Irrigation Uniformity Research Articles

Analisis Karakteristik Aliran Irigasi Perforasi Pada Lahan Datar

Perforation irrigation is a unidirectional beam irrigation system that can be used for crop irrigation on dry land, due to the efficient use of water and the ability to wet land with a limited area. Therefore, the perforation irrigation system needs to be studied further in relation to the area of land that can be irrigated and the distribution of discharge to each perforated pipe. By testing several variations of the water level, the perforation irrigation emission capability will be obtained in the form of irrigation distribution, uniformity, emission capability and discharge amount used in irrigation on flat land. This study aims to determine the perforation irrigation capacity on flat land, the distribution of irrigation and the amount of discharge required. The test was carried out on three perforated pipes made of ½” PVC as lateral pipes, three transmission pipe length variations, such as 0.8m, 1m, and 1.2m with a distance between the perforations of 60 cm. The source of irrigation water comes from a 3 m tall tower with a capacity of ± 200 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟. The test uses three variations of head height, namely h1 350 cm, h2 360 cm, h3 370 cm and h4 380 cm. The results showed that the perforation irrigation jet length was around 100cm -120 cm, the uniformity of CU irrigation was above 97% with a total discharge on h1 QT = 0.689 lt/s, h2 QT = 0.690 lt/s , h3 QT = 0.695 lt/s and on h4 QT = 0.701 lt/s. While the range of flow rates for perforation 1 pipe Q1 (0.42 lt/s – 0.429 lt/s), perforation 2, Q2 (0.13 -0.145 lt/s) and perforation 3, Q3 (0.129 - 0.135 lt/s)

Ensemble Learning Simulation Method for Hydraulic Characteristic Parameters of Emitters Driven by Limited Data

The emitter is one of the most critical components in drip irrigation. The flow path geometry parameters have a significant effect on the emitter’s hydraulic performance and have a direct impact on the emitter’s irrigation uniformity and lifetime. The hydraulic characteristics of the emitter are the key indicators of its performance. However, obtaining the hydraulic characteristics of the emitter is complex. Typically, only a small number of calibrations are performed for specific equipment models, making it difficult to obtain the parameter. Therefore, limited data corresponding to the morphological parameters and the flow rate were simulated using the FLUENT software, and the influence of the characteristics was analyzeanalyzed, based on which a flow rate prediction model was constructed using the ensemble learning (CatBoost) model. The extended data set was generated by stochastic simulation and parameter fitting. The flow index and flow coefficient prediction model were built and evaluated using the CatBoost model again with the augmented data set as a benchmark. The results show that the significant correlation between the geometric structure and the flow index and flow coefficient provides the basis for the correlation model. CatBoost can fit the complex nonlinear relationships between the parameters well, achieving excellent simulation accuracy for the flow rate (R2 = 0.9987), flow index (R2 = 0.9961), and flow coefficient (R2 = 0.9946), where the path width has the highest importance score in the model construction for the flow index (score = 55.97) and flow coefficient (score = 45.2). Furthermore, the CatBoost models used in this study achieved the best prediction results compared to seven typical models (XGBoost, Bagging, Random Forest, Tree, Adaboost, and KNN).

Study on the irrigation uniformity of impact sprinkler under low pressure with and without aeration

The distribution of water deteriorates when the operating pressure of an impact sprinkler (IS) decreases to some level. The aeration jet method is utilized to form an aeration impact sprinkler (AIS), aiming to improve the uniformity of water distribution under low pressure. Based on the structures of a 20PY2 impact sprinkler, an IS and AIS with the same sprinkler discharge were studied under operating pressures range between 150 and 250 kPa. A square test zone was formed by the four sprinklers, and the combined irrigation experiment was conducted under windless conditions. The results showed that the water loss ranged from 3% to 9.5% in all 18 test schemes. The coefficient of uniformity (CU) and distribution uniformity (DU) were used to quantify the degree of uniformity. The AIS had an approximately 3%–7% greater CU than the IS, which resulted in the CU reaching the specified value in the IS standard when the sprinkler functioned under low operating pressure. A linear relationship was found between the CU and DUlq. The uniformity of water distribution clearly changed with the operating pressure (150 kPa, 200 kPa, and 250 kPa) but decreased slightly with the increase in combination spacing (1 R, 1.1 R, and 1.2 R). In addition, the results of field experiment were compared with those of the simulation developed from a single sprinkler indoor experiment based on the water distribution radial curve. The simulated coefficient of uniformity was highly consistent with the experimental data and had an error of <7%. A sprinkler water jet with the aeration method was proven to be a feasible solution to reduce the operating pressure.

