The results show a warming and humidifying trend between 1982 and 2015 in the study area, and NDVI and TRW increases in different vegetation type zones. On an interannual scale, temperature is the main driver of the canopy growth in alpine areas and precipitation is the main limiting factor for the canopy growth in lower altitude valley and desert areas. The degree of response of the trunk to climatic factors decreases with increasing altitude, and TRW is significantly correlated with mean annual temperature, precipitation and SPEI in desert areas. On a monthly scale, the earlier and longer growing season due to the accumulation of temperature and precipitation in the early spring and late autumn periods contributes to two highly significant trends of increase in the canopy from March to May and August to October. Climatic conditions during the growing season are the main limiting factor for the growth of the trunk, but there is considerable variation in the driving of the trunk in different vegetation type zones. The canopy growth is mainly influenced by climatic factors in the current month, while there is a 1–2-month lag effect in the response of the trunk to climatic factors. In addition, the synergy between the canopy and the trunk is gradually weakened with increasing altitude (correlation coefficient is 0.371 in alpine areas, 0.413 in valley areas and 0.583 in desert areas). These findings help to enrich the understanding of the response mechanisms to climate change in different vegetation type zones and provide a scientific basis for the development of climate change response measures in Central Asia.

Genetic Variability of the Amur Sleeper (Perccottus glenii) and their Parasite, Cestode (Nippotaenia mogurndae), outside the Natural Area of Distribution

Based on the polymorphism of multilocus DNA markers (inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR)), we assessed the level of genetic variability and differentiation of populations of two invasive species, the Amur sleeper (Percottus glenii) and its specific parasite, Nippotaenia mogurndae, from five reservoirs in the acquired part of the range, the Irtysh River basin, Western Siberia. We revealed a high genetic polymorphism of neutral DNA markers in P. glenii. In general, the proportion of polymorphic loci was 92%, the average heterozygosity was 0.32. These parameters were lower in particular populations of P. glenii and varied within 53–74% and 0.20–0.23, respectively. The interpopulation component accounted for approximately 35% of the variability (GST = 0.35). In N. mogurndae, polymorphism was 73.7%, heterozygosity was 0.18, varying within 18–45% and 0.06–0.15, depending on the population. The level of genetic differentiation of N. mogurndae (GST = 0.38) was similar to that of P. glenii, which indicates that the processes of genetic differentiation of the parasite and the host are synchronous. Polymorphism and genetic distances of the parasite were lower than those of the host. The population genetic structure of P. glenii was partially consistent with the structure of the hydrographic network, in contrast to N. mogurndae. The data obtained indicate that during dispersal, no significant reduction in genetic polymorphism occurred in the Amur sleeper, and over several decades a population-genetic structure characteristic of this species in the native range was formed in the acquired part of the range.

Taxonomic study of the genus Gammarus (Amphipoda, Gammaridae) from Xinjiang, China, with description of a new species.

A new species, Gammarus hoboksar Hou, sp. nov., is described from the Irtysh River basin of Xinjiang, China. The species differs morphologically from its congeners by calceoli of antenna II absent; merus and carpus of pereopods IIIIV with short setae; inner ramus of uropod III about 0.79 times the length of outer ramus, terminal article of outer ramus about 0.24 times the length of first article; telson cleft, with spines and setae on surface and three spines on distal end. Phylogenetic analysis based on 28S rRNA and COI gene sequences supported the species distinctness. A key to the genus Gammarus with nine species and a map of their distributions are provided.

