Irritant Agents Research Articles

Research on using naturally extracted capsaicin to develop irritant smoke agents as alternatives to military-grade CS gas

Development of the LĐO-24 training tear gas smoke grenade, which uses capsaicin extracted from chili peppers as a substitute for the military-grade toxic agent CS. The LĐO-24 is safer for humans and the environment compared to conventional tear gas grenades. It can be used in combat readiness training and gas mask testing. Experiments on the mixing ratio of smoke-producing and irritant components, similar to those in the LĐC-16 grenade, indicate that the LĐO-24 training grenade possesses similar features to the LĐC-16. It generates an airborne smoke layer that irritates the eyes and respiratory system, with an optimal capsaicin concentration of 10% in the smoke mixture, achieving a capsaicin concentration of 0,0036 mg/m³ in the smoke layer. This irritant concentration effectively causes eye and respiratory irritation while remaining safe for personnel during training. The capsaicin's persistence in the air decreases over time, with tear gas effects lasting between 120 and 180 seconds.

Synthesis, characterization and irritant effects of nonivamide irritant riot control agent based on ionic liquids.

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients-Ionic liquids (API-ILs) can increase drug solubility and bioavailability of solid drugs without changing the structure of drug molecules. In the present work, nonivamide (pelargonic acid vanillylamide, PAVA) was used as the active drug and choline (Ch) and citric acid (CA) were selected as the ions to prepare PAVA-based ionic liquid ([Ch][PAVA] and [PAVA]3 [CA]), respectively. The characterization and physical properties of [Ch][PAVA] and [PAVA]3 [CA], such as FT-IR spectra, 1H NMR spectra, thermal stability and hydrophilicity, were investigated. And the irritant effects of the PAVA-based ionic liquids were measured by the animal irritation experiment. [Ch][PAVA] has higher decomposition temperatures, better hydrophilicity and comparable irritant effects. The results show that the PAVA-based ILs synthesized in this study may potentially serve as a promising novel riot control agent.

Occupational Contact Dermatitis in Firefighters.

Occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) emerges as a salient concern within the context of firefighters, a professional cohort routinely exposed to an array of hazardous substances as an intrinsic facet of their occupational responsibilities. This continual skin exposure to a spectrum of allergenic and irritant agents engenders an elevated predisposition to OCD among firefighters. Notably, the ramifications of OCD in the domain of occupational health assume substantial import, contributing significantly to the prevalence of work-related dermatological maladies and consequential productivity decrements. However, it is conspicuous that the extant body of scholarly literature addressing the specific incidence of OCD in the firefighter demographic remains limited. To address this knowledge gap, we undertake a comprehensive inquiry into the phenomenon of OCD within the firefighter population. Our framework systematically classifies OCD into 3 discrete categories: allergic contact dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis, and contact urticaria. Within each of these categories, we explore the various etiologies. Furthermore, our review highlights the multifaceted nature of OCD in firefighters and offers valuable insights into tailored preventive measures to mitigate its occurrence within these essential frontline workers. Our aim is to offer a comprehensive perspective on this occupational health issue and provide firefighters with practical strategies to protect their skin health while they continue their vital work in safeguarding our communities.

Penatalaksanaan Psoriasis Terkini

Psoriasis is a chronic skin inflammation with a strong genetic basis. In the skin of psoriasis patients, there are changes in the growth and differentiation of epidermal cells. The term psoriasis comes from the Greek 'psora' which means itching. Psoriasis is a chronic skin inflammation characterized by well-defined erythematous plaques, rough scales, layers and silvery white in color, especially on the elbows, knees, scalp, back, umbilicus and lumbar. Initially psoriasis was thought to be a disease of abnormal proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. Psoriasis precipitating factors can vary, including infection, topical irritant agents, and systemic steroids. Precipitating factors are usually involved in the initial manifestation of psoriasis or lead to an exacerbation of the disease. Psoriasis is currently known to have a close relationship with comorbidities such as psoriatic arthritis, obesity, cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic liver disease, metabolic syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease that can worsen quality of life and reduce patient life expectancy.

OCULAR DISCOMFORT IN PROFESSIONAL POLO-WATER PLAYERS: A PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE WITH TOPICAL HYALURONIC ACID AND GLYCURONATE ENOXOLONE.