APLIKASI IRIGASI TETES BERTINGKAT DENGAN PERTANIAN TANAMAN HORTI KULTURA DI PERUMAHAN PADAT PENDUDUK KOTA MATARAM HULU

This study aims to determine the effect of the use of 12 mm Netafim (NTF) pipe and ” pvc on a multilevel drip irrigation network, on the ability of irrigation uniformity and irrigation distribution on polybag land. The test was carried out on variations in tower water heights of 220 cm, 120 cm and 30 cm on the lateral drip pipe, data analysis was carried out on irrigation uniformity (CU), and the distribution of irrigation water volume at each network level. The research was conducted on a land area of 1.5 m x 4 m x 2 m, the distance between the irrigation level is 1 m and the tower height is 2.5 m. Based on the results of the analysis, irrigation uniformity was obtained about 95%, with a difference in irrigation volume between levels of about 2 ml – 3 ml in the combination of PVC and NTF, whereas if the drip pipe with NTF alone there was a difference in volume of about 20 ml. With the use of PVC with dripers on the 2nd and 3rd floors, and the use of NTF pipes on the 1st floor, it can improve the shortcomings of the multilevel irrigation system

Weed Smothering in Mustard (Brassica spp) by its High-Density Uniform Broadcast Sowing

Manual weed control in mustard is very expensive because of its high labour requirement i.e., 150-250 labourers/ha. Chemical weed control again imposes environmental hazards. Mechanical weed control in mustard is not still that popular till date. Due to severe weed competition, the yield reduction in Indian mustard may go as high as 70 per cent. Thus weed control in zero till mustard using its high-density sowing (HDS) was studied in different farmers’ field, at ICAR-CRIJAF, in North 24 PGS and Purulia, from 2018-2022. Fast growing and high- density uniform mustard canopy (100-200 m2) developed at early stages hinders sunlight penetration (up to 99.98 per cent) below its canopy (at 35- 40 days), leading to scanty and under developed growth of different composite weed species at harvest, those germinate or grow below mustard canopy. Weed population below mustard canopy was reduced by 92 to 97 per cent at mustard harvest. It was only 10-80/m2 at harvest over 350-1000/m2 in weedy situation at initial germination. The reduction of dicot weed biomass below matured mustard at harvest was 81-99 percent (5-150g/ m2) percent over weedy plots (500-800/ m2). Reduction of effective flowers/pods of different weeds under matured mustard canopy were up to 99.5 percent. Proper agronomic management practices of HDS mustard e.g., seed rate, date of sowing, uniformity of sowing, irrigation and fertiliser application will eliminate the herbicide application or manual weeding in mustard. Nearly 80 percent mustard plants remain active at harvest. It saves 150-250 labours /ha depending on weed species and its density of germination. Mustard grain yield ranged from 15-30 q/ha depending on management and varieties used. This weed smothering merit of mustard can be used for eco friendly weed control in other wide spaced field/horticultural crops using its dwarf variety (Toria).

