Irrigation Control System Research Articles

Smart irrigation system using PLC, SCADA, and fuzzy control

This paper describes the design of smart irrigation control system for a 20-acre farm in Alexandria, Egypt, based on a Graphical User Interface GUI, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition systems SCADA, Programmable Logic Control PLC, Fuzzy Logic Control FLC, and sensors. A SCADA system with a local Human Machine Interface HMI screen, and remote control through a VPN connection is applied to monitor and regulate the field sensors. There are various agricultural crops on this farm which are affected by the environmental parameters. The measured input parameters are soil moisture, wind speed, pressure, temperature, humidity, rain fall, and soil conductivity. The measured data are extracted from the sensors. The output is then carried out based on the applied PLC, SCADA, and fuzzy control which are designed and implemented to make a decision about the suitable operational irrigation pumps can be used. The comparison between the total daily power consumption per day for the traditional irrigation system which is 352 KWh/day, and the total daily power consumption per day for the smart control irrigation system which is 242 KWh/day, resulting the reduction rate in power and cost is 31.25%. PLC, SCADA, and fuzzy control ensure long-term water conservation in agriculture and reduction in the power consumption.

Comparison of Automated Controller Settings for Irrigation and Fertilizer Needs of Potted Geranium

The future of agricultural water availability is threatened by climate change, population growth, and environmental regulations. Most of the global water is being used for crop irrigation. The objective of this research was to determine optimum timer-based controller settings and controlled-released fertilizer rates for ‘American Red’ (Pelargoium ×hortorum) potted geranium plants. Fertilizer was top-dressed at 3, 6, or 9 g. Plants were irrigated by a timer-based controller set to water at 11:00 AM every other day for 2 minutes, 9:00 AM and 2:00 PM for 1 minute per day, 11:00 AM for 1 minute per day, 11:00 AM for 2 minutes per day, and a control of manual hand watering. Data regarding plant growth, soil and leaf nutrients, and water use were collected. For geranium growth factors, the total flowers per plant was greatest for irrigation at 11:00 AM for 1 minute with 6 g fertilizer. Plant height and shoot dry weight were greatest for 6 and 9 g fertilizer. The number of umbels and soil plant analysis development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter readings were greatest for 9 g fertilizer. For geranium soil nutrient content, the pH was greatest for 3 g fertilizer, whereas the electrical conductivity, potassium, nitrate, sulfate, and boron were greatest for 6 and 9 g fertilizer. Regarding the nutrient content of the leaves, total nitrogen, boron, iron, and copper were greatest for 9 g fertilizer. Water use efficiency was greatest with 6 and 9 g fertilizer and irrigation 1 minute per day at 11:00 AM. The findings indicated that using timer-based controlled irrigation systems programmed to water for 1 minute during the morning with 6 g fertilizer resulted in plants that not only reduced water consumption but also enhanced water use efficiency and overall plant quality.

Rancang Bangun Sistem Kontrol Irigasi Otomatis Berbasis IoT untuk Tanaman Stevia

This research focuses on developing an IoT-based automatic irrigation control system for stevia plants to optimize plant growth and water usage efficiency. The system integrates ESP32 microcontroller with soil moisture sensors, DS18B20 temperature sensors, and DHT11 environmental sensors for comprehensive monitoring. Using Research and Development (R&D) methodology with an experimental approach, the system was designed and implemented to automatically control irrigation based on soil moisture levels. The results demonstrate that the system successfully maintains optimal soil moisture by activating the pump when moisture levels fall below 38% and deactivating it above 40%. Real-time monitoring through the Blynk platform enables remote observation and control of environmental parameters. The integration of multiple sensors with IoT technology provides an efficient solution for stevia plant irrigation management, offering potential applications in smart agriculture.

Design of Scheduled Fog Irrigation System with ESP 32 in Mustard Seedbed (Brassica juncea L.)

