Irrigation Services Research Articles

Smallholder farmers’ willingness to pay for improved irrigation water use: the case of Menz Mama Midir Woreda in North Shewa Zone of Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT The water use practices in Menz Mama Midir woreda are very traditional and inefficient. To lessen this problem, water pricing (valuation) has been considered to be a promising tool. This study, therefore, examined smallholder farmers' willingness to pay and determinants affecting their decisions to pay for improved irrigation water use in Menz Mama woreda, North Shewa zone, Amhara national regional state of Ethiopia. Cross-sectional data collected from 215 randomly sampled irrigation beneficiaries were used for analysis. The mean WTP from double bounded dichotomous elicitation method ranges from 164.027 Birr (4.17 USD) to 221.059 Birr (5.62 USD) per year per hectare of irrigable land. The result from the seemingly unrelated bivariate probit model estimation revealed that the sex of the household head, total annual farm income, size of irrigable landholdings of the household, frequency of extension contacts, amount of credit, and dissatisfaction with the existing irrigation service positively and significantly influenced farmers' WTP decisions. In contrast, off-farm income and bid values were negatively related to WTP decisions. Therefore, the aforementioned factors affecting farmers' decisions to pay should be taken into consideration when constructing irrigation schemes in the study area and areas with similar economic and socio-cultural settings.

Unlocking Excellence: Khageri Irrigation System Benchmarking in Chitwan

The objective of the study was to assess the present service delivery, financial and productivity indicators. The performance of five branch canals i.e. Branch Canal 1, Branch Canal 4, Branch Canal 6, Branch Canal 7 and Branch Canal 8 of the Khageri Irrigation System was evaluated for 2023 AD using fifteen performance indicators under water supply, financial performance and agricultural productivity categories suggested by the International Programme for Technology and Research in Irrigation and Drainage (IPTRID). 331 farmers were interviewed in respective five branch canals from head, middle, and tail portions of the command area in order to get a representative sample. The data obtained from the interview was analysed and interpreted to calculate the values of the performance indicators. It was also found that the canal capacity and scheme infrastructure was not the limiting cause of this observation according to the calculation of water delivery capacity (1.08). The irrigation service fee charged was not sufficient to pay for the Operation and Maintenance (O&M) cost according to the calculation of revenue collection performance (0.5, 50%). Land productivity in this system was found to be unsatisfactory according to the calculations of output per unit command area (13084.76 Rs/ha), ouput per unit irrigated area (13216.93 Rs/ha) and output per unit irrigation supply (1.82 Rs/m3).

Analisis Pemberian Air Irigasi pada Daerah Layanan Petak Tersier dengan Luas Maksimal 50 Ha

Irrigation network is one of the determining factors that are important in regulating the supply of water to agricultural land. If the network cannot meet the needs of irrigation water on agricultural lands, will cause a decrease in problem pruductifity on agricultural land. The purpose of this research is to know the water discharge and assess the effectiveness of the grant of the irrigation water tertiary swath size of maximum 50 ha on rice plant growth phase. The irrigation network that can not meet the needs of irrigation area water means the granting of water in irrigation service areas is not appropriate. The methods used in this research is a survey method. discharge measurement carried out at specified tertiary irrigation channels at random in the field. Results of the study showed measurable discharge on tertiary buildings by using door type Crump of de Gruyter is larger than the discharge should be available, the effectiveness of the grant of the irrigation water which is pretty good going on in the area with extensive irrigation services 30 – 40 ha, with a value of efficiency reached 68%. Keywords: Irrigation network, Kota Gajah, Performance of irrigation, Tertiary level irrigation

