Irritant Dermatitis Research Articles

Irritant contact dermatitis to electoral ink: A series of 12 patients

Irritant contact dermatitis to electoral ink: A series of 12 patients

Immune response to topical sodium lauryl sulfate differs from classical irritant and allergic contact dermatitis.

Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) is used as a control irritant in patch testing for allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). However, up to 20% of those tested react to SLS, whereby the pathophysiological basis of this reaction is still unclear. To mimic patch test reactions, we repeatedly applied SLS to the skin of wild-type mice. Reactions were compared with those in a classical ACD model induced by oxazolone and an irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) model induced by croton oil. Skin inflammation was assessed with ear thickness measurements, immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, and flow cytometry. Topical SLS treatment was further investigated in Flg/Hrnr-/-, Myd88/Tlr3-/-, and Rag1-/- mouse models. All three compounds caused ear swelling with different courses. Oxazolone treatment, compared with the ICD model, resulted in a greater influx of immune cells (CD4+, MHCII+, CD11b+). Similarly, SLS did not induce immune cell infiltration or expression of selected inflammatory and regulatory cytokines. SLS induced the most pronounced keratinocyte proliferation. Compared with wild-type mice, topical SLS application did not increase ear swelling in skin barrier deficient Flg/Hrnr-/- mice, but led to significantly delayed swelling in mice with defects in innate or adaptive immune functions (Myd88/Tlr3-/-, Rag1-/-). SLS-induced contact dermatitis differed from classical ACD and ICD, as it elicited less pronounced immune alterations. Skin barrier impairment does not affect SLS-induced contact dermatitis, whereas both innate and adaptive components are involved in SLS skin reactions.

Performance and safety of transparent postoperative dressings with silicone adhesive in daily practice on fragile skin.

Currently there is limited real-world research on the adhesion qualities, pain and clinical performance of specific silicone adhesives products, and their role in maintaining skin integrity and preventing medical adhesive-related skin injuries (MARSI). This paper presents a clinical evaluation of performance and safety parameters of two silicone adhesive dressings on lacerations or surgical wounds and the surrounding skin in daily practice on fragile skin. An observational, prospective, multicentre, uncontrolled post-market clinical observational study with Leukomed T skin sensitive and Leukomed T plus skin sensitive (both BSN medical GmbH, Essity Group) was undertaken at three sites across Germany between June 2021 to November 2022. Inclusion parameters were acute wounds (surgical or laceration) in patients with at least one fragile skin condition. Endpoints included: the percentage of adhered dressing area seven days after application of the dressings; and evaluation of any signs of skin damage and erythema following dressing removal. Furthermore, self-reported patient pain, comfort during dressing wear, and the health professionals' ease of dressing handling with gloves were assessed. A total of 42 patients with fragile skin and surgical wounds (35 patients) or lacerations (7 patients) were recruited. Mean age was 78 years. There were no signs of erythema following dressing removal and no MARSI (skin stripping, blister, skin tears, maceration, irritant contact dermatitis or allergic dermatitis) occurred at removal after seven days of wear time. Data demonstrated a reliable wound coverage with sufficient adhesion without negatively affecting the periwound skin and wound improvement was observed in 94% of patients. The vast majority of patients reported minimal pain at removal, reduced wound pain and high satisfaction with wearing comfort. Health professionals found the dressings easy to apply and remove, even with gloved hands. The results of this real-world evidence showed effective and well-tolerated use of transparent dressings with silicone adhesive in patients with fragile skin. The dressings may reduce the risk of skin damage including MARSI, while providing patients a high wearing comfort and allowing an almost pain-free dressing change.

Lysophosphatidylcholine Acyltransferase 2 Contributes to Increased Allergic and Irritant Inflammation in Mice.