Plants receive water from the fog irrigation system in the form of tiny, mist-like water particles. Currently, irrigation technology has advanced, nurseries can be automatically irrigated. In this research, the ESP32 microcontroller is used to create the electronic circuits for the automation of the fog irrigation control system in a mustard green nursery. This study's methodology combines direct field observation with an experimental or trial approach. Water flow (ml/minute), water use efficiency (%), plant height (cm), number of leaves, and scheduled fog irrigation system performance are among the measured parameters. In this investigation, four different treatments were used: manual irrigation using a watering can, two-time, three-time, and one-time irrigation. All is going according to plan with this mist watering system. With an average height of 4.58 cm and an average number of leaves of 3.24, the mist irrigation system had the highest water use efficiency of 77.35% during the test. It was also found that mist irrigation produced the highest amount of mustard leaves in the three-times-per-day treatment. Keywords: ESP32, Fog irrigation, Green mustard, Nurseries.

The design and implementation of a smart greenhouse control system

Abstract Against the dual backdrop of continuously improving agricultural production levels and the global scarcity of water resources, countries worldwide are actively exploring the topic of water conservation. The development of an intelligent irrigation control system could make a significant contribution to water conservation efforts, while also helping to increase crop yields. This project adopts a modular design approach, utilizing sensors to collect real-time environmental data surrounding the crops. If the data falls outside the predefined optimal range for crop growth, the system automatically initiates irrigation, cooling, and supplemental lighting. The hardware design primarily consists of a data perception module and a control terminal module. After testing, the system runs stably and can accurately obtain information such as soil moisture, light intensity and ambient temperature, and basically realize the digital intelligent control of crop growing environment.

Development of a Fuzzy Variable Rate Irrigation Control System Based on Remote Sensing Data to Fully Automate Center Pivots

Development of a Fuzzy Variable Rate Irrigation Control System Based on Remote Sensing Data to Fully Automate Center Pivots

Innovation in Agriculture Advantages of a Remote Irrigation Monitoring and Control System

Globally, the irrigation of crops is the largest consumptive user of water. Water scarcity is increasing worldwide, resulting in tighter regulation of its use for agriculture. This necessitates the development of irrigation practices that are more efficient in the use of water but do not compromise crop quality and yield. Precision irrigation already achieves this goal, in part. The goal of precision irrigation is to accurately supply the crop water need in a timely manner and as spatially uniformly as possible. However, to maximize the benefits of precision irrigation, additional technologies need to be enabled and incorporated into agriculture. This Search discusses how Advantages of a remote irrigation monitoring and control system irrigation management will enable significant advances in increasing the efficiency of current irrigation approaches. From the literature review, it is found that precision irrigation can be applied in achieving the environmental goals related to sustainability. The demonstrated economic benefits of precision irrigation in field-scale crop production is however minimal. It is argued that a proper combination of soil, plant and weather sensors providing real-time data to an adaptive decision support system provides an innovative platform for improving sustainability in irrigated agriculture. The review also shows that adaptive decision support systems based on model predictive control are able to adequately account for the time-varying nature of the soil–plant–atmosphere system while considering operational limitations and agronomic objectives in arriving at optimal irrigation decisions. It is concluded that significant improvements in crop yield and water savings can be achieved by incorporating model predictive control into precision irrigation decision support tools. Further improvements in water savings can also be realized by including deficit irrigation as part of the overall irrigation management strategy. Nevertheless, future research is needed for identifying crop response to regulated water deficits, developing improved soil moisture and plant sensors, and developing self-learning crop simulation frameworks that can be applied to evaluate adaptive decision support strategies related to irrigation.

Proposed Intelligent Irrigation System for Riyadh City Using Fuzzy Logic

Considering the insufficient rainfall and rapid evaporation of soil moisture in desert regions, irrigation becomes very challenging in Riyadh. Automation is therefore required for optimum productivity and water conservation. According to the vision of the Green Riyadh project, recycled water will be used in the irrigation system to irrigate all green lands. The method of irrigation and the quantity of water being used must both be considered. Since drought inhibits plant growth and excessive moisture limits plants' ability to absorb nutrients and raises the possibility of disease development, only the amount of water needed by plants should be used. Artificial intelligence and fuzzy logic are increasingly seen as solutions to be implemented in smart drip irrigation systems. The fuzzy logic control system will aid in water conservation given its shortage, which has become a major worldwide concern. The system also has the advantage of conserving moisture to counteract inadequate rainfall, saving electricity and reducing labor costs. For such advantages, an intelligent irrigation control system based on fuzzy logic adapted to the climate of Riyadh will be proposed. Based on the measured soil moisture, ambient temperature, air humidity and solar irradiance, the fuzzy controller calculates the necessary irrigation duration. The features of the fuzzy logic toolbox in MATLAB are used to create the proposed system.

