Evaluation Of Irrigation Systems Research Articles

Regional-scale evaluation of tertiary irrigation system in Muda Irrigation Scheme from space

A tertiary irrigation system is essential for efficient water management in large-scale irrigation scheme and requires regular evaluation to understand their effectiveness. The current water balance method for tertiary irrigation system evaluation requires extensive data, making continuous monitoring over vast areas unfeasible. A better approach using geospatial data from the Google Earth Engine (GEE) is introduces to evaluate the efficiency of tertiary irrigation systems on a regional scale, aiding water management strategies. This study aims to (1) define the rice cultivation boundary for accurate data collection and (2) quantitatively evaluate irrigation system performance using specific indicators. Remote sensing evapotranspiration (RS-ET) and yield derived from Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were collected within rice cultivation boundary across 60 irrigation blocks, including 14 blocks equipped with tertiary irrigation system in Region II of the Muda Irrigation Scheme. Three irrigation system performance indicators (equity, adequacy, and water productivity) were used as a key metric in over four rice-growing seasons to evaluate tertiary irrigation system. Results reveal that tertiary irrigation system performance varies with the current three-phase water management strategy. Equity performance was highest during the off-season, particularly in phase 1 (2–8 %). Adequacy was moderate across all phases and seasons (median: 0.6–0.67), while water productivity showed consistent strength in phases 1 and 3, with fluctuations in phase 2, across seasons. This study underscores the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of using geospatial data from space for continuous regional-scale monitoring, highlighting areas for improvement in the current water management strategy.

Feasibility analysis of photovoltaic systems for kiwifruit irrigation: A case study in Shaanxi province, China

AbstractAlthough photovoltaic (PV) irrigation systems are widely used in China, feasibility assessment of these systems is important because of differences in the distribution characteristics of solar resources and crops. In this study, kiwifruit planting in Shaanxi province was considered, and a calculation model for PV irrigation system evaluation was developed. Based on the geographical distribution of kiwifruit planting, as well as the spatial and temporal distributions of solar energy in Shaanxi province, the application potential of PV irrigation for kiwifruit was investigated comprehensively from the perspectives of technology, economy and irrigation feasibility. The results showed that the proportion of the PV module scale to the irrigation scale in all the kiwifruit planting areas in Shaanxi province was far less than 1.5%, and there were no technical obstacles. In Baoji, Weinan, Hanzhong and Ankang, the annual cost of the PV irrigation system was greater than that of the diesel pump irrigation system. Regarding irrigation feasibility, farmlands with a slope of 0%–8.75% were considered highly suitable for installing a PV irrigation system. The results revealed 32,269 ha of farmland appropriate for PV irrigation among the 66,371 ha of kiwifruit in Shaanxi province.

Enhancement of Water Unit use Efficiency under Modified Surface Irrigation Conditions

This study was conducted in Assiut Governorate, Upper Egypt. The objectives of this work were to study the performance of the developed surface irrigation system and comparing it with the traditional surface irrigation system. The performance indicators were hydraulic evaluation of irrigation systems, amount of applied water, water application efficiency, filed water use efficiency and crop yield. The results revealed that the amounts of water applied for wheat crop were 1123, 1168 and 1515 m3/fed under buried pipes, lining mesqas and earthen mesqas respectively. While they were 1180, 1216 and 1521 m3/fed of maize crop for the previous mesqas respectively. It is clear that, the highest values of applied water for all crops, were found at earthen mesqas during winter as well as summer season. Average water application efficiencies were as 39.20 %, 76.70 % and 81.75 % for earthen mesqas, lining mesqas and buried pipes respectively. The productivity of wheat and maize increased 21.74 and 20.83 % under buried pipe respectively. Also, wheat and maize were 16.28 % and 15.56 % respectively under lining mesqas compared with earthen mesqas. The values of field water use efficiency (FWUE) for wheat were 3.07 kg ∕ m3, 2.78 kg ∕ m3 and 1.78 kg ∕ m3 under buried pipe, lining mesqas and traditional surface irrigation respectively. also, it was for maize, 2.85 kg ∕ m3, 2.59 kg ∕ m3 and 1.75 kg ∕ m3 under buried pipe, lining mesqas and traditional surface irrigation respectively.