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is an important chemical mediator in the field of inflammation, but its function in the skin is unclear. To unravel the role of PAF, we focused on lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase 2 (LPCAT2 also called LPLAT9), a biosynthetic enzyme involved in PAF production, and investigated the role of PAF in allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). We measured the amount of PAF in the skin and investigated the ear swelling responses and leukocyte infiltration into the skin following the application of 2,4,6-trinitro-1-chlorobenzene (TNCB) or croton oil in wild-type (WT) and LPCAT2 knockout (LPCAT2-KO) mice. The amount of PAF was increased in the skin of WT mice after TNCB or croton oil application but not detected in LPCAT2-KO mice. The ear swelling response was decreased in LPCAT2-KO mice compared with that in WT mice. In the ACD model, the numbers of lymphocytes, eosinophils, macrophages, mast cells and neutrophils were smaller in LPCAT2-KO mice than in WT mice. In the ICD model, the ear swelling response was also decreased in LPCAT2-KO mice compared with that in WT mice. When double staining of each inflammatory cell type and LPCAT2 was performed in ACD tissue, marked co-staining of the eosinophil marker and LPCAT2 was observed. In addition, LPCAT2 expression was observed in the epidermis. These results indicate that PAF is involved in the infiltration of several cell types into the sites of allergic and non-allergic skin inflammation. Furthermore, eosinophils and keratinocytes are primarily responsible for PAF production in skin inflammation.

Differential Diagnosis of Irritant Versus Allergic Contact Dermatitis Based on Noninvasive Methods

Introduction: Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is characterized by direct injury to the epidermal cells, activating the innate immune response. Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), in contrast, is delineated by a delayed hypersensitivity reaction of type IV. Despite the distinct etiopathogenic mechanisms underpinning each condition, the differentiation between them presents a significant diagnostic challenge. Objective: This study aims to determine whether a combination of clinical evaluation and noninvasive measurements—encompassing oxidative stress, erythema, hydration, melanin content, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), hemoglobin concentration, and skin texture and volume—can distinguish ICD from ACD. Methods: Two cohorts, each comprising 21 patients, were evaluated: one diagnosed with ICD and the other with ACD. All participants underwent biophysical and clinical assessments, along with Antera® 3D evaluations. Tape strips were utilized for skin sampling, and oxidative stress levels were measured via fluorescence assessments. Results: ICD prompts an almost immediate inflammatory reaction (peaking at 24 hours), whereas ACD incites a delayed response (72 hours). Noninvasive evaluated parameters as hemoglobin concentration, skin texture and volume, melanin content, erythema, and TEWL showed significant differences between the ICD and ACD cohorts (p < 0.05). The allergens amcinonide, nickel sulphate, cobalt chloride, budesonide, PPD, and thiuram mix were found to induce elevated levels of oxidative stress. Conclusions: The evaluation of patients with noninvasive parameters, including transepidermal water loss (TEWL), hemoglobin concentration, and skin texture and volume, could markedly aid in distinguishing irritant contact dermatitis from allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Nevertheless, the study is constrained by a limited sample size.

A cross‐sectional study of the vulval dermatology clinic population over a 4‐year period and development of a national vulval disease database

AbstractBackgroundVulval disease significantly impacts quality of life but is historically under‐researched. The epidemiology and aetiology of many vulval conditions is unclear. Data to optimise patient care are lacking.ObjectivesTo describe the population attending a specialist vulval dermatology clinic and achieve consensus amongst vulval experts on data items to be collected for a future national vulval database.MethodsThis descriptive cross‐sectional study analysed data that was prospectively collected during clinical contact with consecutive new patients at a vulval dermatology clinic over 4 years.A two‐stage electronic‐Delphi survey was performed with British vulval experts. Consensus was defined as ≥75% agreement on items for inclusion.ResultsThe database included 424 (including 29 paediatric) patients. Most patients were White British (71%), with a significant Asian population (13%). Long symptom duration (9.5% > 10 years) and multiple diagnoses, up to 4, were common. Exploratory associations were identified between irritant contact dermatitis and urinary and faecal incontinence, frequent vulval washing and lichen simplex, urinary incontinence and lichen sclerosus and a negative association between candidiasis and age.Following two rounds of the electronic‐Delphi survey, consensus was achieved for 18 items that 28 participants agreed were important for a future database.ConclusionsWe report disease incidence, patient pathways, outcome measures and potential associations. Though not generalisable, this large UK‐based study could inform future projects to improve patient care and support ongoing research, such as a national vulval disease database, for which we also achieve expert consensus on the most valuable items to include.