Impact of Smart Greenhouse Using IoT for Enhanced Quality of Plant Growth

Greenhouses play a crucial role in manipulating environmental conditions for optimal plant growth. While existing greenhouses enhance control over environmental factors, manual controls such as watering and humidity regulation often lead to suboptimal production and increased costs. This study proposes the development of a smart greenhouse with an automatic control system using fuzzy logic, specifically fuzzy Sugeno, to regulate watering and lighting based on soil moisture, temperature, and light intensity. The system's architecture involves sensor inputs, microcontroller processing, and the activation of actuators, such as UV lights and water pumps. Fuzzy logic is applied to interpret soil moisture and temperature inputs and determine optimal irrigation durations. The system's functionality is tested and validated through functional testing, Blynk application testing, and fuzzy Sugeno testing. Results indicate the successful implementation of the proposed smart greenhouse system. Functional testing demonstrates accurate sensor readings, including temperature and soil moisture. The Blynk application enables real-time monitoring and control of environmental conditions. Fuzzy Sugeno testing validates the irrigation control system, with an average error rate of 1.3%, affirming the system's alignment with desired specifications. Plant testing in different conditions showcases the effectiveness of the smart greenhouse in supporting plant growth and development.

A Design and implementation of a sustainable microcontroller based solar power automatic water irrigation control and monitoring system

The major cause of the shortage of land reserve water owing to the lack of rainfall makes the proper operation of irrigation systems extremely important. A major concern for farmers these days is water scarcity. Pakistan is an important agricultural nation and major part of economy depend on agriculture. This study analyses the soil moisture monitoring and automatic plant watering system since it is really helpful in all kinds of weather. In this study a prototype is design and implement using Arduino-based automation sensors are employed for the control and observation of a solar powered smart irrigation system. An Arduino based remote irrigation system developed for the agricultural plantation, which is placed at a remote location and requires water, provides for plantation when the moisture of the earth drives under the set-point rate which turns on the pump on autopilot. An estimation was carried for solar power energy potential agriculture system condition using soil and humidity sensors. The measurements and mathematical formulation were observed to monitor effectivity of solar based power generation. This analysis is conducted for 20 Watt power panel integrated with 5-watt electrical drive with battery capacity 1200 m-Ah. A modified energy model was used to determine the agricultural load for a 5-watt dc motor. The results showed a cumulative analysis to implement this system inspired by smart sustainable clean renewable energy technologies which meet the farmer’s demands significantly increase the productivity of farming and reduce wastage of water and energy.

Modelling of Granular Sediment Transport in Steady Flow over a Mobile Sloped Bed

This paper introduces a three-layer system, proposing a comprehensive model of granular mixture transport over a mobile sloped bed in a steady flow. This system, consisting of the bottom, contact, and upper zones, provides complete, continuous sediment velocity and concentration vertical profiles. The aim of this study is to develop and experimentally verify this model for sediment transport over a bottom locally sloping in line with or opposite the direction of sediment flow. The model considers gravity’s effect on sediment transport in the bottom (dense) layer when the component of gravity parallel to the bottom acts together with shear stresses associated with water flow. This is a crucial factor often overlooked in previous studies. This effect causes an increase in velocity in the mobile sublayer of the dense layer and significantly affects the vertical distributions of velocity and concentration above this layer. The proposed shear variation due to the interaction between fractions and an intensive sediment mixing and sorting process over a mobile sloped bed adds to the novelty of our approach. The data sets used for the model’s validation cover various conditions, including slopes, grain diameters, densities, and grain mobility conditions, from incipient motion to a fully mobilized bed. This extensive validation process instils confidence in the theoretical description and its applicability to real-world scenarios in the design of hydraulic infrastructure, such as dams, barrages, bridges, and irrigation, and flood control systems.

Fuzzy Logic Controller-based Intelligent Irrigation System Using Solar Radiation Data

Solar radiation is a critical factor influencing agricultural productivity and water resource management. Irrigation systems play a pivotal role in maintaining crop health and yield, and optimizing their operation requires accurate solar radiation data. This abstract explores the significance of solar radiation data in enhancing the efficiency of irrigation systems. Irrigating agricultural fields using an intelligent information system plays a crucial role. This study introduces an irrigation control system employing closed-loop control to use the available water resources efficiently. Continuous data collection from field sensors was done and transmitted to a central station in wireless mode. The data was then retrieved and processed in a computer-based or microcontroller-based solution model, enhancing system autonomy, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. Weather conditions are translated into fuzzy set values. The pump, water outlet valves, and sprinklers are set into motion according to control commands. This research simplifies the need for manual labor and reduces water wastage.

