Irrigation Quality Research Articles

Assessment of Water Quality for Irrigation of Some Selected Soils/Areas in Yola, Adamawa State, North East, Nigeria

The study was carried out to assess the quality of irrigation water in Yola, North-East Nigeria. The study area comprises five locations: Doubeli, Bajabure, Bwaranji, Lake Gerio, and Jabbore. One water sample was collected from each of the five locations to analyze the chemical properties of the water quality for irrigation purposes. The data generated data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The coefficient of variation (CV) and Least Significant Difference (LSD) were used to separate the means at the (P< 0.05) level of significance to test the relationship between and within soil properties using Statistical Analysis System (SAS version 9) statistical software. Based on laboratory results, irrigation water across the five locations indicated a pH range from slightly acidic to neutral conditions (6.45 to 7.28). EC ranged from 0.13 to 0.28 d Sm-1, SAR ranged from 0.57 to 0.67 cmol (+)kg-1 and RSC, CO2-3, HCO-3 and Cl- contents were also low, ranging from 0.40 to 0.56 meq/l, 0.18 to 0.29 meq/l, 0.83 to 0.91 meq/l, and 145.94 to 168.56%,respectively. Hence, ANOVA for water quality showed that there was a highly significant difference between TDS (493.2**), Na (0.006**), SAR (0.003**), CO2-3 (0.003**), HCO-3(0.003**), RSC (0.009**) and Cl-(489.4**) across the locations, respectively. Although EC (0.006*) and Ca (0.075*) at (P <0.05) showed a significant difference in all five locations, pH and Mg did not show any significant difference across the five locations. However, the water in the study area is free from toxicity, and there is no danger of salinity. Therefore, it is suitable for irrigation and can be classified as good quality water.

Water Quality and Dissolved Organic Carbon Content in Agricultural Streams: Northern Nile Delta Region, Egypt

Sustainable development goals (SDGs) 2 (zero hunger), 6 (clean water and sanitation), and 15 (life on land) are related to the human-water-soil nexus. Soil organic carbon and nutrients can be removed and transported to waterways through runoff and drainage. The main goals of this study are to quantify the water quality for irrigation and assess the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents in streams in the northern Nile Delta, Egypt. A 4-year water quality monitoring program is accomplished by collecting 35 irrigation and drainage water samples per year from the study area. The measured water quality parameters are as follows: salinity, pH, Na, SAR, Cl, and NO3–N. In addition, the DOC content is accessed. The salinity hazard ranged from moderate, for most irrigation samples, to high and very high for drainage samples. All collected water samples have low to medium sodium hazards. Results indicate that average DOC contents in irrigation canals are 2.32 and 2.93 mg L−1 for the summer and winter, respectively. The respective means of DOC concentration in drainage canals for the summer and winter seasons are around 3.96 and 5.09 mg L−1. This study revealed significant differences in EC, pH, Na, Cl, and SAR, as water quality parameters, between irrigation and drainage canals. Additionally, the studied agroecosystem has seasonal variability in DOC concentration in irrigation and drainage canals between summer and winter. Overall, reusing drainage water for irrigation in the study area requires the selection of suitable crops and site-specific management.

Assessment of Sarda Sahayak Canal water quality for irrigation using different indices

Suitability of canal water for irrigation is a useful tool for careful management of canal water resources that can impact soils and thereby effect agricultural production. The present work was conducted at Kunda Tehshil in Pratapgarh district of Uttar Pradesh, India for the assessment of variation in water quality of Sarda Sahayak Canal. Canal water samples were collected and important parameters deciding irrigation water quality were analysed viz., pH, electrical conductivity (EC), chloride, calcium, magnesium, carbonate, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium and sodium, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index levels (PI) and Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI). Correlations between studied parameters were deduced to derive at relationships existent between different water quality parameters. Results showed that monthly variation of water quality of the Sarda Sahayak Canal were under permissible limits and classified as good for irrigation with respect to pH, Na%, SAR, RSC and Cl parameters. EC values ll water samples were under medium /good range for irrigation whereas irrigation water quality index of 50% of water samples were under no restriction category and the rest 50% samples showed low restriction category, and hence canal water could be satisfactorily used for irrigation purposes. Further, soils of the studied area were saline, and hence canal water could be safely used for leaching the excess salts out from root zone to achieve high yields without risking and any other soil related problems that could arise out of the use of canal water.