Faktor Penyebab yang Paling Dominan Kejadian Dermatitis Kontak Iritan pada Pekerja di TPA (Tempat Pemrosesan Akhir) Talang Gulo Kota Jambi

This study aims to analyze the dominant causal factors of subjective complaints of irritant contact dermatitis in workers at the Talang Gulo Landfill in Jambi City. The data analysis method in this study explains the stages of analysis, namely starting with data collection, data processing and data analysis. Data collection was carried out by the researcher himself and assisted by three enumerators and the head of waste management at the Talang Gulo Landfill. The data that has been obtained is then collected, processed according to the objectives and conceptual framework of the study. After the data is collected, data processing is carried out. Data processing is carried out through the stages of editing, coding, data entry, and data cleaning. The data that has been processed is then analyzed using univariate analysis, bivariate analysis and multivariate analysis. The results of the study showed that the factors related to subjective complaints of irritant contact dermatitis are knowledge, chemical exposure from waste and personal hygiene. Of the three factors, personal hygiene is the most dominant factor in the occurrence of subjective complaints of irritant contact dermatitis. Respondents who have poor personal hygiene have a 6.123 times higher risk of experiencing subjective complaints of irritant contact dermatitis when compared to respondents who have good personal hygiene after being controlled with the variables of knowledge and chemical exposure from waste.

Karakteristik Pasien Dermatitis Kontak (Iritan dan Alergi) di Puskesmas Tarowang Kabupaten Jeneponto Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan Tahun 2022-2023

Contact dermatitis is a general term for an acute or chronic inflammatory reaction to a substance that stimulates the skin. This disease can cause work discomfort and reduce worker productivity. Women, babies, the elderly, and those with atopic tendencies are more susceptible to irritant contact dermatitis, while allergic contact dermatitis has risks including age, occupation, and a history of atopic dermatitis. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of contact dermatitis patients (irritants and allergies) at the Tarowang Community Health Center, Jeneponto Regency in 2022-2023. This research is a quantitative descriptive study with a research sample of all patients diagnosed with contact dermatitis (irritant and allergic) at the Tarowang Community Health Center and 455 samples were obtained from medical record data. The results of this study show that the incidence of DKA is greater than DKI at the Tarowang Community Health Center in 2022-2023 with the general occupational characteristics of DKI patients being housewives while DKA are fishermen in the 26-45 year age category with the highest number of lesion locations on the hands of this type. The most common gender is female and the therapy used in DKI patients is an antihistamine type cetrizine while in DKA it is an antihistamine type mebihydroline napadisylate.

Contact dermatitis secondary to povidone-iodine: A systematic review.

Cutaneous reactions to povidone (PVP)-iodine are widely reported; however, distinction between allergic and irritant reactions can be challenging. Free iodine is responsible for irritant reactions and is released when PVP-iodine is in a liquid state. The aim of this study was to review the clinical presentation and results of patch testing in patients with PVP-iodine contact dermatitis. A systematic review was conducted by searching Pubmed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases for reports of contact dermatitis secondary to PVP-iodine. Data were collated including study design, patient age and gender identity, iodine exposure, skin biopsy findings, and patch test methodology and results. The search revealed 187 reports with 38 eligible studies; 30 case reports/case series and 8 retrospective cohort studies. Overall, there were 223 patients with PVP-iodine contact dermatitis. The commonest reaction was irritant contact dermatitis (51%), followed by allergic contact dermatitis (40%) and contact dermatitis not further specified (9%). Irritant reactions were characterised by burn-like morphology and, when due to surgical skin disinfectant, were often distant from the surgical incision site. Patch testing was most often performed with a 10% PVP-iodine aqueous solution; however, irritant reactions in controls occur. Various testing methods including iodine in petrolatum, ethanol, dried powder, and open application testing were described. Most reactions to PVP-iodine are irritant and patch testing using a closed-chamber method yields inconsistent results due to risk of irritation from free iodine release over the 2-day occlusion time. Surgeons should be aware of the risk of prolonged skin contact with wet iodine solution.