Effect of wheat crop height and canopy coverage on microsprinkling hose irrigation uniformity

AbstractCrop shading affects irrigation uniformity and water distribution under microsprinkling hose irrigation (MHI). This study aims to ascertain how MHI distributes irrigation water under crop shading. Various crop heights and canopy coverages of wheat specimens were designed. The experiment was conducted under four working pressures (20, 24, 28 and 32 kPa). The irrigation water distribution of the MHI under crop shading was analysed under various crop heights and canopy coverages. The results showed that (1) the irrigation uniformity of MHI could reach approximately 50% while the planting row spacing of wheat was appropriate. Crop shading had little effect on irrigation performance. (2) During the jointing period, when the wheat height reached 0.4 m, intensive stems reduced the irrigation uniformity and spraying range of MHI. (3) The wheat height could reach 0.6–0.7 m in the maturing period. The uniformity was 25%–50%, which was far lower than the effect of irrigation during the jointing period. To obtain great irrigation performance and acceptable crop yield, it is important to select the proper pressure under the various crop heights and canopy coverages of wheat under MHI.

Aplikasi Irigasi Tetes Bertingkat Dengan Tanaman Horti Kultura di Perumahan Padat Penduduk Kota Mataram Hulu

This study aims to determine the application of a three-storey drip irrigation system to horticultural crops of chilies, kale and eggplant as one of the household food supporting crop commodities. In addition to increasing the potential for irrigation and boosting the economy from agricultural products on this limited land, it is necessary to know this, so that it can be used as material for consideration in maintaining family food security. Irrigation test activities were also carried out on irrigation uniformity, irrigation distribution and irrigation depth at various irrigation times. Tests were carried out on variations of soil and compost as planting media with the ratios of: 70%: 30%, 50%: 50%, 30%: 70% and four variations in tank water volume. The drip application network uses ½” PVC pipe and dripe on the third floor, while for the first and second levels the Netafim (NTF) pipe is 12 mm. The secondary irrigation network uses ¾ inch, 1 ½ inch and ½ inch PVC in an irrigation test chamber measuring 1.5 m x 4 m and a height of 1 m between levels. The results of the analysis of the test data showed that the uniformity of PVC drip irrigation and NTF combined obtained an average of above 95%, with a very even distribution of water. Irrigation depth obtained at all variations of the water tank level, that is, at 70% of the soil ranges from 3cm -20 cm, at 50% of the soil ranges from 4cm - 20cm and at 30% the amount of infiltration ranges from 2.5 cm - 18.5 cm. Multilevel drip irrigation can support the provision of family food in meeting the needs of kitchen ingredients such as chilies and vegetables to support family food security

Multi-factorial failure of pressure-compensating emitters in drip fertigation systems: An in-situ sampling investigation

Pressure-compensating emitter (PCE) is an important equipment to improve irrigation and fertigation uniformity of drip irrigation system. Due to multiple factors, PCE failure would lead to the whole drip irrigation system failure and consequently affect the crop growth. However, few studies reported the key reason and influential factors of PCE failure yet. Therefore, an in-situ sampling study of PCE, which was collected from 16 different operating locations and all were operated for several years in the apple orchard, was conducted in this paper. The effects of water quality characteristics and climatic conditions on the fouling formation inside PCE and the mechanical properties of the elastic diaphragm were analyzed. The result indicated that the PCE relative average discharge (Dra) decreased by 4.65%− 33.19% after 3–9 years. The phosphorus content, average temperature, suspended particles, and pH showed significant impacts on fouling accumulation inside the PCE flow channel, particularly biofouling. Meanwhile, the stretch rate, elastic modulus, tensile strength, and the hardness of PCE elastic diaphragm were mainly affected by humidity conditions, longitude, SO42- content and pH. Both the fouling accumulation and elastic diaphragm variations synthetically decreased the Dra of the drip irrigation system. This study provides theoretical support to further improve the irrigation uniformity of drip irrigation systems.