Professional polo-water athletes are exposed to chlorine in the swimming pool. Chlorine is an irritant agent, so polo-water athletes commonly experience irritative eye symptoms. Hyaluronic acid and glycuronate enoxolone exert anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activity. Therefore, the present practical experience explored the efficacy and safety of eye drops containing both components. The current study included 59 professional polo-water athletes. The ocular surface disease index (OSDI) and dry eye-related quality of life (QoL) score (DEQS) questionnaires were used to assess the efficacy. Subjects took the eye drops for one month. The study consisted of a baseline visit (T0) and an end-treatment one (T1). Athletes experienced a significant improvement in symptoms and QoL as assessed by OSDI and DEQS scores (p < 0.001 for both). The present study showed that professional polo-water athletes frequently experience ocular discomfort associated with swimming pool attendance. Eye drops with hyaluronic acid and glycuronate enoxolone can significantly relieve eye symptoms and improve the quality of life in these athletes.

An Anterior Cingulate Cortex-to-Midbrain Projection Controls Chronic Itch in Mice

Itch is an unpleasant sensation that provokes the desire to scratch. While acute itch serves as a protective system to warn the body of external irritating agents, chronic itch is a debilitating but poorly-treated clinical disease leading to repetitive scratching and skin lesions. However, the neural mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of chronic itch remain mysterious. Here, we identified a cell type-dependent role of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in controlling chronic itch-related excessive scratching behaviors in mice. Moreover, we delineated a neural circuit originating from excitatory neurons of the ACC to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) that was critically involved in chronic itch. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the ACC→VTA circuit also selectively modulated histaminergic acute itch. Finally, the ACC neurons were shown to predominantly innervate the non-dopaminergic neurons of the VTA. Taken together, our findings uncover a cortex–midbrain circuit for chronic itch-evoked scratching behaviors and shed novel insights on therapeutic intervention.

MUC5B mobilizes and MUC5AC spatially aligns mucociliary transport on human airway epithelium.

Secreted mucus is a frontline defense against respiratory infection, enabling the capture and swift removal of infectious or irritating agents from the lungs. Airway mucus is composed of two mucins: mucin 5B (MUC5B) and 5AC (MUC5AC). Together, they form a hydrogel that can be actively transported by cilia along the airway surface. In chronic respiratory diseases, abnormal expression of these mucins is directly implicated in dysfunctional mucus clearance. Yet, the role of each mucin in supporting normal mucus transport remains unclear. Here, we generate human airway epithelial tissue cultures deficient in either MUC5B or MUC5AC to understand their individual contributions to mucus transport. We find that MUC5B and MUC5AC deficiency results in impaired and discoordinated mucociliary transport, respectively, demonstrating the importance of each mucin to airway clearance.

Irritant-Induced Asthma

Irritant-induced asthma (IIA) is a phenotype of asthma caused by the inhalation of irritant agents. Definite, probable, or possible IIA have been described, depending on the concentration of the inhaled irritants and the onset of respiratory symptoms respective to the time of exposure. Definite IIA represents approximately 4% to 14% of all cases of new-onset work-related asthma. Agents responsible for IIA can be encountered as fumes, gases, aerosols, or dusts. The most frequent are chlorine, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, ammonia, acetic acid, solvents, and cleaning materials. Although the diagnosis of definite IIA is based on a suggestive clinical history along with evidence of reversible airflow limitation and/or nonspecific bronchial hyperresponsiveness, possible IIA cannot be diagnosed with certainty because the relationship between exposure and the onset of symptoms is difficult to establish. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic approach, and management of IIA.

Direct T-2 Toxicity on Human Skin-Fibroblast Hs68 Cell Line-In Vitro Study.

T-2 toxin is produced by different Fusarium species, and it can infect crops such as wheat, barley, and corn. It is known that the T-2 toxin induces various forms of toxicity such as hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and neurotoxicity. In addition, T-2 toxin possesses a strong dermal irritation effect and can be absorbed even through intact skin. As a dermal irritant agent, it is estimated to be 400 times more toxic than sulfur mustard. Toxic effects can include redness, blistering, and necrosis, but the molecular mechanism of these effects still remains unknown. This in vitro study focused on the direct toxicity of T-2 toxin on human skin—fibroblast Hs68 cell line. As a result, the level of toxicity of T-2 toxin and its cytotoxic mechanism of action was determined. In cytotoxicity assays, the dose and time-dependent cytotoxic effect of T-2 on a cell line was observed. Bioluminometry results showed that relative levels of ATP in treated cells were decreased. Further analysis of the toxin’s impact on the induction of apoptosis and necrosis processes showed the significant predominance of PI-stained cells, lack of caspase 3/7 activity, and increased concentration of released Human Cytokeratin 18 in treated cells, which indicates the necrosis process. In conclusion, the results of an in vitro human skin fibroblast model revealed for the first time that the T-2 toxin induces necrosis as a toxicity effect. These results provide new insight into the toxic T-2 mechanism on the skin.