Irritant (toxic) contact dermatitis following topical use of dimethylsulfoxide

Irritant (toxic) contact dermatitis following topical use of dimethylsulfoxide

On intimate care in men: A review

Even though intimate hygiene plays an essential role in the prevention of various genital diseases, there are currently few studies on this topic. There is a wide range of diseases that affect the male genital organs. There is a wide range of diseases that affect the male genital organs. Inflammation of the glans penis (balanitis) occurs in 3–11% of males during their lifetime; one of its leading causes is poor hygiene. However, many non-venereal dermatoses occur in this anatomical region. Most often, patients complain of itching, as well as pain, burning, and various rashes. The most common reason for seeking medical attention is irritant contact dermatitis. Various allergens cause more acute reactions in the anogenital region due to the structural features of the skin of the genitals. Components of detergents and hygiene products, accessories for sexual practices, medications, and contraceptives can become provoking factors of genital allergic dermatitis. Among the dermatoses affecting the male genitalia, lichen planus should be noted, which occurs in males twice as often as in females, and the oral mucosa is often involved in the inflammatory process. Lichen sclerosus can also occur on the skin of the penis, leading to phimosis, a decrease in quality of sexual life, and often requiring circumcision. Psoriasis also can affect the anogenital area. Rashes may be isolated, but other anatomical areas are also involved in most cases. Psoriatic lesions of the genitals are visually different from typical elements in other areas of the skin. Minimizing discomfort due to these diseases is possible by using specialized care products. The skin of the genitals in men has specific features that are important to consider when developing the composition of the products.

Patch Test as a Helping Hand in Farmers with Hand Eczema

Background: Farmers are particularly exposed to a large number of allergens including fertilizers, plant allergens, soil, and manure which may be aggravated by sun exposure. Hand eczema can cause significant morbidity affecting the patient’s occupational work. Patch test is an important diagnostic tool in differentiating between irritant contact dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis and in the latter, to identify the culprit allergen causing hand eczema. Aims: This study aimed to identify the role of patch tests in hand eczema in farmers and to identify the common causative allergens of hand eczema in farmers. Materials and Methods: Fifty farmers aged 18 years and above presenting with hand eczema were enrolled in the study after taking approval from the institutional ethics committee. Patients who were pregnant, lactating, on systemic steroids, and immunosuppressants were excluded from the study. Patch test was done using the Indian Standard series of 20 allergens approved by the Contact Dermatoses Forum of India applied to the back of the patient. The first reading was taken at 48 h, 30 min after removal of the patch, and another reading was taken at 96 h. The results were interpreted according to the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group criteria. Results: Out of 50 patients, there were 28 males and 22 females. Hyperkeratotic eczema was the most common morphology (38%). The most common allergen was parthenium (44%) followed by potassium dichromate (22.7%) and nickel (9%). Limitations: A larger sample size would have helped to better substantiate the findings of the study. Conclusion: There is an undeniable relationship with the occupation of the individual wherein agriculturists and masons had the maximum predisposition. The most common cause of hand eczema in this study was parthenium in farmers and also other allergens played an important role such as potassium dichromate, nickel, and paraphenylenediamine.

Hand eczema: a review of clinical, dermoscopic and histological features.