2001-2020年新疆阿勒泰地区归一化植被指数时空变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 2001-2020年新疆阿勒泰地区归一化植被指数时空变化特征及其对气候变化的响应 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202107021768 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 新疆自治区土地开发整理建设管理局委托完成干旱区微地形整治修复关键技术标准制定项目（E1400113） Spatio-temporal variation characteristics of NDVI and its response to climate change in the Altay region of Xinjiang from 2001 to 2020 Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:气候变化是干旱区植被变化的重要驱动因素，探究干旱区气候与植被关系的时空变化，有助于理解生态系统演化特征。基于MODIS-NDVI与CRU数据集中气候数据（降水、平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、水汽压及潜在蒸散），采用Sen+Mann-kendall、Hurst指数及相关分析法，在不同时间尺度评价了阿勒泰地区NDVI的时空变化特征及其对气候变化的响应。结果表明：（1）在年尺度上，植被NDVI整体呈上升趋势，但存在弱反持续特征。区域内植被退化现象严重（12.11%），植被改善区域与退化区域呈破碎化分布。（2）月尺度与季尺度上，NDVI与降水、气温、极端气温、水汽压和潜在蒸散呈正相关，其中降水因素在季尺度上的相关性高于月尺度。（3）不同土地利用方式下NDVI与气候因子的滞后效应表现为短期正效应与长期负效应。 Abstract:Vegetation, as the main body of terrestrial ecosystem, is closely related to natural elements such as atmosphere, soil and water through photosynthesis and respiration. It plays an irreplaceable role in regulating global material and energy cycle, maintaining regional climate stability, and indicating ecosystem change. Climate change is an important driving factor for vegetation variation in arid areas. Exploring the temporal and spatial changes of the relationship between climate change and vegetation in arid areas is beneficial to understand the evolution characteristics of ecosystems. Altay region of Xinjiang is a typical arid and semi-arid region of inner Asia, where significant climate change has been observed over the past several decades. Meanwhile, vegetation activities have shown sensitivity to climate change, especially the vegetation and desert complexes. However, previous studies have seldom examined the spatio-temporal variation characteristics at the monthly scale in Altay region. In order to address this issue, based on the climate factors (precipitation, average temperature, maximum temperature, minimum temperature, vapor pressure and evapotranspiration) of the CRU TS multivariate climate data set and MODIS-NDVI, the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and its response to climate change in Altay region are investigated and compared at the monthly, seasonal and annual scales by using Sen+Mann-Kendall, Hurst index and correlation analysis methods. The results show that:(1) at the annual scale, the NDVI exhibited an overall upward trend with weak anti-persistent characteristics. In the past 20 years, about 56.29% of the total vegetation area presented a trend of annual increase, which was mainly distributed in Altai Mountain Reserve, Irtysh River Basin and Ulungu River Basin. However, there was serious vegetation degradation (12.11%), and the degraded areas were fragmented and distributed in river basins due to the impact of human activities. (2) at the monthly and seasonal scales, the NDVI was positively correlated with precipitation, temperature, extreme temperature, water vapor pressure and potential evapotranspiration. Further analyses indicated that the NDVI had the most significant correlation with temperature and extreme temperature, followed by vapor pressure and potential evapotranspiration, and the weakest correlation with precipitation, but the correlation of precipitation was higher at the seasonal scale than at the monthly scale. (3) the lag effects between the NDVI and climate factors under different land uses were manifested as short-term positive effects and long-term negative effects. This study can be conducive to predict and evaluate the vegetation dynamics in the context of global climate change and provide a theoretical reference for the management and conservation plan of regional natural ecosystem. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

基于周丛藻类群落结构的新疆额尔齐斯河生态健康评价

周丛藻类对水环境变化较为敏感, 可迅速而灵敏的反映水质健康状况。本研究于2019年对额尔齐斯河周丛藻类群落结构和水环境特征进行了系统调查, 并运用周丛藻类生物完整性指数(Periphytic algae index of biotic integrity, P-IBI)对生态健康进行了评价。结果表明：额尔齐斯河周丛藻类有6门41属102种, 以硅藻门为主。周丛藻类密度和生物量的时间变化趋势为：9月>7月>5月, 空间分布趋势为中下游＞上游、支流＞干流。主成分分析(PCA)与典范对应分析(CCA)显示, 影响周丛藻类群落结构的主要环境因子有水温、溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、硝酸盐氮、pH、悬浮物, 不同月份的环境影响因素有所差异。额尔齐斯河周丛藻类多样性指数(H')、丰富度指数(D)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)的平均值分别为3.52、3.02、0.75, 显示额尔齐斯河流域整体水质为寡污或无污。P-IBI分析结果显示：5个采样点为健康状态, 1个采样点为亚健康状态, 3个采样点为一般状况, 1个采样点极差, 表明额尔齐斯河整体生态健康状况趋于良好。本研究可为额尔齐斯河的水环境监测提供一种有效手段, 并为该流域的水生态保护提供基础资料及理论依据。;Periphytic algae are sensitive to the changes of aquatic environment and can reflect the health status of water quality quickly. In this study, the community structure and water environment characteristics of algae around the Irtysh River were investigated systematically in 2019, and the biological integrity index of periphytic algae was used to evaluate the ecological health. The results showed that there were 102 species of algae belonging to 41 genera and 6 phyla, mainly Bacillariophyta. The temporal change of density and biomass for periphytic algae was September > July > May, and the spatial distribution was middle and lower reaches > upstream, tributaries > trunk stream. Principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) showed that the main environmental factors affecting the community structure of peripheral algae were water temperature, dissolved oxygen, permanganate index, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, pH and suspended matter. The average values of algal diversity index (H'), richness index (D) and Pielou evenness index (J) around the Irtysh River were 3.52, 3.02 and 0.75, respectively, indicating that the overall water quality of the Irtysh River basin is pollution-free or non-pollution. the results of P-IBI analysis showed that 5 sampling sites were healthy, 1 sampling site was sub-healthy, 3 sampling sites were general, and 1 sampling site was very poor, suggesting that the overall ecological health of the Irtysh River tended to be good. The results of this study can provide an effective measure for aquatic environment monitoring of Irtysh River and, meanwhile, provide basic data and theoretical references for the ecological protection of Irtysh River basin.