Co-financing irrigation water services: farmers' perspectives in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Insufficient financial resources pose a considerable obstacle to Vietnam's endeavors to alleviate the repercussions of climate change. The adverse impacts of extreme weather events, particularly drought and water scarcity, have inflicted severe consequences on rice production across diverse regions, imperiling both the livelihoods of farmers and the nation's food security. While international aid is crucial, involving farmers in co-financing irrigation water services is essential for addressing these challenges in the long run. This study employs a blended approach encompassing quantitative and qualitative methodologies to investigate the determinants influencing farmers' willingness to participate in co-financing irrigation water services. Data were meticulously gathered through direct interviews with 289 farmers in An Giang province within the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The findings underscore that the majority of respondents (86.16%) reported encountering water-related stresses in rice production, with 76.47% experiencing productivity losses attributable to extreme weather events. The results of the binary logistic regression model reveal significant factors associated with a farmer's decision to engage in co-financing irrigation services, including household income, participation in non-farm employment, farmers' perceptions of water scarcity, the adverse impact of water scarcity on rice yields, and the assessment of associated risks. Based on these discernments, we offer several policy recommendations aimed at facilitating the efficacious implementation of the irrigation water service co-financing initiative.

Indigenous or Exotic Crop Diversity? Which Crops Ensure Household Food Security: Facts from Tanzania Panel

Farm crop diversity is often overlooked, predominantly indigenous crops’ role in this diversity. The main concentration has been on the contribution or role of exotic crops to household crop diversification. At the same time, the role played by both types of crops in household food security has only been aggregated, failing to show how indigenous crops play a key role in household food security. This research paper uses Tanzanian Panel data from waves 4 and 5 to study the factors influencing indigenous and exotic crop diversification and the role of this diversity in household food security. Using a random effect model, the author found that various factors are crucial in determining household crop diversification. Gender, household size, marital status, and expected harvest quantity are among the key factors influencing indigenous crop diversification. On the other hand, age, education, access to markets, access to irrigation services, and soil quality are the primary factors that affect the diversification of exotic crops. Moreover, the findings show that indigenous and exotic crop diversity significantly influences household food consumption. Thus, policies to increase the production of indigenous crops in order to improve household food consumption should be considered.

Economic analysis of irrigation services. An application of the hedonic price method on the FADN data

Economic analysis of irrigation services. An application of the hedonic price method on the FADN data

COST AND RETURN ANALYSIS OF IRRIGATED UPLAND TOMATO (Lycopersicon Esculentum) PRODUCTION IN GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA

The study examined the cost and return analysis of irrigated upland tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum) production, in Gombe State, Nigeria. Multi-stage random sampling procedure was used to select 459 respondents. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The result revealed that Most of the types of farms implements use for dry season tomato production in the study areas were tractors (32.4%), hand tools (37.6%) and animal traction (30.0%). Capital for dry season tomato production, the respondents in Dukku, Nafada, funakaye and Yamaltu Deba LGA respondents had a mean capital of N212,747.36, N183,662.55, N261,540.30, and N204,785.956 respectively. The findings also revealed the result of maximum likelihood estimate of parameters of the stochastic frontier production function of dry season tomato farming in the study area reveal that farm size (P< 0.001), labour (P< 0.001), farming experience (P< 0.001), and capital (P< 0.001) were the major factors statistically affecting the respondents rice production at 1%. The analysis of dry season maximum likelihood estimate of the parameter of stochastic frontier cost of tomato production showed that ploughing (P< 0.001), transplanting (P< 0.001), harvesting (P< 0.001) and capital (P< 0.001) were the determinant of cost of output of the respondents. The result further reveals the costs and return of dry season tomato farming in the study area depicts that the total variable cost of production was ₦2,384,894 with a total cost of production which is the total variable plus the fixed cost of ₦3,266,031. The revenue realized was ₦4,070,558. The net farm income for the dry season tomato farmers for one hectare in the study area was ₦804,529.23. The profit index of the respondents was ₦1.7. The major constraints to the irrigated upland tomato production were inadequate water for irrigation (23.0%), lack of irrigation facilities (20.7%), heat stress and drought (27.2%) preventing maximum productions in the study area. In addition, constraints to irrigated upland tomato farming in the study area includes high cost of irrigation services (26.0%), high-cost fertilizer (19.3%), high cost of pesticide (20.9%) and high cost of insecticide (18.2%). It was concluded that the respondents are operating at a lost and again the labour cost looking at the high cost incurred from production which clearly shows that there was over utilization of resources especially in the area of labour cost. The study made the following recommendations; efforts should be made to improve access to adequate water for irrigation purposes, there is a need to provide modern irrigation facilities to farmers to improve water management and efficiency, there is a need to promote value addition in tomato farming through processing and packaging to increase the shelf life of tomatoes and reduce post-harvest losses and farmers should be encouraged to formed cooperatives to be united in one voice to have a bargaining power over labour cost and can also make request to government on their needs and access inputs and training from policy support programme to achieve optimal yield.