Effect of Border Width and Micro-Sprinkling Hose Irrigation on Soil Moisture Distribution and Irrigation Quality for Wheat Crops

Micro-sprinkling irrigation is a small-flow irrigation technology that uses the grouped outlets on the micro-sprinkling hoses to spray the pressure water evenly in the field. Plants’ barriers during the middle to late growth period of winter wheat significantly reduce the irrigation quality of the micro-spray system. It is still unclear whether soil border width in wheat fields can alleviate the negative effect. In this study, a popularly-used variety (c.v. ZM 369) was adopted to test the mitigation effect of soil borders on irrigation quality, as well as soil moisture distribution, in wheat fields. Two irrigation quotas (i.e., 75 mm and 45 mm per time) and three border widths (i.e., 2.3 m, 3.3 m, and 5.3 m) were arranged in a randomized block design in the experimental years of 2020–2022. Soil moisture distribution and irrigation quality during the middle to late growth period of winter wheat (i.e., jointing to heading stage and grain filling stage) were investigated, as well as the effects on grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE). The results showed that irrigation water distribution in the direction perpendicular to micro-spray tapes generally decreased with the distance from tapes increasing. The maximum difference between the irrigation amount and water collected under the canopy was 134 mm. The uniformity coefficient of soil moisture distribution was increased by 25.8% with a 5.3 m border width compared to a 2.3 m width. Although an irrigation quota of 75 mm was beneficial for ensuring better irrigation uniformity and more stable grain yield, grain yield and WUE were produced with an irrigation quota of 45 mm. In conclusion, it is appropriate to increase border width and adopt a small quota for the micro-spray system in the North China Plain for wheat crops.

Adaptability of biogas slurry–water ratio and emitter types in biogas slurry drip irrigation system

Biogas slurry drip irrigation (BSDI) can not only save water, but also reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. Determining the appropriate biogas slurry–water ratio (BSWR) and emitter types can ensure long-term stable operation of systems. Therefore, this study proposes an obtaining the BSWR suitable for crop irrigation conductivity method based on conductivity biogas slurry and clean water. The three conductivity levels（1.3, 2.3 and 3.3 mS/cm）are set based on their suitability for crop growth. The corresponding BSWR is determined using the proposed method, i.e.,1:20, 1:8, and 1:4. The clogging dynamic process, clogging location, and characteristic parameters are analyzed using a hydraulic test, an industrial camera and the ordered regression method for three common emitters under three BSWR. The results show that the proposed method relative error is approximately 10%, which is considered feasible. Over time, the discharge and uniformity of emitters decrease, and subsequently remain constant. As the slurry concentration increases, the emitters clog more rapidly, and internal patch emitters (IPEs) show the lowest adaptability to BSDI systems. The pressure compensation (PCEs) and single-wing labyrinth emitters (SWLEs) is better than IPEs on anti-clogging performance. Clogging mainly occurs at the inlet grid, and the SWLEs are clogged at the internal flow channel and outlet. Moreover, the inlet grid and pressure compensation are key characteristic parameters affecting clogging. The adaptability of emitters can be improved by changing the inlet grid layout, increasing the cross-sectional area of the flow channel, and/or reducing the pathway length. Based on irrigation uniformity and economic cost, large discharge SWLEs and PCEs are recommended for one-time field crops and multi-year cash crops respectively. Furthermore, the BSWR should be at least 1:4, and ratios of 1:8–1:20 are most conducive to stable operation. This study serves as a guideline for future development of BSDI systems.

DESIGN OF BUBBLE IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH EMITTERS AT GROUND LEVEL

In the Brazilian semi-arid, sustainable growth rates and higher standards of living in society may be attained by the use of irrigation aiming at obtaining the best economical function without disregarding several factors, such as labor, soil, and water supply. The objective of this work is presenting an alternative design procedure for low-head bubble irrigation systems so as to make the technology more accessible to users. An electronic spreadsheet was developed and made available for sizing laterals and delivery hoses at ground level based on the principles of mass conservation, energy conservation and friction head loss. 9 combinations of spacings between plants and between rows were used with different lateral lengths, resulting in 22 designs operating at 9.8 kPa (1 m.w.c). Designs were subjected to hydraulic and efficiency tests. Uniformities of water application were computed using Christiansen’s uniformity coefficient and distribution uniformity coefficients. Designs were ranked according to the proposed classification of Mantovani. Irrigation uniformities, above the recommended limits and with low variability across designs, allow us to conclude that the design procedure for the proposed irrigation system is feasible.