A Novel Automating Irrigation Techniques based on Artificial Neural Network and Fuzzy Logic

India is primarily an agrarian society and it is important to develop various irrigation techniques as the nature of soil varies drastically spatially. Irrigation scheduling are mainly depends upon monitoring of soil, crop, water available and weather conditions. Major limitation of this system is the under-irrigation or over-irrigation, which affects the SAR ratio of soil or excess runoff generation respectively. Effective implementation of irrigation technique is required to enhance the productivity of less fertile soil. Irrigation with variable rate and intelligent control-based system is required for the enhancement of irrigation system and higher crop yield. Study was conducted for the performance evaluation of irrigation system using ANN and Fuzzy Logic Toolbox of MATLAB. Moisture available, rainfall, evapotranspiration and water supply for wheat crop were taken as input and output variable were performance of irrigation system. Results of different irrigation techniques were evaluated and best technique were identified under their specification.

EVALUATION OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS AND SOME PITCH PROPERTIES OF SELECTED FOOTBALL FIELDS IN ISTANBUL

Irrigation and DrainageVolume 69, Issue 1 p. 191-191 ErratumFree Access EVALUATION OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS AND SOME PITCH PROPERTIES OF SELECTED FOOTBALL FIELDS IN ISTANBUL This article corrects the following: Evaluation of Irrigation Systems and some Pitch Properties of Selected Football Fields in Istanbul Hüsey E. Çelİk, Kamİl Şengönül, A. İlker Esİn, Volume 68Issue 2Irrigation and Drainage pages: 332-341 First Published online: January 15, 2019 First published: 19 February 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2364AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Following the publication of the above article in Irrigation and Drainage, Volume 68 Issue 2, April Çelİk et al., 2019, the name of the corresponding author should appear as “HÜSEYİN E. ÇELİK”. We have now changed the data in the published paper. We would like to apologize for the inconvenience caused. Reference Çelİk HE, Şengönül K, İlker Esİn A. 2019. Evaluation of Irrigation Systems and some Pitch Properties of Selected Football Fields in Istanbul. Irrig. and Drain. 68: 332– 341. https://doi.org/10.1002/ird.2312. Wiley Online LibraryWeb of Science®Google Scholar Volume69, Issue1February 2020Pages 191-191 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Evaluation of Irrigation Systems and some Pitch Properties of Selected Football Fields in Istanbul

AbstractFootball fields composed of natural grass must maintain a playable state throughout the season. Substructure problems such as inadequacies in drainage and irrigation systems may adversely affect a player's health and game quality in rainy and/or dry seasons.The scope of the study encompasses eight football fields, which have natural turf combined with semi‐ or fully automatic sprinkler systems, with permission given for study in İstanbul. Irrigation systems, infiltration rate, surface hardness, turf coverage and root penetration parameters were investigated on these playing fields. The results were evaluated according to FIFA, UEFA, TFF and other national and international standards.Our findings showed that none of the sprinkler systems of these football fields could meet the minimum Christiansen's coefficient of uniformity ratio (84%). Only one of the sprinkler systems of the stadiums had a fair rating according to a distribution uniformity ratio. All fields, except for one, had low (<100 mm h−1) infiltration rates for first‐class grounds. Cover percentages of the lawns were at desirable levels except for one stadium, which had excessive weed problems. Generally, root depths (<15 cm) and plant densities (5–15) were poor in the fields. Surface hardness was high (107 G‐max) in one stadium, normal in another stadium (72 G‐max) and low (< 70 G‐max) in the rest. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Irrigation System Performance Evaluation of Sub Irrigation Area of Jejeruk Kiri Tambran Using Public Works Minister’s Regulation No. 32 in 2007 and Fuzzy Set Theory

Sub irrigation area of Jejeruk Kiri Tambran, physically, has performance degradation due to aging buildings and nature factors. Therefore, performance evaluation of irrigation system is needed as a part of the asset management of irrigation to determine the functioning of the irrigate ion asset. The procedures of performance evaluation refers to Public Works Minister’s Regulation No. 32 in 2007, concerning to Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation System, which is consist of 6 main aspects, there are physical infrastructure, productivity of planting, supporting facilities of operation and maintenance, personnel organization, documentation, and water user farmer association. This kind of evaluation contains fuzziness and uncertainty in valuing based on observation dan human opinion. Hence, a method that can accommodate the problem is needed, one of which is fuzzy set theory method. The aim of this research is comparing performance evaluation of irrigation system by using manual method of Bengawan Solo River Basin Agency which is refers to Public Works Minister’s Regulation No. 32 in 2007 and fuzzy set theory. The result performance value of irrigation system of sub Jejeruk Kiri Tambran is 77,69% based on manual method and 73,45% based on fuzzy method. By t-test, there is no significant diference between both methods.