Prevalence of Oral Normal Variance in Healthy Elderly Patients: A Descriptive Study on Oral Pseudo-Lesions.

Introduction The aging process in the elderly can change the condition of the oral cavity, regarding both clinical appearance and function. The oral mucosa becomes more susceptible to mechanical damage and irritant agents. Any changes in the oral mucosa, including normal variance, should be examined. This is especially true for the elderly, to improve oral health and prevent any abnormalities. Objective To describe the prevalence of oral normal variance in healthy elderly patients. Methods An observational descriptive study with a cross-sectional design with total sampling conducted from March to April 2020. Results Among the 117 elderly patients who participated in this study, 58 were described as healthy without any comorbidities. From those subjects, there were 117 cases of normal variance in the oral mucosa. The three most prevalent issues were fissured tongue (93.1%), coated tongue (58.62%), and crenated tongue (27.59%). Conclusion Fissured tongue is a normal variance of the oral mucosa that is commonly found in healthy elderly patients.

Relationship of Hand Sanitizer Usage Frequency with the Incidence of Irritant Contact Dermatitis during COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: Irritant Contact Dermatitis (ICD) is an eruption of the skin caused by the non-immunologic inflammatory response of the skin to the irritant agents. The government urged to implement health protocols 3M, one of them is hand hygiene by used hand sanitizer to prevent the spread of COVID-19 infection. Repeated use of hand sanitizer can cause skin irritation and inflammatory response such as dryness, cracks, and other symptoms of ICD.Objective: To analyze the relationship between the frequency of use of hand sanitizer and the incidence of ICD.Methods: Observational analytics study cross-sectional design. The research subject were 260 medical faculty students of Diponegoro University who had to agree with informed consent, filled questionnaires and qualified by research criteria. Diagnostic of ICD based on questionnaires and physical examination of ICD. The statistical analysis data was used Chi-square test.Results: The results showed after analyze data use Chi-square test that there was not significantly related frequency use the hand sanitizer to the incidence irritant contact dermatitis during the COVID-19 pandemic with a p-value is 0,078 (p>0,05). The most frequent use of hand sanitizers is 5-10 times a day (56,5%), the most symptoms in ICD are dry, scaly, and peeling skin (30%), and the incidence of ICD due to the use of hand sanitizers are 33,5%.Conclusion: There was no significant relationship between frequency of use of hand sanitizer and irritant contact dermatitis during pandemic the COVID-19.

Clinical Characteristics of Irritant-Induced Occupational Asthma

Work is a substantial contributing factor of adult-onset asthma. A subtype of occupational asthma (OA) is caused by irritant agents, but knowledge of the clinical outcomes of irritant-induced asthma (IIA) is incomplete. To evaluate whether the clinical picture of IIA differs from that of sensitizer-induced OA. This retrospective study analyzed acute and subacute IIA patients diagnosed in an occupational medicine clinic during 2004 to 2018. Sixty-nine patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and their characteristics were analyzed at the time of the diagnosis and 6 months later. The results were compared with those of 2 subgroups of sensitizer-induced OA: 69 high-molecular-weight (HMW) and 89 low-molecular-weight (LMW) agent-induced OA patients. Six months after the diagnosis, 30% of the patients with IIA needed daily short-acting β-agonists (SABA), 68% were treated with Global Initiative for Asthma, 2020 report (GINA) step 4-5 medication, and 24% of the patients had asthma exacerbation after the first appointment. IIA depicted inferiority to LMW-induced OA in daily need for SABA (odds ratio [OR]: 3.80, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.38-10.46), treatment with GINA step 4-5 medication (OR: 2.22, 95% CI: 1.08-4.57), and exacerbation (OR: 3.85, 95% CI: 1.35-11.04). IIA showed poorer results than HMW-induced OA in the latter 2 of these features (OR: 2.49, 95% CI: 1.07-5.79 and OR: 6.29, 95% CI: 1.53-25.83, respectively). Six months after the OA diagnosis, a significant proportion of the patients with IIA remain symptomatic and the majority of these patients use asthma medications extensively suggesting uncontrolled asthma. The short-term outcomes of IIA appear poorer than that of sensitizer-induced OA.

