Irrigation Infrastructure Research Articles

Benefit distribution of the irrigation system: irrigation reservoir in Geyongan Village, Cirebon Regency, Indonesia

This study aim to identify the impact of the development of the irrigation reservoir through the benefit distribution received by the community in Geyongan Village, Cirebon Regency. The stages of research include: identifying the research conceptual framework, data collection, qualitative analysis of benefit distribution referring to conceptual framework before and after irrigation reservoir construction. The role of irrigation infrastructure is very important in terms of ensuring the water provision during dry season. As one of the solutions to the drought problems related to water scarcity, the impact of irrigation reservoirs is essential to determine water sustainability. The previous research has been conducted generally shown that the impact of irrigation reservoir construction gives positive results to agricultural land. However, some research has not been considerate how the benefit distribution of irrigation condition before and after construction. The result shows that during dry and drought season, water availability for irrigation system before and after the reservoir construction is still limited which causes gap of water availability between lower and higher area of agriculture from the secondary irrigation system. Optimum condition occurs after the Geyongan irrigation reservoir constructed during normal rainy season. The results suggest that construction of reservoir irrigation infrastructure can be an alternative option to equalize water allocation in agriculture. Furthermore, it is also important to maintain the sustainability of water availability from water sources or upstream to prevent drought

Optimized Nitrogen Application Rate Significantly Increases Total Economic Value and Quality of Flue-Cured Tobacco due to the Improvement of Superior Tobacco Yield

Summary With the improvement of irrigation and transportation infrastructures, single tobacco cultivation has been converted into tobacco–vegetable double cultivation in Yunnan Province. High residual nitrogen (N) levels in soil before tobacco transplanting induced by the excessive N input during the vegetable cultivation season resulted in a reduction of economic income and the quality of flue-cured tobacco. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to describe the optimization of N management and to provide a better understanding of the mechanism of optimal N application rate on the economic benefit and quality of tobacco. A field experiment with six N application rates (0, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 105 kg N ha−1) was carried out with a randomized block design in 2021 and 2022 in Yunnan Province. The economic value and yield, intrinsic chemical and processing quality, leaf growth rate and agronomic characters were determined. Compared with the currently recommended 105 kg N ha−1 rate, 75 kg N ha−1 significantly increased the total economic value and superior tobacco yields, improved the integrated grade of chemical compounds and resulted in leaf midrib proportions in an appropriate range. The total economic value positively correlated with the superior tobacco leaf yields (R2 = 0.91, p < 0.001), while not with medium and inferior leaf yield. The daily leaf growth rate in prosperous growth stage significantly correlated with the yield of superior tobacco and reached its maximum at a N rate of 75 kg N ha−1. The sum of N application rate and soil residual N before transplanting correlated with the total economic value (R2 = 0.66, p < 0.05) and superior leaf yield (R2 = 0.64, p < 0.05), respectively. Based on the amount of soil residual N before transplanting, the optimal N application rate was 66 kg N ha−1 which was 39 kg N ha−1 lower than the currently recommended N rate (105 kg N ha−1). Our results highlighted that the technical consultants and farmers should adjust the N application rate appropriately according to the residual N amount before transplanting and optimize the water and fertilizer management especially in the prosperous growth stage. An optimized N rate is not only of economic benefit and the improvement of quality of tobacco cultivation, but also environment friendly.

Impact of Concepts and Spatial Scales on Irrigation Efficiency for Sustainable Water Resources Management: A Review

This paper provides a review of different ‘irrigation efficiency’ concepts evolved over the time since the term was originally conceived, from an engineering perspective; the impact of scale, i.e., from field to basin, on savings in water demands through hightech irrigation—the efficiency paradox; the role of rice cultivation—water guzzler or recharge basin; and policies for transforming high-tech irrigation into water-conserving interventions. As these issues are interlinked, their synergetic resolution is necessary for establishing sustainable irrigated-agriculture at basin scale. There is a consensus on the utility of classical irrigation for designing the capacity of different components of an irrigation system; and also appreciation of the fact that it does not represent the true picture of water savings/losses at the basin scale. Consumed fraction-based water accounting makes a better representation of irrigation performance from field to basin scales. In literature, studies from different countries revealed the positive impact of hightech irrigation in improving land productivity and income at the field scale but without any significant water conservation for further use to other sectors/locations. Many studies also indicate that introduction of high-tech irrigation in water-scarce but abundant irrigable land regions led to increased water use, which resulted in further decline of water table and/or deterioration of groundwater quality. The increase in water demand on improving irrigation efficiency is known as the efficiency paradox or rebound effect. In water-scarce areas, high-tech irrigation should be promoted with caps on water withdrawals even if the water transfer to downstream areas or other uses is not required. High-tech irrigation is helpful in reducing transaction costs for achieving water conservation, but gold plating of irrigation infrastructure alone would not be sufficient. This study emphasizes on enactment and enforcement of policies for regulating total water withdrawal, limiting irrigated area, and adopting ecologically-compliant cropping patterns for establishing sustainable irrigated-agriculture without the rebound effect.