Analysis of Modernization Readiness of Irrigation in The Downstream Brantas River Basin Under The Authority of The Central Government

In carrying out the management of the irrigation system has obstacles are inadequate infrastructure conditions caused, the irrigation infrastructure has exhausted its technical age which causes the decline in the performance function of the irrigation network. Government to farmers has not been carried out intensively. In an effort to overcome these obstacles, in addition to the operation, maintenance and rehabilitation required a renewal thoroughly, both institutional, technical, managerial, and human resources. Modernization irrigation is an effort to realize a participant irrigation management system that is oriented toward fulfilling irrigation service levels in an effective, efficient, and sustainable. Limited time, cost and human resources are obstacles in the implementation of irrigation modernization, so an assessment is needed to measure the level of readiness of an irrigation area in carrying out irrigation modernization activities. This result of analyze the readiness of irrigation modernization show that Mrican Kanan area is ready for irrigation modernization with IKMI value 81,69%. Meanwhile DI. Mrican Kiri, DI. Siman, DI. Menturus, DI, Delta Brantas needs maintenance around 1- 2 years. DI. Mrican Kanan can start from the Peterongan Secondary Channel. SI. Pare Peterongan, SI. Tunggorono, SS. Melik dan SS. Sentul.

Pathways and technologies for modern irrigation services: Iran country paper

AbstractI.R. Iran, with 8.8 million ha of irrigated area, is fifth in the world with respect to irrigated land. Scarcity of water resources and great difficulty with water accessibility have brought about initiatives of technology building, as well as approaches to agricultural water management by local communities. During recent decades a huge public budget has been invested in order to improve irrigation services. Improving performance of irrigation systems needs proper diagnosis of the problems and a systematic approach towards modernization. Also having been recently developed and modernized, adjustment of the laws and regulations of the water sector has caused management frameworks of irrigation networks to be gradually improved. In general, in addition to the management framework, equipping with modern tools for measuring water flow and applying tools such as geographic information systems and databases have led to the improvement of water distribution and management. Technical, managerial and policies programmes, as well as investment in water resources and irrigation infrastructures in addition to training and education of farmers and field engineers in water saving in agriculture and enhancing water productivity, resulted in positive impacts on better management of limited fresh water in irrigation.

Valuation of grassland water resources and value realization from the herders’ perspective: Evidence from a discrete choice experiment on grassland irrigation services

Valuation of grassland water resources and value realization from the herders’ perspective: Evidence from a discrete choice experiment on grassland irrigation services

Identifying Issues in the Katingan I Swamp Irrigation Area Through Field Survey and Monitoring Approaches

The Katingan irrigation area is a swamp area that has undergone agricultural development. The optimization of yields necessitates the adaptation of management strategies in response to the challenges encountered within the swamp irrigation area. The objective of this study is to discern the issues in the Katingan I swamp irrigation area by conducting field surveys and monitoring. The field survey was conducted from December 2022 to March 2023. The primary data collected are water level, quality, agricultural products, and field documentation. Secondary data such as rainfall, irrigation network schemes, and institutions were also acquired. The survey result found water acidity issues due to water coming from peat forests and acid sulphate soils. The acidity of the water rises during low tide and when rain carries acidic water. There is a problem with high salinity, particularly during high tide in dry seasons. Optimal water management is achievable through continuous monitoring of water level and quality. Another issue is a lack of human resources to cultivate the land, especially because the irrigation service area has recently been expanded. The results of this study hopefully provide valuable insights for developing future management strategies in Katingan.