The Effect of Plug Height and Inflow Rate on Water Flow Characteristics in Furrow Irrigation

Despite its wide application across arid land types, furrow irrigation is often associated with numerous environmental problems related to deep percolation, runoff, and soil erosion. In this study, a straightforward approach was proposed to achieve higher uniformity and reduce erosion. Here, the impacts that a moveable “plug” has on the behavior of irrigation water in the furrow were simulated using FLOW-3D and HYDRUS-2D, where three plug heights and two flow rates were set. The effect of inflow rate and plug height on the water advance, water level, cumulative infiltration in the furrow, and uniformity coefficient was determined. Results indicate that the plug was able to slow water velocity by approximately 60% in the furrow and increase the furrow advance time by 3–4 times; the water level was increased by nearly 10 cm compared with no plug. Moreover, an irrigation uniformity range of 90.18–99.22% was associated with this plugging. The addition of a plug in the furrow irrigation practices for smallholder farmers in developing countries demonstrates great potential in reducing the probability of erosion under large slopes and can effectively improve irrigation uniformity.

ANALISIS KEMAMPUAN SISTEM IRIGASI TETES BERTINGKAT DALAM PEMBERIAN LENGAS TANAH PADA POLYBAG

In increasing the supply of food in residential areas, it is necessary to encourage the use of land and water sources in the yard even though the land area is limited. The design of multilevel drip irrigation may be an option in these housings, and therefore it is necessary to test and determine the ability of the irrigation to discharge, uniformity and soil moisture produced. This study aims to determine the effect of using inch PVC pipe as a secondary network on discharge, uniformity (CU) and soil moisture (w) in a multilevel drip irrigation system. Experiments were carried out with a 150 liter reservoir water source 3 m high, soil moisture test with a test duration of 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes. Data analysis was carried out on discharge data (Q), irrigation volume and soil moisture. The research results are presented in tables, graphs and concluded descriptively. The results showed that the secondary pipe flow rate was Q1 822.54 cm3/sec, Q2 107.47 cm3/sec and Q3 15.39 cm3/sec. Irrigation uniformity in TSK irrigation operations obtained CU of 72.67% and in SK obtained CU of about 51.49% to 89.34%. Soil moisture produced at a duration of 5 minutes, 10 minutes and 15 minutes with an initial soil moisture condition range of 14%-28%, the results on the 1st floor (w1) ranged from 41%-50%, for the second floor w2 it was around 31%-45 % and on the third floor w3 around 25%-40%

Analysis of Irrigation Performance of a Solid-Set Sprinkler Irrigation System at Different Experimental Conditions

The complexity of assessing the irrigation performance of a solid-set sprinkler irrigation system implies analyzing factors of the sprinkler features, the spacing among sprinklers, the evaluation heights, the meteorological variables and the crop. In this research, a number of solid-set experiments with impact sprinklers were evaluated with different operating conditions and a number of models of irrigation uniformity (CUC) and losses due to drift and wind (WDEL) were assessed at different catch-can heights. Statistical analysis and predictive models were performed for each variable analyzed. The results showed that ND 5035 and SEN 4023 impact sprinklers that presented the lowest variability in water distributions patterns based on the standard deviations of the irrigation depth collected in the catch can (0.85 mm/h). These sprinklers had demonstrated the best CUC values (mean of 86%) with low WDEL averages (lower than 9%). Regarding the CUC analysis, there was a statistically significant difference in measuring the irrigation uniformity from 1 to 2 m catch-can height based on the analysis of 396 solid-set experiments of different research works. Future research could be focused on more experimental conditions analyzing the effects of the irrigation on the crop agronomic development and its yield.