Community-based irrigation management in Indonesia (Case study: Musi Rawas Regency, Bandung Regency, and Soppeng Regency)

Indonesia is an agricultural country that relies on the food sector.Irrigation infrastructure plays an important role to support the sector. It is therefore the sustainability of irrigation is vital. Community-based management of irrigation has been developed in Indonesia to support the development, operation, and and maintenance of irrigation. The aim of this study is to explore community-based irrigation management to support the sustainability of irrigation infrastructure. Three locations were choosed as case study; Musi Rawas, Bandung, and Soppeng Regency. The data analysis method used is qualitative analysis. The results of this study indicate that community groups are involved in determining irrigation development, such as holding public consultations, site selection, surveys, land acquisition, cooperation, operation, and maintenance. However, this community group does not yet have a robust organizational role because it has not provided rules, sanctions, or solutions to solve problems in the field. In addition, there is a lack of government support for community groups. Realizing a sustainable community-based irrigation system requires a high role of the community in irrigation management and support from the government in supporting the capacity of community groups and financing participatory activities.

Spatiotemporal Dynamics and Influencing Factors of Vegetation Net Primary Productivity in the Yangtze River Delta Region, China

Vegetation Net Primary Productivity (NPP) plays a crucial role in terrestrial carbon sinks and the global carbon cycle. Investigating the spatiotemporal dynamics and influencing factors in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region can furnish a solid scientific foundation for green, low-carbon, and sustainable development in China, as well as a reference for other rapidly urbanizing regions. This study focuses on the YRD region as an illustration and utilizes the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford Approach (CASA model) to quantify NPP in this region from 2000 to 2018. Investigation into the spatiotemporal dynamics and influencing factors was conducted using Theil–Sen median trend analysis and scenario analysis. The results indicate that the NPP in the YRD region from 2000 to 2018 exhibited pronounced spatial differentiation characteristics, typically exhibiting a spatial distribution pattern of being high in the south and low in the north, high in the west and low in the east. Additionally, the expansion of built-up areas and the reduction in cultivated land have the potential to reduce NPP in the YRD region. Moreover, the influence of land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) is anticipated to be relatively limited compared to that of climate change. Furthermore, changes in precipitation were found to be positively correlated with changes in NPP, with the effect being relatively more pronounced. The correlation between temperature and NPP demonstrated spatial differentiation, with a mainly positive correlation in the central and southern parts of the YRD and a mainly negative correlation in the northern part. Changes in solar radiation had a negative correlation with changes in NPP. Based on these results, it is recommended that local governments strictly enforce urban development boundaries and manage the disorderly expansion of built-up areas, enhance the regional irrigation infrastructure, and address air pollution, so as to ensure the necessary conditions for the growth of vegetation, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and control regional temperature rises. This study can provide stronger evidence for revealing the influencing mechanisms of NPP through the control of impact conditions and the exclusion of confounding factors via scenario analysis. The policy implications can offer insights into NPP enhancement and environmental management for the YRD and other rapidly urbanizing regions.

Analysis of Modernization Readiness of Irrigation in The Downstream Brantas River Basin Under The Authority of The Central Government

In carrying out the management of the irrigation system has obstacles are inadequate infrastructure conditions caused, the irrigation infrastructure has exhausted its technical age which causes the decline in the performance function of the irrigation network. Government to farmers has not been carried out intensively. In an effort to overcome these obstacles, in addition to the operation, maintenance and rehabilitation required a renewal thoroughly, both institutional, technical, managerial, and human resources. Modernization irrigation is an effort to realize a participant irrigation management system that is oriented toward fulfilling irrigation service levels in an effective, efficient, and sustainable. Limited time, cost and human resources are obstacles in the implementation of irrigation modernization, so an assessment is needed to measure the level of readiness of an irrigation area in carrying out irrigation modernization activities. This result of analyze the readiness of irrigation modernization show that Mrican Kanan area is ready for irrigation modernization with IKMI value 81,69%. Meanwhile DI. Mrican Kiri, DI. Siman, DI. Menturus, DI, Delta Brantas needs maintenance around 1- 2 years. DI. Mrican Kanan can start from the Peterongan Secondary Channel. SI. Pare Peterongan, SI. Tunggorono, SS. Melik dan SS. Sentul.