Development of modern irrigation systems for improving efficiency, reducing water consumption and increasing yields

The study was conducted to examine modern irrigation systems aimed at improving water efficiency, reducing water consumption and increasing crop yields. The study analysed the environmental and socio-economic aspects of modern irrigation systems, including their impact on the environment and social sustainability of agriculture. The study determined that the use of modern irrigation systems, such as drip irrigation and IoT-based automatic control systems, can significantly improve the efficiency of water use in agriculture. Data analysis demonstrated that such systems can reduce water consumption by up to 50% while increasing yields by up to 30%. The use of agricultural drones to monitor field conditions and precisely regulate irrigation helps to improve plant health and reduce labour costs. The study also determined that water recycling and reuse systems can significantly reduce the use of freshwater, which is especially important in regions with limited water resources. In general, modern irrigation technologies demonstrate high efficiency and economic feasibility, contributing to the sustainable development of agriculture. The study proved that the use of computer modelling and forecasting of plant water requirements provides optimal conditions for their growth, which further contributes to an increase in yields. The results of the study can be used in practice to develop and implement more efficient and environmentally friendly technologies in irrigation and drainage systems, which helps to reduce the negative impact on the environment through more efficient use of water resources and reduction of water runoff

Global Bibliometric Analysis of Research on the Application of Unconventional Water in Agricultural Irrigation

The development and utilization of unconventional water resources has become a strategy to alleviate the agricultural water crisis in many countries and regions. To understand the research progress, hot spots, and future trends in the field of unconventional water agricultural irrigation (UWAI), this paper systematically analyzes 6738 publications based on the core database of Web of Science 1990–2023 using the scientific bibliometric analysis software CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Scimago Graphica. The results showed that the research on UWAI is always rapidly developing. Soil science, crop science, and bioengineering are the main disciplines involved. Most research on WUAI has occurred in China and the United States. Countries with higher levels of development tend to have more influence. Collaboration among authors is fragmented, and collaboration between authors and states needs to be strengthened. Through keyword analysis, the research hotspots are summarized as follows: (1) The effects of traditional and emerging pollutants brought by unconventional water irrigation on soil physicochemical properties, crop growth, and groundwater quality; (2) the health threats caused by pollutants entering the food chain and groundwater; (3) unconventional water utilization technologies, including rainwater harvesting agriculture, precision agriculture, and urban agriculture. Future research hotspots will focus on the mechanisms of pollutant solute transport and transformation in the water–soil–crop system under non-conventional water irrigation conditions and crop physiological responses. We suggest that the research on traditional and emerging pollutants in unconventional water should be strengthened in the future, and the risk control system of unconventional water irrigation should be improved. International cooperation should be strengthened, especially with poor countries in arid regions, to promote the formation of unified international standards and guidelines for non-conventional water irrigation in agriculture.

Development of IoT based intelligent irrigation system using particle swarm optimization and XGBoost techniques

A crop needs regular watering throughout its life to grow well. Irrigation improves food growth. Machines irrigate plants. The dry Sahel, which gets a lot of rain during the summer season but is dry in winter, needs irrigation. When it doesn't rain enough, crops need watering. By constantly monitoring soil moisture, humidity, temperature, and pH, precision agriculture reduces water use and increases crop output. Precision gardening uses less water. In many wealthy nations, efficient farming requires the internet of things (IoT). Particle swarm optimization (PSO) and XGBoost are used in this IoT-based intelligent watering system. Humidity and moisture sensors gather soil data at grass roots. Sensors constantly gather this data. These data are useless for smart watering. PSOselects smart watering data. This reduces central cloud info storage. Then, machine learning methods are trained using soil humidity, moisture, crop, and weather data. These programs can calculate a crop's water requirements. IoT devices control irrigation system water flow and results in saving fresh water. XGBoost algorithm is saving water from 23% to 27% for different crops.