Smart Agriculture system based on IoT reference architecture and service choreography

This paper presents a monitoring, control, and management system that allows the interoperability of multiple smart gateways in a greenhouse to bolster automatic decision making on water supplied to the crops in real-time. The system consists of several sensor nodes interconnected by Zigbee to measure ambient and soil parameters to control the greenhouse irrigation process. In addition, a web service is included to help the system manager to visualize and operate the greenhouse on a web platform. The system also supports human decision making to cope with undesirable and unexpected environmental events. Smart gateways enable data reading, storage and edge computing using automatic rules to manage actions in the greenhouse, as well as data transmission for centralized processing in cloud services. The service communication system layer is supported by choreography middleware for messaging distribution, which enables agile scalability. This research proposes a hybrid scheme and compares to a centralized scheme. The latency times in the choreography system were analyzed to find a suitable solution adapted to infrastructure deployment features. Numerical results shows that such an adaptive deployment of the irrigation services among edge and fog layers can reduce the computational load on the gateways, improve system response times, and enhance device performance.

Impact of irrigated agriculture on households' income and food security: Evidence from the south‐west region of Ethiopia

AbstractThis study was conducted to identify the determining factors of participation in irrigated farming and to estimate its impact on households' farm income and food security using cross‐sectional data collected from Gimbo District, south‐west Ethiopia. Primary data for this study were collected from 200 irrigator and 219 non‐irrigator households using a structured questionnaire. Both descriptive and econometric analyses were employed to analyse the data using farm income, calorie intake, binary food security and dietary diversity as the outcome variables. As the propensity score matching result revealed, small‐scale irrigation significantly and positively increases calorie intake, annual farm income and diet group by 320 kcal, 7653 Ethiopian birr (ETB) and 0.65 points, respectively. The results obtained from the logit model further revealed that the age of the household head, education level of the household head, distance of land from the irrigation source, land size, off‐/nonfarm income, distance from the nearest market, slope of the land and access to irrigation services are the variables that were found to significantly affect participation in irrigation. Given the significant contributions of small‐scale irrigation to rural households' annual farm income and food security, policy priorities should be placed on awareness creation about the relevance of irrigation technology by informing households of how much irrigator households differ from non‐irrigators in terms of their annual farm income and food security. The study further recommends that the government and any other concerned bodies ought to toil in the expansion of irrigated farming and technological development of small‐scale irrigation schemes.

Evaluation of water use management performances for irrigation cooperatives in Aydın province

Objective: The objective of this study was to assess the performance indicators for 2006-2017 years. Hence for a better Management-Operation-Maintenance organization, irrigation management efficiencies of 23 groundwater irrigation cooperatives located in Aydın was used. . Materials and Methods: The indicators chosen from comparative performance evaluation set by FAO and IPTRID were used in this study for the evaluation of the efficiency of irrigation cooperatives. Results: Main findings of this study indicated that the values of the indicators varied as follows; irrigation ratio 7-94%, cost recovery ratio 53-146%, irrigation water fee collection efficiency 70-91%, maintenance costs to total revenue ratio 4-104%, total MOM costs per unit area 102.2-1103.7/ha, number of staff employed per irrigation area 26.5-316.9 ha/person, total costs per staff employed in irrigation area varied between 2013-11996 $/ person. Conclusion: In order to bring solutions to the main problems of irrigation cooperatives which creates benefits to the irrigated agriculture in the region; operation management and maintenance organizations should be better fulfilled, participatory management should be encouraged, support and credit systems should be re-arranged. Also, supporting irrigation services by irrigation credits with lower interest rates or providing costless would be a solution.