Performance Evaluation of Irrigation System in Cikeusik Irrigation Area, Cirebon Regency West Java Province

West Java Province is known as an area that plays an important role in agricultural production in Indonesia. Cirebon is a district in West Java which is in the eastern part bordering Central Java. Many areas of irrigation or Irrigation Network who experience a decrease in performance, one of whom who experience decreased performance is Cikeusik Irrigation Area. This time, the Irrigation Cikeusik Management implemented by Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai (BBWS) Cimanuk Cisanggarung, Directorate General of Water Resources, Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing. The Irrigation Cikeusik receive water supplies from Dam Cikeusik in the Cisanggarung river with the area in 6899 Ha. The purpose of this research is to analyze and calculate what percentage in the performance of the Sub Regional Irrigation Maneunteung West and Sub Regional Irrigation Maneunteung East on irrigation area Cikuesik using the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works No. 32 / PRT / M / 2007 on Guidelines for Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation. Some aspects of the irrigation system set out in the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works No. 32 / PRT / M / 2007 are physical infrastructure, plant productivity, supporting facilities Maintenance Operation, Maintenance Organization Operations personnel, documentation and water user associations (P3A). The research method is by direct observation, questionnaire and test methods research is done by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The performance evaluation of irrigation systems shows the percentage of different figures. Assessment is based on a survey conducted in West Sub Maneunteung irrigation area is 75.95% and 71.70% based on the respondent data. A difference of 4.26%, thus the performance of the irrigation system is ranged between 71.70% up to 75.95% or an average of 73.82%. Assessment is based on a survey conducted in Sub irigation area East Maneunteung is 76.10%, while 72.41% of respondents based on the data.The difference of 3.69%, thus the performance of the irrigation system is ranged between 72.41% up to 76.10% or an average of 74.26%. Based on the percentage of those with regulation of the Minister Public Works No. 32/PRT/M/2007 condition Sub irrigation area West Maneunteng and East Maneunteung have good performance.

SURVEY OF IRRIGATION AREA USING MICRO UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLE (MICRO-UAV) IN GUMBASA IRRIGATION AREA

This study aims to develop a new approach in doing evaluation of irrigation system in terms of getting accurate data at a reasonable cost in an essay and fast manner. The research was done at Gumbasa Irrigation District in Sigi, Central of Sulawesi, Indonesia on May-June 2015. The workflow consists of: (i) preparation; (ii) flight planning; (iii) automated flight; (iv) data processing. Data analysis was done by comparison between Red Green Blue (RGB) method and Near Infra Red Green Blue (NirGB) method. The results show that the use of micro-UAV provide an efficient way to collect data needed to manage a very large irrigation system. The RGB image can be effectively used to identify crop’s condition on an irrigation area, which is needed to plan irrigation efficiently. The NirGB image can be effectively used to assess tertiary and secondary level of irrigation canal such as leakage.

California gets global water conservation perspectives

California gets global water conservation perspectives

Determining the Storage Efficiency and Deficit Coefficient for Linear Distribution of Infiltration Depths

This study used the definitions of irrigation systems evaluation parameters: application efficiency; application adequacy and application uniformity, in addition to the storage efficiency, the deficit coefficient and deep percolation losses. It was adopted the linear distribution of the infiltration depths for cases that intersects the line of the distribution infiltration depths with the depth required in the root zone. It was determined a several equations for the expression of each of the storage efficiency and deficit coefficient first: as a function of both the application adequacy and application uniformity second: as function of both the application adequacy and application efficiency third: as function of both the application adequacy and deep percolation losses. These equations lead to ease of use and recruitment of these transactions, both in the evaluation of irrigation systems or follow-up infiltration depths within the root zone leaching of a particular crop during the growing season to find a function of productivity.

Assessment of Irrigation System Performance with Socio-economic indicators: A GIS-based study in the Medagama Block of Mahaweli System C