Extended Assessment of Sprinkler Irrigation Uniformity in Greenhouses Using GIS and Hydraulic Modeling

Traditionally, distribution uniformity has been obtained by using rain gauges, which makes it a very expensive process. This paper sought to create a simulation strategy using QGIS and EPANET, both free software, that allowed the simulation of the water application results of all the emitters of an irrigation installation. In this way, it was possible to obtain the geospatial representation of the applied water and finally to know the distribution uniformity in the whole installation. The simulation finally fulfilled its objective and was compared with a study of distribution uniformity with rain gauges. The biggest difference between the measured and simulated data was a difference of 5.76% among the sectors. The simulated uniformity was very similar to the measured uniformity, which allowed us to affirm that the proposed simulation methodology was adequate. We believe that the methodology proposed in this article could be very useful in improving the management of sprinkler irrigation systems, particularly those in which distribution uniformity is of special importance. These improvements in management can also result in savings in water and other inputs, which are becoming increasingly important in the current context of climate change and the reduction in the impact of agriculture on the environment. Finally, similar studies could be carried out with the same tools for other pressurized irrigation systems, such as sprinkler irrigation outside greenhouses and drip irrigation.

Sampling patterns may influence the evaluation of irrigation uniformity of Center Pivot systems

Abstract The evaluation of irrigation uniformity can be affected by the sampling pattern in the field. Thus, this work aimed to compare the water application uniformities of a Center Pivot using three sampling patterns: along the equipment radius (radial), in the direction of movement of the pivot (circular) and in a two-dimensional way (meshed). For this, samplers were positioned under the spans of a Center Pivot system, being evaluated the effects of the sampling pattern and of the span, in a 3×3 statistical factorial design, with three replications. The results showed that circular and meshed arrangements were statistically equal and had higher values of Christiansen's and Distribution Uniformity Coefficients. The mesh type arrangement represented a more uniform distribution profile of irrigation depths on the surface. For areas of flat or slightly undulating topography and when using pressure regulating valves for the emitters, sampling in a radial pattern is sufficient, but for terrains with irregular topography or when pressure head variations along the lateral line are important for the operation of the emitters, the combination of the radial and circular pattern is interesting. The meshed sampling detects the stoppage effect of the towers and drift, however, in a reduced area.

Analysis of mulched drip irrigation with brackish water in cotton fields using the HYDRUS-3D numerical model

This study combined continuous monitoring in the field using computer modeling to understand soil water movement and salt transport so as to design a suitable irrigation system for cotton using mulched drip irrigation with brackish water. A reasonable irrigation regime was determined and verified using thresholds of water and salinity stress in the various stages of cotton growth. In addition, some key factors, such as emitter discharge rate, emitter spacing, and initial water content, were screened for simulation, and irrigation uniformity and desalination rate were selected as the indicators for evaluation. The results showed that: ( i) The HYDRUS-3D model was a useful tool for designing suitable irrigation regimes, and the determined suitable irrigation quota was 5160 m3 hm−2 under mulched drip irrigation with brackish water during the growth period of cotton in 2019. ( ii) The irrigation uniformity and leaching rate decreased with an increase in the emitter discharge, and the linear relationship between uniformity, leaching rate, and emitter discharge could be identified. ( iii) The irrigation uniformity and leaching rate decreased with an increase in emitter spacing, and power functions might be used to calculate uniformity, leaching rate, and emitter spacing. ( iv) The irrigation uniformity and leaching rate increased with an increase in initial water content, and the relationship between the two indexes and initial water content was defined by a linear function and a power function, respectively. These results provided a valuable reference for the rational use of drip irrigation with brackish water.