Analysis of Irrigation Water Requirement in Batang Sanipan 2 Irrigation Area Limapuluh Kota Regency

Limapuluh Kota Regency is one of the rice producing districts in West Sumatra Province, so an irrigation network is needed to meet water requirement for agricultural productivity. The problem that occurs in the Batang Sanipan 2 irrigation area is the inability of water to flow through the service area to the end point of the irrigation area. Based on observations from e-PAKSI data from the Limapuluh Kota Regency Public Works Office, water can only flow up to a distance of 3.175 km from the intake gate and experience water loss along 1.445 km to the end of the canal. Therefore, it is necessary to study the analysis of irrigation water requirement in the irrigation area of Batang Sanipan 2, Limapuluh Kota Regency. This type of research is descriptive with a quantitative approach. Research methods carried out directly in the field. Based on data analysis, the results obtained from the manual calculation of KP – 01 the maximum irrigation water requirement with a value of 0.139 m3/second which occurred in March, while in the Cropwat software the maximum irrigation water requirement with a value of 0.149 m3/second which occurred in July. The results of measuring the discharge at the intake of the Batang Sanipan 2 weir obtained a discharge of 0.378 m3/second. Based on this, water is sufficient to flow through the entire agricultural area of the Batang Sanipan 2 irrigation area, but the current conditions are that water is not able to flow through parts of the Batang Sanipan 2 irrigation service area.

IMPACT OF IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT ON SOCIO-ECONOMY AND REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT (CASE STUDY IN THE WAY TULUNG BUHO IRRIGATION AREA, TIYUH KIBANG YEKTI JAYA, LAMBU KIBANG DISTRICT, WEST TULANG BAWANG REGENCY)

Agricultural development aims to increase rice production to meet the food needs of the population. The development of irrigation networks is one of the efforts to increase rice production and create new rice fields carried out by the government, one of which is the Development of the Way Tulung Buho Irrigation Area, Tiyuh Kibang Yekti Jaya, Lambu Kibang District, West Tulang Bawang Regency. This study aims to examine the effect of irrigation development on agricultural, social and economic productivity, as well as the feasibility of irrigation development and development. This research was conducted by collecting data from all farmers who received Way Tulung Buho irrigation services in Tiyuh Kibang Yekti. The results showed that irrigation development had a positive and significant impact on increasing rice production, increasing the cropping index and being able to create new rice fields. The socio-economic impacts are in the form of the establishment of P3A organizations, increasing farmers' income and flooding problems that occur when irrigation is operating. Irrigation development is economically feasible and irrigation area development plans can be implemented.

Performance Assessment of Irrigation Projects in Nepal by Integrating Landsat Images and Local Data

With growing global concern for food and water insecurity, an efficient method to monitor irrigation projects is essential, especially in the developing world where irrigation performance is often suboptimal. In Nepal, the irrigated area has not been objectively recorded, although their assessment has substantial implications for national policy, project’s annual budgets, and donor funding. Here, we present the application of Landsat images to measure irrigated areas in Nepal for the past 17 years to contribute to the assessment of the irrigation performance. Landsat 5 TM (2006–2011) and Landsat 8 OLI (2013–2022) images were used to develop a machine learning model, which classifies irrigated and non-irrigated areas in the study areas. The random forest classification achieved an overall accuracy of 82.2% and kappa statistics of 0.72. For the class of irrigation areas, the producer’s accuracy and consumer’s accuracy were 79% and 96%, respectively. Our regionally trained machine learning model outperforms the existing global cropland map, highlighting the need for such models for local irrigation project evaluations. We assess irrigation project performance and its drivers by combining long-term changes in satellite-derived irrigated areas with local data related to irrigation performance, such as annual budget, irrigation service fee, crop yield, precipitation, and main canal discharge.