Hand eczema (HE) is a prevalent inflammatory skin condition, impacting 15-20% of individuals, with a notable incidence rate of approximately 7.3 cases per 1000 person/years. This condition exhibits significant gender-based variability, with a higher prevalence in females. The clinical presentation of HE is characterized by pruritic erythematous, edematous, weeping plaques, vesicles, and/or bullae, showcasing considerable heterogeneity. A literature search was conducted across multiple databases, including Medline, Pubmed, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. The search was conducted using the following key words and medical subject heading (MeSH) terms: "hand," "eczema," "dermatitis," "dermoscopy," and "histology," employing the Boolean term "AND" to combine the research terms for optimal search precision. PRISMA algorithm has been used for article screening. The search scope included manuscripts published up to October 1, 2023. Up to 50% of HE cases are associated with atopic dermatitis, emphasizing the complex interplay between various dermatological conditions. Common subtypes of HE include irritant contact dermatitis (ICD), allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), atopic hand eczema (AHE), and protein contact dermatitis/contact urticaria (PCD). The chronic nature of HE presents a substantial management challenge, often underestimated, leading to delayed treatment and potential progression to chronic hand eczema (CHE). Beyond individual health implications, HE exerts a profound impact on occupational, domestic, social, and psychological aspects, establishing itself as the most prevalent occupation-related skin disease. This paper seeks to establish a comprehensive classification system for HE, integrating clinical, dermoscopic, and histological elements. Dermoscopy, specifically, proves instrumental in distinguishing HE from palmar psoriasis, revealing characteristic features such as yellow scales and irregular vessels. Histopathological findings underscore the dynamic changes observed from acute to chronic stages, while challenges in differentiating hyperkeratotic HE from psoriasis underscore the necessity for a holistic diagnostic approach. Accurate diagnosis and effective management of HE necessitate a holistic perspective that recognizes the inherent complexities of this inflammatory skin disease. By providing a multidimensional classification system, incorporating clinical, dermoscopic, and histological parameters, this paper aimed to contribute to a more nuanced understanding of HE and facilitate improved approaches to its diagnosis and treatment.

Differentiating Allergic and Irritant Contact Dermatitis based on histopathology: Overview

Differentiating Allergic Contact Dermatitis(ACD) fromIrritant Contact Dermatitis (ICD) has posed a significantchallenge for dermatologists, allergists, andhistopathologists. Over the years, many studies havebeen conducted to determine whether ACD can bedifferentiated from ICD based on histopathologyfindings. A clear-cut distinction based on histopathologywill facilitate the diagnosis and appropriatemanagement of both conditions.Abbreviations: CD, Contact Dermatitis; ACD, allergiccontact dermatitis; ICD, irritant contact dermatitis

Severe Vulvovaginal Candidiasis Associated With Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors Use in Postmenopausal Women.

We present a case series of severe vulvovaginal candidiasis in postmenopausal women using sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) medications for the management of their diabetes mellitus. Twenty-four cases from a private vulvovaginal specialist clinic are described. All 24 patients were referred with severe and persistent vulvar pruritus, pain, and erythema. Examination findings varied between patients and included erythema, edema, erosions, adherent white discharge, and fissuring, which were extensive and often involved the mons pubis, labia majora, and extended to the perineum and perianal region, mimicking psoriasis and/or irritant dermatitis. The clinical presentation in this postmenopausal group hindered a timely diagnosis, resulting in a delay in appropriate management. Fortunately, all patients improved on oral antifungal treatment, and in those that ceased their SGLT2i medication, there was resolution of the condition. While candidiasis is reported to occur with SGLT2i, severe genital mycotic infections are not yet a well-recognized adverse effect and may be missed. The presentation in these cases was persistent and severe. Clinicians should have a high index of suspicion in postmenopausal women presenting with vulvar pain, pruritus, and extensive erythema that mimics psoriasis or irritant dermatitis, if they are on SGLT2i therapy.

COVID-19-Related Risk Factors for Developing Occupational Contact Dermatitis Along With Its Incidence, Prevention, and Management: A Systematic Review.

Occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) is an eczematous local inflammatory skin irritation caused by repeated use of hand sanitizer and other chemical substances. Occupational irritant contact dermatitis (OICD) and occupational allergic contact dermatitis (OACD) are the two variants of CD that cannot be identified clinically. Hand dermatitis (HD) is typically assessed as a clinical consequence because it affects the hands most frequently at work as per epidemiological studies on OCD. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 standards were followed when conducting this umbrella review. We used the search terms "Occupational Contact Dermatitis AND COVID-19" to search forthe most pertinent papers in full text on the databasesPubMed/MedLine, ScienceDirect, and PubMed Central (PMC). Additionally, the reference section of the papers was used to find more articles. A total of 11,646results were found, and eight papers remained after applying the inclusion criteria (full-text papers, English language, studies published in the previous 10 years, involving humans, and only systematic reviews). After completing the title and abstract screening, we obtained five papers. Next, the full-text screening and AMSTAR quality check were completed, yielding the same five papers. After searching ScienceDirect, five papers that met the inclusion criteria were included, and six papers were selected from the references, yielding a total of 11 papers. The causes of occupational dermatitis from protective face masks are discussed in this review. We anticipate an increase in the incidence of occupational dermatitis linked to face mask use given that a large segment of healthcare workers (HCWs) wear protective face masks. To understand the prevalence and available therapies for mask-related occupational dermatitis, further well-designed research is required.

Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Molecular Signatures that Distinguish Allergic from Irritant Contact Dermatitis

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is a pruritic skin disease caused by environmental chemicals that induce cell-mediated skin inflammation within susceptible individuals. Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is caused by direct damage to the skin barrier by environmental insults. Diagnosis can be challenging as both types of contact dermatitis can appear similar by visual exam, and histopathological analysis does not reliably distinguish ACD from ICD. To discover specific biomarkers of ACD and ICD, we characterized the transcriptomic and proteomic changes that occur within the skin during each type of contact dermatitis. We induced ACD and ICD in healthy human volunteers and sampled skin using a non-scarring suction blister biopsy method that collects interstitial fluid and cellular infiltrate. Single cell RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that cell-specific transcriptome differences rather than cell type proportions best distinguished ACD from ICD. Allergy-specific genes were associated with upregulation of IFNG, and cell signaling network analysis implicated several other genes such as IL4, despite their low expression levels. We validated transcriptomic differences with proteomic assays on blister fluid and trained a logistic regression model on skin interstitial fluid proteins that could distinguish ACD from ICD and healthy control skin with 93% sensitivity and 93% specificity.

Hand eczema in Italian patients referred for patch testing: A retrospective SIDAPA study (2016-2023).

Hand eczema (HE) is a common skin disease with a negative impact on patients' quality of life in occupational and non-occupational settings. Up-to-date, data on HE in Italian patients referred for patch testing are lacking. To characterise the profile in terms of demographics, aetiology and patch test results of Italian patients affected by HE referred for patch testing. A retrospective descriptive study on consecutive patients affected by HE who underwent patch testing from 2016 to 2023 in eight dermatology clinics was performed. HE patients were divided into two groups according to the exclusive (HE-only group) and not-exclusive (HE+ group) hand involvement, and compared to patients with eczema localised in body areas other than hands (NHE group). One thousand five hundred and ninety-seven patients were affected by HE (35.3% males; mean age 42.7 years), 60.2% belonging to the HE-only group and 39.8% to the HE+ group. Occupational dermatitis was diagnosed in 33.2% of HE-only patients, 25.0% of HE+ patients and 5.2% of NHE patients (p < 0.001). HE-only patients presented: Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD), Irritant Contact Dermatitis (ICD), atopic HE in 48.1%, 47.5% and 7.1%, respectively; hyperkeratotic palmar, acute recurrent vesicular and nummular clinical subtypes in 52.2%, 43.9% and 11.9%, respectively; relevant positive patch test reactions in 48.1% (nickel sulphate 18.9%, methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone 10.6%, methylisothiazolinone 8.6%, p-phenylenediamine 6.0% and potassium dichromate 4.7%). HE patients, and particularly those with exclusive hand involvement, show a particular profile in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics, etiologies and relevant positive patch test reactions.