Kajian Dampak Penambangan Pasir Terhadap Kualitas Air Sungai Untuk Irigasi di Indonesia

The high demand for sand as a material is in line with the increase in sand mining activities. The main sand mining location commonly takes place in rivers. Even though rivers are also used as the main source for agricultural irrigation. The sand mining activities could affect river water quality, which could also impact irrigation on plant growth and crop yields. This review aimed to analyze the impact of sand mining in several locations in Indonesia on river water quality for irrigation. The data collection method was carried out by searching for articles according to the topic on Google Scholar using several predetermined keywords. Analysis and review were carried out through several stages and 6 articles were obtained according to the topic. Sand mining activities in rivers are frequently carried out using manual and mechanical techniques. The use of manual techniques in mining can have an impact on river morphology as well as the physical and chemical quality of river water. Mechanical techniques have a greater impact on changes in river water quality, where most mining is carried out using manual techniques. Therefore, the sand mining with mechanical techniques, especially using excavators, can have a higher impact on the quality of river water for irrigation.

Hydrochemical Characteristics and Suitability Assessment of Groundwater Quality for Irrigation

The hydrochemical properties of groundwater play a crucial role in crop growth and soil health, as well as the maintenance of irrigation equipment. To ensure suitable water quality for irrigation, the present study was conducted to evaluate the hydrochemical properties of irrigation groundwater in a typical agricultural region of Serbia. Groundwater was sampled at three monitoring locations in the Srem region in Republic of Serbia between 2011 and 2020. Examined parameters included electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved salts (TDS), pH values, and the concentrations of cations (sodium (Na+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and potassium (K+)) and anions (bicarbonate (HCO3−), chloride (Cl−), sulfate (SO42−), and nitrate (NO3−)). Further assessment was done using three classification systems; Nejgebauer’s, the US USSL, and the FAO classification. To obtain a more detailed assessment, additional indices were included, such as Soluble Sodium Percentage (SSP), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC), Permeability Index (PI), Kelly’s Ratio (KR), Magnesium Adsorption Ratio (MAR), and Total Hardness (TH). The PCA analysis detected that the concentration of K+, Ca2+, and Na+ in the irrigation water were lower in recent years, while the concentration of Cl− was higher. The cluster analysis grouped the parameters into three clusters; I—electroconductivity, II—dry residue and HCO3−, and III—other water parameters for all three monitoring localities. According to the applied classifications, the majority of underground water samples were suitable for irrigation. However, some samples fell out of the range of the first class, indicating the need for regular water quality monitoring. In light of climate changes that influence water deficiency, the urgent need for wise and sustainable water use implies the application of a comprehensive approach to irrigation water quality assessment, as shown in this study.

Hydrochemistry and Irrigation Quality of High-Altitude Lakes: A Case Study of the Ramaroshan Lake Complex, Nepal Himalayas