A Prediction Model of Labyrinth Emitter Service Duration (ESD) under Low-Quality (Sand-Laden Water) Irrigation

The reasonable evaluation of emitter service duration and appropriate emitter selection have become an important way to improve the efficiency of drip irrigation systems, and also provide a basis for the wide application of drip irrigation technology in agricultural and landscape irrigation. During field irrigation, both irrigation uniformity (CU) and relative average flow (Dra) play crucial roles in crop growth, so it is not appropriate to evaluate emitters based on one of these factors alone. In this study, a new comprehensive index for measuring the operating life of emitters—the emitter service duration (ESD) was established for selecting emitter products in the field. The indoor drip irrigation experiment was carried out under nine kinds of sand-laden water, and the emitters’ service duration, based on irrigation uniformity and emitter flow, was tested. By analyzing the individual effects and the comprehensive effects of them, the comprehensive measurement index of the ESD was established and the Pearson bivariate correlation analysis was used to explore the influencing factors. The results showed that the lower the quality of the irrigation water, the smaller the value of the ESD, which meant that the emitters were more likely to be blocked. Different irrigation water sources had different effects on the ESD, which were mainly caused by the characteristic size. Two dimensionless characteristic parameters (W/D and A1/2/L) are significantly correlated with ESD. Based on W/D and A1/2/L, the ESD prediction model was obtained and the accuracy could reach 86%. It could provide an accurate method for selecting emitters under different water source conditions, which is beneficial for the safe, efficient, and long-term operation of a drip irrigation systems using a low-quality water source.

Assessment of farmers' water and fertilizer practices and perceptions in the North China Plain

AbstractIrrigation and fertilization are vital to increasing crop yield, but their application often exceeds crop requirements. Excessive fertilization under inefficient irrigation depletes the already scarce water resources while contributing to water pollution. To overcome these problems, the introduction of fertigation in combination with modern irrigation technologies has been promoted in the North China Plain (NCP), but farmers have been reluctant to adopt such technologies. To better understand the current situation and farmers' perceptions, we performed a case study in the People's Victory Canal Irrigation District (PVCID) of NCP. A field survey was carried out using a participatory approach, and field monitoring was conducted on a representative farm. We found that farmers are generally satisfied with their irrigation and fertilization practices, although they result in low application efficiency and distribution uniformity. In principle, the lack of knowledge about how to implement fertigation technology, the small‐scale farming conditions, and the high cost of developing advanced fertigation systems are the main obstacles for fertigation adoption. We further conclude that (i) to improve the on‐farm performance in terms of efficiency and uniformity of irrigation and fertilization, evidence‐based guidelines are required to help farmers to implement; (ii) for effective adoption of new technologies, consideration of farmers' situation and perspectives is critical; and (iii) surface fertigation might be a good start for fertigation promotion.

KARAKTERITIK DISTRIBUSI VOLUME DAN DEBIT ALIRAN IRIGASI AKTUAL SETIAP SISTEM JARINGAN IRIGASI TETES PADA LAHAN LAYANAN BERTINGKAT

In the conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic, farming on a large area of land requires a lot of human interaction so it is not safe for all the people involved, as is the case with the residents of BTN Pengsong Indah. Farming with polybag land media with a drip irrigation system is expected to help the community in the environment, so that people can still do farming at home to help food security during pandemic times. This study aims to determine the distribution of drip irrigation, discharge, uniformity and distribution patterns at each land level. The research area is 1.5 m x 3 m x 2 m and the distance between the levels is 1 m, the water source has a capacity of 150 liters, the height is 3.3 m and the drip pipe is 12mm NTF pipe. The data analyzed were irrigation volume, uniformity and discharge associated with irrigation patterns.The results showed that the drip irrigation system was able to provide discharge on the 1st floor (Q1) = 304.4 ml/min, 2nd floor (Q2) = 230.8 ml/min and 3rd floor (Q3) = 147.2 ml/min. The planting point discharge on the 1st floor (q1) ranges from 12.47ml/min -12.89 ml/min, on the q2 floor it is around 9.5 ml/min-9.73 ml/min and the q3 floor is 6.13 ml/min . The uniformity of drip irrigation for each level above 95% is very high. The irrigation distribution is where the higher the level of the irrigation system, the lower the irrigation capacity of the system with a deviation of about 2.5 ml/min -3.5 ml/min