Association between occupational exposure to irritant agents and a distinct asthma endotype in adults

AimThe biological mechanisms of work-related asthma induced by irritants remain unclear. We investigated the associations between occupational exposure to irritants and respiratory endotypes previously identified among never asthmatics (NA) and...

The Validated Modified Irritant Gas Syndrome Agent Criteria as a New Chemical Triage for the Hydrofluoric Acid Exposure

The Validated Modified Irritant Gas Syndrome Agent Criteria as a New Chemical Triage for the Hydrofluoric Acid Exposure

Le syndrome de Brooks : à propos de 15 cas colligés au service de médecine du travail et de pathologies professionnelles au CHU Farhat Hached de Sousse

BackgroundReactive airways dysfunction syndrome or Brook's syndrome is a distinct entity of non-immunologic asthma with specific diagnostic criteria. The emergence of chemical irritants at workplace had short-, medium- and long-term repercussions on the respiratory system and negatives consequences on occupational life. ObjectivesTo describe the socio-demographic, professional, clinical and paraclinical profile of patients with Brooks syndrome. Material and MethodsWe carried out a descriptive epidemiological study from January 2010 to December 2019 at the Department of Occupational Medicine in Farhat Hached Teaching Hospital-Tunisia including patients diagnosed with Brooks syndrome. ResultsA total of 15 patients was enrolled in the study with a mean age of 43.13±8 years. The average job tenure was 17.27±9 years. Healthcare sector and Textile and clothing industry were the most represented sectors. Agents incriminated in RADS were, detergents (dominated by chlorine found in bleach), solvents (paint and glue), pesticides, disinfectants (formaldehyde), strong acids. A major improvement in RADS symptoms within 3 months was noticed in 6 patients. A recurrence of symptoms after every exposure to irritant agent was notified in 13 patients. In most cases, spirometry showed an obstructive reversible syndrome. The non-specific methacholine bronchial provocation test was applied to only 2 patients. Only 4 patients needed to receive long-term treatment. Six cases of RADS were recorded as a work-related accident. ConclusionIt is necessary to highlight the importance of early detection of inhalation injuries and identification of agents in cause in order to establish adequate preventives measures at workplace.

Synthesis, X-ray characterization and evaluation of potent anti-angiogenic activity of a novel copper(II)-imidazole-bipyridyl complex

In this study, 1-(4-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-1H-imidazole, (ImCF3) and 2,2′-bipyridyl, (bipy) ligands coordinating copper(II) complex have been synthesized and successfully characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction, FT-IR and UV-vis and elemental analysis techniques. The agreement between experimental and theoretical results have been observed. Information about local and global chemical activity, electrophilic and nucleophilic nature of copper(II) complex have been theoretically obtained. The anti-angiogenic activity results indicated that copper(II) complex showed significantly very strong anti-angiogenic potential with higher anti-angiogenic score (average score = 1.06 ± 0.01) than the standard anti-angiogenic (±)-Thalidomide (average score = 0.8 ± 0.2) with no irritation and embryotoxicity whereas both ligands of the complex showed weak anti-angiogenic effects and one of the ligands ImCF3 showed significant and higher irritation potential (86 ± 20%) when compared with the standard irritant agent SDS (84 ± 10%) on the CAM at 50 µg/pellet.