The Ramaroshan Lake Complex (RLC) in Sudurpaschim Province, Nepal, is a Himalayan lake cluster that holds significant ecological, economic, religious, and esthetic importance. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive characterization of the hydrochemical properties of water within the RLC and assess its suitability for irrigation purposes. A total of 38 water samples were collected from seven different lakes of the complex. The physicochemical parameters and major ions were then analyzed. The water samples from the RLC were alkaline, and based on total hardness, they ranged from soft to moderately hard categories. The presence of major ions included the following: Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ > Fe3+ > NH4+ and HCO3− > Cl− > SO42− > NO3− > PO43−. The alkaline earth metals (Ca2+ and Mg2+) dominated the alkali metals (Na+ and K+) and weak acids (HCO3−) dominated the strong acids (Cl− and SO42−). The dominant hydrochemical facies of the lake water was a Ca-HCO3 type indicating a calcium carbonate type of lithology. Carbonate rock weathering was the most dominant process in influencing the hydrochemistry of the water. A high ratio of (Ca2++ Mg2+)/Tz+ and a lower ratio of (Na+ + K+)/Tz+ revealed the dominance of Ca2+ and Mg2+ resulting from carbonate weathering, with little contribution from silicate weathering. Different irrigation indices revealed the suitability of the RLC water for irrigation. The insights derived from this study are pivotal in safeguarding water quality and bolstering sustainability efforts. The study also furnishes foundational data crucial to an array of stakeholders including researchers and policymakers and significantly contributes to advancing water management strategies and fostering ecosystem conservation in the Himalayan freshwater lakes, particularly in the face of the overarching challenge posed by global climate change.

The method of calculating sprinklers for wide-reach sprinklers

The quality of irrigation with wide-coverage sprinkler equipment largely depends on the design of sprinklers and their location on the rain belt. The purpose of the presented article is to improve the methodology for calculating sprinklers and to develop recommendations on the applicability of sprinklers in various conditions. The article presents a method for determining the nozzle diameter based on ensuring uniformity of irrigation, characteristics of the water flow coming off the deflector, and the radius of capture by rain. The trajectories of movement in the opposite direction of the wind for droplets with different sizes are given. The optimal angle is indicated depending on the wind speed. The maximum radius corresponds to the angle of departure of the water flow to the horizon within 28..32 °. The distance between the sprinklers along the water supply pipeline of wide-reach sprinklers should be at least 2/3 of the radius of rain capture, without taking into account the effects of wind.

Drinking and irrigation quality and pollution assessments of the groundwater resources from Alappuzha in Kerala (India) through an integrated approach using WQI and GIS

Groundwater in coastal areas, with surging population and growing settlements, is constantly at risk of pollution. Alappuzha is one of the most well-developed coastal districts in the southwestern Indian state of Kerala and employing various physico-chemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, alkalinity, hardness, and contents of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, carbonate, bicarbonate, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, and fluoride), this study aims to evaluate the drinking and irrigation water qualities of its groundwater resources and present their spatial distributions using the GIS platform. In the moderately hard to very hard groundwater of Ca-Mg-SO4 type, the ions dominate with order Ca > Na > Mg > K and HCO3 > Cl > SO4 > CO3 > F. The water quality index (WQI) values (0.85–144, avg., 26.77) established the suitability of drinking water, revealing 53 % and 45 % of samples are lies under the categories of excellent and good, respectively. Only 2 % of the sample are in extremely poor water category. SAR, RSC, Na%, PI, KR and MH indices established that almost all of the groundwater can be used for agriculture, and the samples from northern coast showed vulnerability to contamination.

Приготовление растворов различной концентрации

When preparing treatment solutions of fertilizers and pesticides for technological processes, one should mix liquids taking into account the precise dosing of components. However, the existing designs of dosing and mixing devices do not provide qualitative dosing. Moreover, a sharp increase of fraction quantity may result in a hydraulic impact. To eliminate these disadvantages, based on analytical research of available designs and patent search results, the authors worked out a mixer for preparing solutions of various concentrations. The device is also capable of changing the ratio of components in the process of operation. The device provides smooth change of preparation concentrations due to the design of dosing valves forming square-shaped ports with a changing configuration. The port plates move relative to each other both horizontally and vertically. The proposed device smoothly changes the concentration of the solution, thereby providing for more accurate dosing. It was experimentally found that a smoother change in the flow rate of treatment liquid according to the solution concentration is observed at a distance from the axes of symmetry of the dosing device disks to the rotation axis of the distribution ports, equal to 0.04 to 0.1 m. The deviation of the actual treatment liquid flow rate from the calculated one does not exceed 5%. The integration of the developed mixer into the systems of fertigation units, sprayers and other specialized machines will ensure better quality of the fine irrigation of plants, seeds, and soil.