Irrigation management by a private irrigation operator (PIO) under a fixed‐term management contract: An alternative approach to managing irrigation in Nepal

AbstractMost of the agency‐built surface irrigation systems in Nepal the operation and maintenance (O&M) of which are being managed by irrigation agencies jointly with farmers are not performing satisfactorily. The unreliable delivery of irrigation services to farmers is one of the reasons for this. Thus, the most important challenge in the past and in the present is how to enhance the delivery of irrigation services to farmers.If one examines the private sector management of other public enterprises, they are efficiently delivering services to their clients. Considering this aspect, the government of Nepal recognized that irrigation systems or parts of them may also be managed through private irrigation operators (PIOs) under a fixed‐term management contract to enhance their service delivery.This paper analyses the O&M of jointly managed irrigation systems (JMISs) and suggests that a lack of capacity, accountability and incentive mechanisms on the part of irrigation agencies are the principal causes pertaining to the deficient delivery of irrigation services in them. It further suggests that introducing PIOs in managing the operation and maintenance of part of the JMISs can address these causes. The paper argues that the said PIO approach is viable from financial, technical and managerial perspectives.

Methodologies for Water Accounting at the Collective Irrigation System Scale Aiming at Optimizing Water Productivity

To improve water use efficiency and productivity, particularly in irrigated areas, reliable water accounting methodologies are essential, as they provide information on the status and trends in irrigation water availability/supply and consumption/demand. At the collective irrigation system level, irrigation water accounting (IWA) relies on the quantification of water fluxes from the diversion point to the plants, at both the conveyance and distribution network and the irrigated field level. Direct measurement is the most accurate method for IWA, but in most cases, there is limited metering of irrigation water despite the increasing pressure on both groundwater and surface water resources, hindering the water accounting procedures. However, various methodologies, tools, and indicators have been developed to estimate the IWA components, depending on the scale and the level of detail being considered. Another setback for the wide implementation of IWA is the vast terminology used in the literature for different scales and levels of application. Thus, the main objectives of this review, which focuses on IWA for collective irrigation services, are to (i) demonstrate the importance of IWA by showing its relationship with water productivity and water use efficiency; (ii) clarify the concepts and terminology related to IWA; and (iii) provide an overview of various approaches to obtain reliable data for the IWA, on the demand side, both at the distribution network and on-farm systems. From the review, it can be concluded that there is a need for reliable IWA, which provides a common information base for all stakeholders. Future work could include the development of user-friendly tools and methodologies to reduce the bridge between the technology available to collect and process the information on the various water accounting components and its effective use by stakeholders.

The Effect of Information Technology Utilization and Employee Competence on Employee Performance with Job Satisfaction as the Intervening Variable in the Aceh Irrigation Service

Purpose: This research examines the influence of the use of information technology and employee competence on employee performance, with job satisfaction as an principal adaptable at the Aceh Irrigation Service located in Jl. Ir. H. Mohd Thaher No. 18 Lueng Bata, Banda Aceh. Theoretical framework: A hypothesis is a tentative hypothesis that needs to be answered and aims to find information that must be collected and analyzed. This is an interim question or the most likely hypothesis that should still be verified. Design/methodology/approach: The method chosen to analyze the data must be subject to the pattern of investigation and the variables studied. Testing models and hypotheses using structural equation modeling (SEM) from the statistical software package AMOS.In measurement models, researchers determine variables to measure constructs. Findings: The results indicate that Technology utilization and competence affected Employees' job satisfaction at the Aceh Irrigation Service. Research, Practical & Social implications: The systematic process used is the Structural Equation Model (SEM). Technology utilization, competency, and job satisfaction affect the performance of Aceh Irrigation Service employees. In this study, job satisfaction somewhat umpire the relationship among technology utilization and technology and influences the performance of Aceh Irrigation Service employees. Originality/value: The object of this study is civil servants at the Aceh Irrigation Service, and the samples are 138 employees at the Aceh Irrigation Service.