PENYULUHAN KESEHATAN TENTANG PENGGUNAAN ALAT PELINDUNG DIRI UNTUK MENCEGAH PENYAKIT DERMATITIS PADA NELAYAN

Fishermen are prone to skin diseases due to the influence of sunlight where the splash of sea air on the skin can cause itching due to its thickness by the salt pulling from the skin. sea ​​water is a cause of dermatitis with primary stimulation properties. Occupational contact dermatitis that occurs on the hands and the incidence rate for dermatitis varies from 2% to 10%. It is estimated that 5% to 7% of people with dermatitis develop chronic and 2% to 4% of whom are difficult to cure topical treatment. This method of community service consists of two stages, namely the first stage is planning the activities to be carried out, these activities are indications of needs, indications of weaknesses and solutions that will be carried out. The second stage is the implementation of which the village head has obtained permission to carry out the activity, the implementation of the activity is carried out for two days. Based on the results of community service, it was found that 80 fishermen 31 people (38.8%) had no complaints of dermatitis, 49 people (61.2%) had complaints of dermatitis. This can enable fishermen to deal with complaints of dermatitis because working as a fisherman requires that a person is often exposed directly to open weather and the irritant agent will directly damage the skin by changing the skin's pH, reacting with protein (denaturation), extracting fat from the skin layer or by reducing it. skin resistance and skin disorders are caused because the body is too long in a wet state and then it is under the sun after which it returns in a wet condition. Meanwhile, fishermen who do not experience complaints of dermatitis, fishermen who have good immunity

Pulmonary Function Testing in Work-Related Asthma: An Overview from Spirometry to Specific Inhalation Challenge.

Work-related asthma (WRA) is a very frequent condition in the occupational setting, and refers either to asthma induced (occupational asthma, OA) or worsened (work-exacerbated asthma, WEA) by exposure to allergens (or other sensitizing agents) or to irritant agents at work. Diagnosis of WRA is frequently missed and should take into account clinical features and objective evaluation of lung function. The aim of this overview on pulmonary function testing in the field of WRA is to summarize the different available tests that should be considered in order to accurately diagnose WRA. When WRA is suspected, initial assessment should be carried out with spirometry and bronchodilator responsiveness testing coupled with first-step bronchial provocation testing to assess non-specific bronchial hyper-responsiveness (NSBHR). Further investigations should then refer to specialists with specific functional respiratory tests aiming to consolidate WRA diagnosis and helping to differentiate OA from WEA. Serial peak expiratory flow (PEF) with calculation of the occupation asthma system (OASYS) score as well as serial NSBHR challenge during the working period compared to the off work period are highly informative in the management of WRA. Finally, specific inhalation challenge (SIC) is considered as the reference standard and represents the best way to confirm the specific cause of WRA. Overall, clinicians should be aware that all pulmonary function tests should be standardized in accordance with current guidelines.

Phospho-Mimetic Mutation at Ser602 Inactivates Human TRPA1 Channel.

The Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel is an integrative molecular sensor for detecting environmental irritant compounds, endogenous proalgesic and inflammatory agents, pressure, and temperature. Different post-translational modifications participate in the discrimination of the essential functions of TRPA1 in its physiological environment, but the underlying structural bases are poorly understood. Here, we explored the role of the cytosolic N-terminal residue Ser602 located near a functionally important allosteric coupling domain as a potential target of phosphorylation. The phosphomimetic mutation S602D completely abrogated channel activation, whereas the phosphonull mutations S602G and S602N produced a fully functional channel. Using mutagenesis, electrophysiology, and molecular simulations, we investigated the possible structural impact of a modification (mutation or phosphorylation) of Ser602 and found that this residue represents an important regulatory site through which the intracellular signaling cascades may act to reversibly restrict or “dampen” the conformational space of the TRPA1 channel and promote its transitions to the closed state.

Aspectos clínicos e cirúrgicos do tratamento do granuloma periférico de células gigantes: relato de caso clínico

Granuloma Periférico de Células Gigantes (GPCG), corresponde a uma das lesões mais comuns da cavidade oral, apresenta-se como uma lesão exofítica, séssil ou pediculada, de consistência macia ou gelatinosa com coloração vermelha, roxo–azulada ou purpúrea, geralmente assintomática. Atualmente, o GPCG tem alta frequência em mulheres, na gengiva ou na crista alveolar mandibular, com preferência pela região molar. Sua etiopatogenia ainda não foi totalmente esclarecida, mas estima-se que tenha origem no tecido conjuntivo gengival ou no processo alveolar, relacionado a agentes locais irritantes, podendo estar correlacionada aos distúrbios hormonais. Para discernir do diagnóstico diferencial é solicitado alguns exames complementares como radiografia panorâmica e logo após a biopsia o exame histopatológico, sendo assim o tratamento ideal para GPCG é cirúrgico com prognóstico positivo. O objetivo do presente trabalho é relatar um caso de uma paciente do gênero feminino que apresenta GPCG na mucosa gengival, no rebordo mandibular e teve a lesão removida cirurgicamente com margens de segurança, associada a remoção de fatores irritantes.