Seasonal assessment of water quality for irrigation using multiple indices in Thamirabarani river, Kanyakumari district, India

The Hydrochemical analysis and evaluation of the irrigation water quality of the Thamirabarani river system has great significance for maintaining the livelihoods of people and ecological stability in the area. Thamirabarani river is a significant river in kanyakumari district and the people of this district use the water largely without enough and unbelievable information about the water qualities and levels of contamination. The study is the prime source of water for irrigation and domestic uses in the above district. The water samples were collected from ten locations, Pechiparai dam to Thengapattanam estuary in pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons respectively. The hydrochemistry in the river water was established by twelve parameters such as (pH, EC, TDS, NO3-, SO42-, Cl-,CO32-, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+) and also characterized by Box plot. Furthermore the potential effects of irrigation water qualities were evolved on sodicity hazard, magnesium hazard, sodium permeability hazard, and permeability hazards were assessed by using derived parameters including sodium adsorption ratio, Soluble Sodium Percentage, Permeability index and Kelly’s ratio. The correlation study reveals that there is a strong positive correlation among the indices. The Wilcox diagram describes that the upstream stations in the river water is used for irrigation the downstream stations especially station 9 and station 10 were unsuitable for irrigation because of sea water intrusion discharge of domestic wastes and agricultural activity contaminates the quality of the river water. Therefore the study need special attention to maintain the quality of the river.

Cultivo de abobrinha sob estresse salino e aplicação exógena de paclobutrazol

ABSTRACT Salinity is considered an obstacle to the production system that limits the growth and yield of crops around the world. Therefore, it is essential to develop strategies to minimize the effects of salinity and increase yield, especially in the semi-arid region of the Northeast, which has limited water resources of good quality for irrigation. The objective was to evaluate the effects of applying paclobutrazol on zucchini crop under salt stress. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, in a randomized block experimental design, in a 2 × 5 factorial scheme, with two salinity levels of irrigation water (0.6 and 4.0 dS m-1) and five concentrations of paclobutrazol - PBZ (0; 2; 4; 6 and 8 g L-1), and with four repetitions. Application of 8 mg L-1 PBZ increases stem diameter in zucchini under irrigation of 4.0 dS m-1. Chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents increase with PBZ concentration of 4 mg L-1 and irrigation of 0.6 dS m-1. PBZ concentration of 4 mg L-1 increases the relative water content while reducing electrolyte leakage in zucchini under salinities of 4.0 and 0.6 dS m-1 respectively. Root, stem and leaf dry mass of zucchini increases when plants are irrigated with water of 0.6 dS m-1 and subjected to PBZ concentration of 8 mg L-1. PBZ concentrations do not attenuate the effects of salinity on leaf area, crown volume and diameter, vegetative vigor index, chlorophyll a and carotenoids.

Exposure hazards of As in semi-urban rivers of Anambra, South-East Nigeria: Concentrations, source apportionments, health risks, and irrigation quality assessments

The assessment of As and other water quality parameters (Fe, Mn, K+, Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, SO42−, PO43−, NO3−, BOD, EC, TSS, TDS, and turbidity) in the four rivers of Anambra State, Nigeria, was carried out in order to ascertain their human health risks. The results showed that As and Fe (mg/L) ranged from 0.00 to 1.39 and 0.10 to 0.26 respectively (September) and from 0.06 to 0.98 and 0.07 to 0.29 in October. As concentrations in the rivers followed the order: Obibia > Mmiri-Ukwaka > Ovia > Mmiri-Eze, and were all above the WHO permissible limit (0.01 mg/L). Ovia, Obibia, and Mmiri-Ukwaka Rivers had WAWQI >100, indicating unsafe water. As had HQing > 1 in all the rivers except in Mmiri-Eze. The strong positive correlation between As and Fe suggest their geogenic origin; hence these rivers should be treated with activated carbon before consumption.