Practical Exploration of Ecological Restoration and Management of the Mountains-Rivers-Forests-Farmlands-Lakes-Grasslands System in the Irtysh River Basin in Altay, Xinjiang

The Irtysh River Basin refers to a water conservation area and a vital ecological barrier in Xinjiang and also partially in Central Asia. Here, the technical solution for the ecological protection and the restoration of the Mountains-Rivers-Forests-Farmlands-Lakes-Grasslands system (MRFFLGs) pilot project in the Irtysh River Basin is refined, by complying with the core concept, i.e., “mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes and grasslands are a community of life”. The solution stresses the specific characteristics of ecologically protecting and restoring MRFFLGs in the Irtysh River Basin, which aim to reduce ecological water use, soil erosion, forest and grassland degradation, the ecological destruction of mines, water environment pollution and other issues. With overall protection, system restoration, district policy, and problem orientation as the overarching ideas, 162 sub-items of 44 major items with seven categories have been designed and implemented in the project. In addition, some highlights of the management experience that are worth promoting when the pilot project is being implemented are also summarized (e.g., the use of laws to solve historical problems, scientific argumentation and third-party evaluation, proactive guidance for the engagement of people, modern information technology support, and integration with local sustainable development). Lastly, four policy suggestions are proposed: (1) Building a model of systematic protection and restoration by using basins as the basic geographic unit; (2) Establishing and optimizing key weak links of systems and mechanisms; (3) Focusing on remedying the shortcomings of regional talents, technology and capital; and (4) Promoting the MRFFLGs project to integrate “industry, city, people, and tourism” for carrying out a large-scale system project.

Modeling Snow Depth and Snow Water Equivalent Distribution and Variation Characteristics in the Irtysh River Basin, China

Accurate simulation of snow cover process is of great significance to the study of climate change and the water cycle. In our study, the China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD) and ERA-Interim were used as driving data to simulate the dynamic changes in snow depth and snow water equivalent (SWE) in the Irtysh River Basin from 2000 to 2018 using the Noah-MP land surface model, and the simulation results were compared with the gridded dataset of snow depth at Chinese meteorological stations (GDSD), the long-term series of daily snow depth dataset in China (LSD), and China’s daily snow depth and snow water equivalent products (CSS). Before the simulation, we compared the combinations of four parameterizations schemes of Noah-MP model at the Kuwei site. The results show that the rainfall and snowfall (SNF) scheme mainly affects the snow accumulation process, while the surface layer drag coefficient (SFC), snow/soil temperature time (STC), and snow surface albedo (ALB) schemes mainly affect the melting process. The effect of STC on the simulation results was much higher than the other three schemes; when STC uses a fully implicit scheme, the error of simulated snow depth and snow water equivalent is much greater than that of a semi-implicit scheme. At the basin scale, the accuracy of snow depth modeled by using CMFD and ERA-Interim is higher than LSD and CSS snow depth based on microwave remote sensing. In years with high snow cover, LSD and CSS snow depth data are seriously underestimated. According to the results of model simulation, it is concluded that the snow depth and snow water equivalent in the north of the basin are higher than those in the south. The average snow depth, snow water equivalent, snow days, and the start time of snow accumulation (STSA) in the basin did not change significantly during the study period, but the end time of snow melting was significantly advanced.

European freshwater mussels (Unio spp., Unionidae) in Siberia and Kazakhstan: Pleistocene relicts or recent invaders?

Unionidae is a species-rich family of large freshwater mussels with an almost worldwide distribution. In many regions of the world, these mussels are imperiled. Northern Asia, excluding the Far East, is an excellent example of a region with a sharply impoverished fauna of the Unionidae as recently thought with one native species. Since the end of the 19th century, two freshwater mussel species of the genus Unio (U. pictorum and U. tumidus) were repeatedly recorded in Siberia. In the course of this study, these finds are confirmed both morphologically and genetically, the number of known occurrences of these mussels in the waterbodies of Asiatic Russia and Kazakhstan has drastically increased, and the third species, globally endangered U. crassus, was found in the Ob’ River basin. The unique U. tumidus haplotype discovered from the Upper Irtysh River basin is of probable relic origin, which may indicate the presence of a Pleistocene refugium there. Due to natural environmental changes during the last century, several genera of freshwater Mollusca that previously inhabited Western Siberia, but went completely extinct in the Pleistocene, have started to recover the North Asiatic part of their former ranges. The case of Unio is exceptional since the recovery of its lost range goes not exclusively with the humans’ help but also involves the natural mechanisms of dispersal and range extension, and also because these mussels are disappearing in other parts of the world and are placed in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.