The performance assessment is a strategy to diagnose the deficiencies in existing irrigation systems and to take appropriate management options to correct those. Socio-economic evaluation is a part of this assessment to get a better understanding of the performance of the farming society within the irrigation system. This study was carried out to analyze the performance within Mahaweli System C by means of spatially varying socioeconomic indicators considering the Medagama management block as the study area. The education attainment, quality of housing, access to household consumer durables, access to vehicles in households, and income level of household were the selected indicators to study the socio-economic variability within the study area. A hamlet was taken as the smallest spatial unit to collect data and for mapping purposes. The overall performance index was obtained by summing up the set of indicators by providing relative weights. All the indices were mapped to show the spatial distribution and variability. According to the derived results, the origin of the settlers, the literacy level of the children, their motivation to achieve a better living condition are the factors, which influence on the variability of the socio-economic performance. A medium socio-economic performance was observed in all hamlets except in Henanigala South, where the Adiwasi people are settled. It seems that they have not well adjusted to the system even after three decades of settling. The stakeholder analysis identified the Mahaweli Authority of Sri Lanka and farmer organizations as key stakeholders who can influence on the success of the system performance. A socio-economic evaluation is important to get a feedback of the system performance. Irrigation system performance is highly influenced by other factors such as rainfall and climate conditions, cropping patterns and crop water requirement, soil type, management factors, marketing and other monetary factors. Therefore, an overall irrigation system evaluation is needed with an overall assessment, considering the technical and socio-economic indicators. Thus, this system should be further evaluated by using indices of water delivery performance, financial, productivity and environmental performances. It is important to assess the spatial variability as well as the temporal variability of the performance to identify the improvements of the system performance with time. Tropical Agricultural Research Vol. 24 (3): 215-227 (2013)

점적관개에 따른 토양수분 재분배 균일성 평가

Greenhouse cultivation has been increasing for high quality and four season crop production in South Korea. For the cultivation in a greenhouse, maintaining adequate soil moisture at each crop growth stage is quite important for yield stability and quality while the behavior of moisture movement in the soil has complexity and adequate moisture conditions for crops are vary. Drip irrigation systems have been disseminated in the greenhouse cultivation due to advantages including irrigation convenience and efficiency without savvy consideration of the soil moisture redistribution. This study aims to evaluate soil moisture movement of drip irrigation according to the soil moisture uniformity assessment. Richards equation and finite difference scheme were adapted to simulate soil moisture behavior in soil. Soil container experiment was conducted and the model was validated using the data from the experiment. Two discharge rate (1 <TEX>${\ell}/hr$</TEX> and 2 <TEX>${\ell}/hr$</TEX>) and three spaces between the emitters (10 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm) were used for irrigation system evaluation. Christiansen uniformity coefficient was also calculated to assess soil moisture redistribution uniformity. The results would propose design guidelines for drip irrigation system installation in the greenhouse cultivation.

English

It is very important to have a fast utility for the irrigation system evaluation to help the system designer and operator to evaluate the system performance and make the reactions towards any system operation problem if exists. Microsoft excel 2010 spreadsheet was successfully created in order to evaluate the drip irrigation system hydraulic performance. The spreadsheet was designed to provide the user with Friendly user interface, easy data input supported with input values check, giving more clarification for emitters’ flow distribution supported with charts, and Easy printable outputs Supported with user help work sheet. The uniformity parameters Included Uniformity coefficient, statistical uniformity, manufacturer’s coefficient of variation, emitters’ flow rate variation, distribution uniformity, and emission uniformity. Emitter exponent also can be calculated by this spreadsheet. The spreadsheet was evaluated by researchers involved with drip irrigation field as excellent rate, beside there was an agreement between spreadsheet calculations and evaluators’ in addition to saving the calculation time.

Evaluation of Irrigation Systems by Using Benchmarking Techniques

Water scarcity, which is typical of arid and semiarid regions such as Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), makes necessary the efficient use of water and energy resources. For this aim, there are several decision support system tools, including the benchmarking technique. The aim of this work is to compare two of the most extended irrigation systems (sprinkler and drip irrigation systems) in Castilla-La Mancha (Spain) by using performance indicators related to management of irrigated areas. The benchmarking technique was applied during three irrigation seasons (2006–2008) in six water users associations (WUAs) in Castilla-La Mancha Region (Spain). The indicators utilized in the benchmarking techniques were classified into two groups: descriptive and performance indicators. The information required to calculate the indicators was obtained from managers and farmers of each WUA, complemented with data obtained by using specialized equipment. To determine the grouping and differences between WUAs with different irriga...