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE ROOT CANAL IRRIGATION QUALITY WITH EXPERIMENTAL INTRA-ROOT RESORPTION IN VITRO

Introduction. To date, intra-root resorption of teeth is poorly understood, although it is often encountered in dental clinics. This study aimed on assess and comparison of different methods of irrigation and antiseptic solutions activation used for root canal treatment, and focus on cleaning the area of simulated intra-root resorption. Methods. 24 extracted teeth were used, which the simulation of internal resorption was reproduced by dissection the inside of the root canal under the control of an electron microscope (Karl Kaps, Germany) in. Distilled water, sodium hypochlorite 5.25 %, sodium hypochlorite 3 %, chlorhexidine 2 % were used for comparative assessment of irrigation quality by staining with Indian Ink dye. Results. When using an endodontic needle and passive irrigation with the studied irrigation solutions, the dye remained on the inner surfaces of the root canal walls, which indicated their insufficient cleaning. The use of auxiliary cleaning methods - sound and ultrasonic irrigation nozzles - showed better cleaning of the root canal resorption zone. When using the sound activation of the irrigator with the EndoActivator device, the dye partially remained in the simulated resorption zone, while a significant part of the root canal system was cleaned. The use of ultrasonic activation of the irrigator with the P5 XS device showed that all dye-stained root canals of the samples were cleaned. Zones of simulated root resorption did not show any dye residues visually and under electron microscope control. Conclusions. The quality of root canal cleaning in case of intra-root resorption in terms of visual assessment of their transparency and under the control of an electron microscope was more pronounced when using methods of activating irrigation solutions with sound and ultrasonic activators.

ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER SUITABILITY FOR IRRIGATION PURPOSES: A CASE STUDY IN MALAJOYE, EPE AREA, LAGOS, NIGERIA

Proper management of groundwater and surface water resources is crucial for a variety of reasons. The groundwater quality in Malajoye Village in Epe area was assessed by collecting samples from 8 dug wells to determine its suitability for irrigation due to the variability in quantity and quality of water available for irrigation in Nigeria. The fitness evaluation involved determining pH, conductivity, dissolved solids, alkalinity, as well as significant cations (Na+ , K+ , Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (HCO3 - , Cl- , SO4 2- ). Of the 8 groundwater samples tested, 75% are classified as good water, while the remaining 25% are deemed unsuitable for irrigation. From these assessments, various irrigation quality parameters, including sodium absorption ratio, Kelley's ratio, residual sodium carbonate, and Mg hazard, were computed. Piper, and stiff diagrams shows the water type in the study area is freshwater while shoeller diagram indicates the water type is a combination of freshwater and seawater. The Gibbs diagram indicates water chemistry is primarily influenced by water-rock interaction, including mineral dissolution and chemical weathering. Evaluation of groundwater samples from the study area revealed that most of the water analysed is appropriate for irrigation use without endangering agricultural activities in Malajoye village, Epe, Lagos State.

ПРОГРАММНОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ПРОЦЕССА РАССТАНОВКИ ДОЖДЕВАТЕЛЕЙ НА ВОДОПРОВОДЯЩЕМ ПОЯСЕ ДОЖДЕВАЛЬНОЙ МАШИНЫ