Mobile Application for Managing an Automated Irrigation System

The paper presents an automated irrigation system developed for the needs of private farms and non-profit organizations in the Balkans. Specific hardware and software components are combined for its construction and efficient management. The system is undergoing trials and test implementation among selected groups of customers. For the convenience of users, with the aim of saving time and costs, as well as for continuous remote access to the system, a mobile application has been developed for monitoring work processes, climatic conditions and water supplies. The methodology for the design and implementation of the proposed system and the mobile application for its control included preliminary test studies and discussions with potential customers in need of remotely controlled irrigation systems, including difficult-to-access areas. The authors of the paper present implemented solutions in the mobile application. This paper describes the basic processes of building the system, available hardware components, software management and user interface of the mobile application.

Designing Cost-Effective SMS based Irrigation System using GSM Module

This paper describes the development and application of an SMS-based, affordable, and easily understandable irrigation control system for agricultural purposes. The system leverages the processing power of a Raspberry Pi Pico microcontroller and the remote communication capabilities of a GSM module to create a robust and versatile solution. By incorporating a suite of sensors for soil moisture, temperature, and humidity, the system automates irrigation cycles based on user-defined thresholds and real-time sensor data. This data-driven approach ensures optimal water usage, minimizing labor requirements and promoting sustainable farming practices by reducing water waste. Additionally, the system transmits SMS alerts for critical situations such as high temperature, low moisture, or pump malfunctions, enabling timely intervention to prevent crop stress or equipment failure. Users can remotely control the pump and receive status updates through SMS commands, providing a convenient interface for managing irrigation tasks from anywhere with cellular reception. This innovative system contributes to the field of smart agriculture by demonstrating how readily available technology can be effectively used to improve water management efficiency, minimize labor requirements, and ultimately increase agricultural productivity.

3 Phase Motor Water Management System using GSM

The greenhouse based modern agriculture industries are the recent requirement in every part of agriculture in India. In this technology, the humidity and temperature of plants are precisely controlled. Due to the variable atmospheric circumstances these conditions sometimes may vary from place to place in large farmhouse, which makes very difficult to maintain the uniformity at all the places in the farmhouse manually. It is observed that for the first time an android phone-control the Irrigation system, which could give the facilities of maintaining uniform environmental conditions are proposed. The Android Software Development Kit provides the tools and Application Programmable Interface necessary to begin developing applications on the Android platform using the Java programming language. Mobile phones have almost become an integral part of human life serving multiple needs of humans. This application makes use of the GPRS [General Packet Radio Service] feature of mobile phone as a solution for irrigation control system. In India agricultural field play a crucial role in economic development. That is the way to concentrate on that point.

Sensor Based Smart Farming for Fenugreek Farmers in Sikar Division of Rajasthan

Abstract: This study deals with the sensor based smart farming of fenugreek. Rajasthan state is among top producers of fenugreek. Fenugreek is a multiuse plant. Seeds and leaves are used commonly in household as spice whereas the plant has variety of medicinal uses. Indian medical system Ayurveda highlights its importance in treatment of disease like diabetes and cancer. The Sikar division of Rajasthan state is uprising as producer of vegetables, flowers and medicinal plants of different verities. The farmers of this area are progressive and adaptive to new technology in agriculture. Real time monitoring of soil moisture, air flow in soil and farm air temperature with remotely controlled irrigation system for high yield of fenugreek crop has been studied. This is helpful for the farmers who contributes in development of the country and are providing employment to more than half of the workforce of India.

REKONFIGURASI 26 KANAL IRIGASI MENGGUNAKAN METODE BINARY FIREFLY ALGORITHMS (BFA)

Reconfiguration of irrigation water channels on agricultural land aims to meet the water needs of rice fields. In its use, irrigation water must be used optimally. An automatic irrigation system is needed to provide water to plants in the desired conditions. In the irrigation control system, a servo motor simulates the control system using the Matlab 2013b software programme. Control simulations applied to irrigation prototypes are used to increase efficiency and determine the amount of irrigation water needed to regulate irrigation water distribution according to needs. As a controller comparison, an artificial intelligence method is used for controller tuning based on Binary Firefly Algorithm (BFA). The farthest water discharge results can be reduced in the reconfiguration model using the BFA method. So reconfiguring the network with BFA can reduce water discharge losses by 43.4538% of the water discharge losses from before