Evaluation of drip irrigation: Selection of emitters and hydraulic characterization of trapezoidal units

The primary focus of this paper is on the estimation of potential application efficiency in drip irrigation units. For this purpose, a new procedure for field evaluation of water distribution in trapezoidal drip irrigation units is proposed. It consists of measurement of flow discharged by a sample of emitters whose location in the unit is selected to assure that the sample has the same mean flow and the same flow variation as all the drippers in the unit. Several emitters at each location are considered to separate the variations due to manufacture and wear from those due to differences in pressure. As an additional aim, a simplified hydraulic analysis is proposed based on known expressions to characterize hydraulically the irrigation unit and also to separate the causes conditioning irrigation performance. This analysis requires data of the unit (lengths, diameters, spacings and elevations) and of the emitters (discharge equation exponent). In addition, variables such as inlet pressure head, total emitter flow, pressure heads at the downstream end of the submain and laterals, are also to be measured. These measurements are required to calibrate unknown parameters (emitter discharge coefficient, equivalent lengths of emitter or lateral insertion) to estimate their variation due to wear. Field evaluations were performance on rectangular and trapezoidal units. Emitters were selected following the proposed method as well as the one developed by Merriam and Keller [Merriam, J.L., Keller, J., 1978. Farm Irrigation System Evaluation: A Guide for Management. Utah State University]. Experimental results confirm the theoretical analysis. Finally, for practical purposes, an index and a unitary distribution curve of emitter discharge during irrigation are proposed to characterize the performance of level irrigation units, independently of their operating inlet pressure.

Hydraulic Analysis and Direct Design of Multiple Outlets Pipelines Laid on Flat and Sloping Lands

Adequate hydraulic analysis of a multiple outlets pipelines is very important for the design and evaluation of irrigation systems. In this paper, an analytical direct design procedure for a single multiple outlets pipelines is presented. The proposed equations, taking into consideration the influence of local energy loss, are suitable for designing laterals and manifolds in both trickle and sprinkler irrigation systems, and can be applied for various types of outlet, different flow regimes, and uniform line slope ranges. In this analytical procedure, for any desired uniformity level and given design slope range with remaining known parameters, the pipe diameter and the pipe length can then be directly designed. For any desired uniformity level, the procedure also provides an opportunity to evaluate the influence of local energy loss, as well as the influence of different uniform line slopes on the pipe geometric characteristics (pipe size and length), and on the corresponding hydraulic variables (operating inlet pressure head, downstream end pressure head, and total energy loss). Comparison test with a revised step-by-step numerical method for various slope combinations indicated that the presented methodology produces sufficiently accurate results for various design cases in both trickle and sprinkler lateral design. The methodology is simple, easy to apply, and useful for hydraulic analysis and direct design of a multiple outlets pipelines in irrigation subunits.

Multi attribute utility theory for irrigation system evaluation

Multi Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) is employed to rank the irrigation subsystems of Mahi Bajaj Sagar Project, Rajasthan, India. Seven performance evaluation criteria, namely, land development works, timely supply of inputs, conjunctive use of water resources, participation of farmers, economic impact, crop productivity and environmental conservation are employed. Kohonen Artificial Neural Networks (KANN) is employed to classify the irrigation subsystems that can be utilized for further ranking by MAUT. Spearman rank correlation technique is employed to compute correlation coefficient values between the obtained ranking pattern. Sensitivity analysis studies are also made to check the robustness in ranking. The proposed methodology can be applied for similar situations.

A field performance evaluation of drip emitters: pressure versus discharge

Field evaluation of irrigation systems (drip) can form a basis for decision making as to whether the irrigation system needs rehabilitation, overhaul or even dismantling if found to be very uneconomical. A comprehensive field evaluation of irrigation systems involves determining the overall efficiency of the system, for example, determining water use efficiency, field operating efficiency and water management practices in use. However, the objective of this study was to evaluate the operating pressure–discharge relationship for Naan-tif emitters against their manufacturer's recommended pressure-discharge relationship. Three fields in the Gaborone region (Kumakwane, Thamaga, Legotlhong ) were selected for the evaluation. Naan-tif emitters at these fields were evaluated by measuring discharges (volumetric method) from emitters at field operating pressure. The results show that all the Naan-tif emitters evaluated at the three farms had higher average discharge as compared to the manufacturer's recommendation at the field operating pressure. In conclusion, besides pressure fluactuations, clogging of emitters due to poor water quality and poor management practices can also cause emitters to perform outside recommended pressure and discharge values. (Botswana Journal of Technology: 2002 11(2): 54-57)

Incorporating Economic Analysis in Irrigation Design and Management

Traditional principles for the design, operation, and evaluation of irrigation systems do not adequately incorporate the scarcity value of water. This paper presents an operational framework that attempts to integrate economic concepts into irrigation design and management. By means of a simple spatial optimization model, conditions are derived for optimal water allocation at each location in the system. Principles for optimal investment in distribution canals and in water conservation technology on the farm are obtained. Irrigated area and aggregate water use are determined. The potential economic benefit of the proposed model is demonstrated through an illustrative example.