Purpose: to develop software for the process of arranging sprinklers on the water-conducting belt of a sprinkler to improve the irrigation quality. Materials and methods. As a theoretical basis for creating software, the traditional methods of algorithmization and programming based on the processes of algorithm design for solving the problem of calculating the optimal spacing and flow-pressure characteristics of deflector nozzles on the water-conducting belt of sprinklers, respectively, formalized in the form of a scheme, and writing the source code in the object-oriented programming language Python were used. Results. To replenish the domestic scientific and technical base for digitalization of engineering and reclamation work with information tools, software for the process of arranging sprinklers on water-conducting belt of a sprinkler for uniform distribution of artificial rain along the irrigated area has been developed. The algorithm graphical model is represented by three blocks. The “Source data input” block provides a choice of the type of sprinkler, the operating flow rate of irrigation water, as well as the material of the water conducting belt. In the “Intermediate and target values calculation” block, the irrigation water loss, head loss, distance between the end and first nozzles, as well as the total number of sprinklers are calculated. In the “Cyclic computation and output of results” block, head losses along the length and local pressure losses are determined for each section, the sum of which makes up the total head losses. Using the designed software, computations were performed using the example of a cantilever sprinkler with 4 sections of steel pipeline, a total flow rate of 6 l/s and a pressure at the end of the console of 10 m. It was determined that to ensure the uniform distribution of artificial irrigation along the irrigated area, it is necessary to install 9 sprinklers with variable spacing along the length console, and to provide a head at the beginning of the sprinkler machine of 23.8 m, taking into account the total head loss of 13.8 m. Conclusions: the software allows simulating the optimal arrangement of deflector nozzles of the same size on a water-conducting belt at the design stage of double-cantilever and multi-tower lateral sprinklers.

Efeitos da lâmina de água aplicada e da uniformidade de armazenamento de água no solo na qualidade da irrigação e no rendimento da cultura

ABSTRACT The quality of water distribution and the coefficients that express water use efficiency are evaluated from the distribution of the irrigation depth (I). However, a hypothesis has been proposed that it may be more effective to base these analyses on the water depth stored in the soil profile (H), after irrigation. To evaluate this hypothesis, in a very clayey soil, bean was cultivated under irrigation by conventional sprinkling, with four scenarios of water application uniformity. During the crop cycle, irrigations were carried out, scheduled according to a lower limit of soil-water potential. The four scenarios were associated with 64, 144, 192 and 256 experimental points, which were characterized as having excellent (S1), adequate (S2), inadequate (S3) and unacceptable (S4) uniformity, according to obtained values of Christiansen’s uniformity coefficient (CUC) and distribution uniformity coefficient (DUC). At the end of the cycle, harvest was carried out in each grid, obtaining the crop yield. The uniformity of water distribution in the soil negatively impact crop yield only in S4, with an unacceptable water application pattern. The irrigation quality analysis based on values of H is more consistent with the results observed for the crop than the analysis based on the applied water depth.

Groundwater Quality for Irrigation, Drinking, and Livestock Consumption in Gournadi Upazila, Barishal, Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a riverine country. There is plenty of surface water, but people cannot use it for all purposes. Most people use groundwater every day for various purposes. A research work was conducted to observe the quality of groundwater of Gournadi upazila of Barishal District for irrigation, drinking, and livestock consumption. Twenty groundwater samples were collected from different locations in Gournadi and the pH, EC, TDS, Ca, Mg, K, Na, S, and P were analyzed in the Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Patuakhali Science and Technology University. The water pH (6.70-8.28) indicated that groundwater samples were neutral to alkaline in nature and they are suitable for irrigation, drinking, and livestock consumption purposes. Based on EC values (0.188- 0.815 mS cm-1), all the samples were found non-saline and suitable for all purposes. The TDS values in groundwater samples collected from Gournadi upazila ranged from 28.8 to 721.6 mgL-1which is under the permissible limit for using in the said purposes. The concentration of Ca, Mg, Na, P, S, and K ions ranged from 3.17-7.67, 2.07-8.77, 6.20-14.65, 0.064-0.80, 3.76-13.81, and 3.34-9.47 mgL-1, respectively. On the basis of Ca, Mg, Na, P, S, and K concentrations all the groundwater samples were rated suitable for irrigation, drinking, and livestock consumption and could be recommended for these purposes. South Asian J. Agric., Vol. 9, No.1&2, 2022-‘23: 72-79