2143 Minimal ingredient wipes for geriatric care

Abstract Introduction Wipes are a practical solution for cleansing skin and widely used in children, neonates, and in geriatric care. Effective cleansing requires low liquid surface tension (&amp;lt;40 mN/m), and many wipes contain surfactants to achieve this [1, 2]. However, these compounds may cause dryness, itching, irritation, and inflammation [1]. Age-related degeneration in skin suppleness decreases skin viability, often leading to irritation and incontinence-associated dermatitis, especially in frail nursing home residents [3]. By utilising purification technology, it is possible to lower liquid surface tension for cleansing and mitigate negative skin reactions caused by surfactants and additives. One minimal ingredient surfactant-free wipe (SF-wipe) achieves a solution surface tension of &amp;lt;35 mN/m, facilitating effective cleansing without surfactants [2]. These SF-wipes demonstrated superior results in a prospective study where neonates experienced significantly fewer days of clinically significant irritant diaper dermatitis [4]. The aim of this exploratory study was to understand current behaviours around personal hygiene and attitude towards SF-wipes in nursing homes. Method Four nursing care homes (n = 71 residents) received SF-wipes to trial. Feedback on effects and usability was gathered through interviews and reported qualitatively. Results Nursing staff indicated that the SF-wipes were soft, non-drying, non-abrasive, and facilitated faster in-bed bathing versus previous methods. Using SF-wipes did not lead to skin irritation in most residents, though some experienced transient skin coldness after use. Conclusions The high prevalence of skin conditions like incontinence-associated dermatitis in nursing home residents [5] means SF-wipes may prove beneficial versus surfactant-containing wipes, mirroring findings in neonates. Further studies are needed to prove this.

A green solution for eliminating methylene blue and crystal violet dyes using eco-friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized from Dracaena trifasciata

Modern technological development has unavoidably resulted in more pollution, especially in aquatic environments. While extensively utilized in various industries, cationic dyes pose a significant threat to both the environment and human health, ranking among the most hazardous pollutants. When exposed to these dyes, one may experience skin irritation and allergic dermatitis because they are frequently mutagenic, toxic, carcinogenic, and resistant to biodegradation. The continued release of these dyes into the environment exacerbates human health and ecosystem concerns. This work investigates the possibility of eco-friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles, which are produced by the co-precipitation method from leaf extracts of the Dracaena trifasciata plant, also referred to as snake plant, for the elimination of the cationic dyes methylene blue and crystal violet. This work presents a novel approach for synthesizing eco-friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract from Dracaena trifasciata. To examine the eco-friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles, characterization studies were carried out using various instrumental methods. The best conditions for removing methylene blue and crystal violet were found through batch adsorption investigations, which produced removal percentages of 86 % and 88 %, respectively, under specific conditions. The eco-friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles achieved maximum adsorption capacity and effective removal of methylene blue and crystal violet dyes under the following conditions: a pH value of 10, nanoparticle concentration of 0.06 g, reaction time of 50 min, dye concentration of 50 mg/L, and reaction temperature of 40 °C. Isotherm investigations demonstrated that the adsorption of methylene blue dye by eco-friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles followed the Temkin isotherm model, whereas the adsorption of crystal violet dye followed the Freundlich isotherm model. The kinetic parameters describing the adsorption of methylene blue and crystal violet dye onto eco-friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles were identified as pseudo-first-order and Elovich models, respectively. Following the above-mentioned studies, eco-friendly zinc oxide nanoparticles were subjected to additional characterization in order to assess their potential for wastewater treatment.