A holistic assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes

Abstract This study discusses about suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation use in Rohtak district of Haryana (India). The entropy water quality index (EWQI), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), permeability index (PI), Sodium percentage (Na%), Kelly ratio (KR), magnesium adsorption ratio (MAR), US salinity, and Gibbs diagram were analyzed. The spatial maps suggest that groundwater quality in central part extending towards southwestern part of area can be categorized as poor. The major ions were reported in the following order: Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Na+ > K+, and Cl− > SO42− > NO3− > HCO3− > F− > CO32− respectively. Moreover, results revealed that most of groundwater exceeded desirable limits for drinking water. The EWQI assessment indicates that 23.4% and 38.4% of groundwater samples have extremely poor quality in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon, respectively. Further other indices shows that various indices exceed their standard limit, and mostly samples are unsuitable for irrigation. The Gibbs diagram and other bivariate plots demonstrate that various ions in groundwater can be attributed to silicate and carbonate weathering, which occur through water -rock interactions and ion exchange phenomena. In addition, the US Salinity diagram verifies that most groundwater samples exhibit significant salinity hazards, particularly concerning high sodium levels.

Modeling Plant Height and Biomass Production of Cluster Bean and Sesbania across Diverse Irrigation Qualities in Pakistan’s Thar Desert

Plant height (PH) plays a crucial role in determining per-plant growth and biomass production. Various characteristics of PH, along with the formulation of mathematical growth models, can provide a theoretical yield or biomass production based on water quality, fruit quality, and yields. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between PH and biomass per-plant production of two fodder crops (Cluster bean and Sesbania) under different water quality irrigation parameters in the Thar desert of Pakistan. Universal models of PH were established in which growing degree days (GDDs) and different water quality irrigation techniques have been applied as independent variables to calculate the maximum plant height of both of these crops. For this purpose, the logistic growth model, Gaussian growth model, modified Gaussian growth model, and Cubic polynomial growth model were used. Furthermore, universal biomass per plant production models have been developed for both crops, between biomass per plant, GDDs, and PH. However, among all these developed models, the modified Gaussian and Cubic polynomial growth models produced the best results. The Cubic polynomial model has meaningless parameters that make the model not very accurate, so the modified Gaussian growth model is the best among all models. Furthermore, the relationship between biomass per plant and different water qualities was established using Michaelis–Menten equations for both crops. It was observed that an increase in salt concentration within the water quality led to a decline in biomass per plant, indicating a negative linear relationship between these factors. The growth of Cluster bean and Sesbania ceased when the electrical conductivity (EC) reached or exceeded 12.34 ds/m and 11.51 ds/m, respectively. Furthermore, the results show that Cluster bean and Sesbania have the maximum plant height under brackish water irrigation when the GDD is at 1500 °C, while in freshwater irrigation, the maximum plant height of Sesbania and Cluster bean was observed when the GDD is at 1444 °C and 1600 °C. It was concluded that these developed mathematical models can provide crucial insights for enhancing production in desert conditions by improving water use efficiency across diverse irrigation water qualities.

Numerical investigation of injection characteristics on normal saline irrigation quality in curved root canals using computational fluid dynamics

ObjectivesThe primary aim of this research was to find the effects of Normal saline injection rate and position on irrigation quality in curved root canals. MethodsComputational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to simulate irrigation in root canals. Root canal geometries were obtained by considering the complete shaping of a rotary file in four root groups with 0, 10, 30, and 60° of curvatures. Fluid surface tension, bouncy, gravity, and air entrance were considered in the numerical simulation using Ansys-CFX software. For each root canal, the flow regime and wall shear stresses were calculated at three different syringe plunger speeds, and three different injection locations of a beveled open-ended needle and their effects on the irrigation quality were investigated in this paper. ResultsWall shear stress is considered the main parameter determining irrigation quality. It was calculated for all 36 test cases. Injection rate and normal saline accumulating near the apex and their effects on washed area ratio were shown for the test cases. Results showed significant effects of injection characteristics, incredibly faster injection, and deeper needle position on the irrigation quality of curved root canals. ConclusionsA higher injection rate and deeper needle position are required to achieve the best irrigation quality and a more washed area ratio in root canals with greater curvature.