Flood Risk Assessment for an Irrigation Project in Odissa, India

Objectives: Flood risk assessment is a fundamental aspect of disaster management, particularly in regions heavily reliant on irrigation infrastructure for agriculture. This study employs advanced hydrological and hydraulic modeling techniques to evaluate flood risk for the Lower Suktel region in Odisha, India. Methods: The methodology integrates Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves, Isopluvial maps, and the Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) to comprehensively analyze flood risk and its implications. Findings: IDF curves further reveal that the design rainfall intensity for a one-hour duration with a 100-year return period is 152 mm/h, aiding in characterizing rainfall intensity for specific return periods. Model simulation identifies the pump house's susceptibility to flooding, with maximum flood depths ranging from 0 to 2 meters. These findings underscore the significance of employing advanced modeling techniques and Isopluvial maps for precise flood risk assessment. Novelty: The novelty of this paper lies in its pioneering effort to introduce a comprehensive flood risk assessment in an area where it has not been previously conducted. The integration of advanced modeling techniques and spatial analysis tools contributes to the novelty of the research, making it a valuable and innovative contribution to the field of flood risk management. Understanding extreme rainfall events, hydraulic behavior, and potential flood depths is imperative for developing effective flood mitigation strategies. Keywords: Flood risk assessment, Irrigation infrastructure, IDF curves, Hydrological modeling, Hydraulic modeling, GIS

Pathways and technologies for modern irrigation services: Iran country paper

AbstractI.R. Iran, with 8.8 million ha of irrigated area, is fifth in the world with respect to irrigated land. Scarcity of water resources and great difficulty with water accessibility have brought about initiatives of technology building, as well as approaches to agricultural water management by local communities. During recent decades a huge public budget has been invested in order to improve irrigation services. Improving performance of irrigation systems needs proper diagnosis of the problems and a systematic approach towards modernization. Also having been recently developed and modernized, adjustment of the laws and regulations of the water sector has caused management frameworks of irrigation networks to be gradually improved. In general, in addition to the management framework, equipping with modern tools for measuring water flow and applying tools such as geographic information systems and databases have led to the improvement of water distribution and management. Technical, managerial and policies programmes, as well as investment in water resources and irrigation infrastructures in addition to training and education of farmers and field engineers in water saving in agriculture and enhancing water productivity, resulted in positive impacts on better management of limited fresh water in irrigation.

Archetypes of community-based pond aquaculture in Indonesia: applying the social-ecological systems framework to examine sustainability tradeoffs

We analyze archetypes of farmer groups conducting pond aquaculture across the province of Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia using Ostrom’s social-ecological systems framework. Pond aquaculture farmers share coastal irrigation infrastructure as common property, among other resources, and are encouraged by the government to organize into groups with varying sets of evolved rules, norms, social practices and environmental conditions shaping what they produce, how and how much. Yet little is known about the diversity of these pond aquaculture communities, or what factors—both social and ecological—shape production trends and sustainability outcomes. We designed a standardized survey to collect data on 26 indicators from 85 diverse community-based fish farmer groups across the province. Data included indicators on ownership, rules, history, production trends, demographics, government involvement, livelihood dependence, environmental characteristics and risks. Clustering analysis was applied to identify five unique archetypes of pond aquaculture communities, each distinguished by a different set of development challenges and opportunities. Our findings highlight the need to move beyond a ‘one-size-fits-all’ policy approach. We suggest moving towards a locally adapted capacity building strategy that can recognize contextual needs so that policy programs can better target and differentiate between farmer groups that face similar challenges. We further discuss how empowering collective action among the farmers can reduce risks associated with producing blue food for local consumption and regional markets.

Flame Heat Sources as a Sustainable Method of Protecting Fruit Orchards against Frost in Poland

One of the key factors affecting the yield of fruit orchards is their protection against spring frosts. This paper presents the methods currently used (like anti-frost nets, chemical agents, etc.) and proposes an alternative method of raising the temperature around fruit trees using flame heat sources with a suitable heating power. Flame heat sources in the form of metal containers filled with paraffin were utilised in this experiment. The effect of the flame heat sources on the relative increase in the temperature of a wooden surface (simulating trees located in Rzeszow, Poland) depending on the distance from the heat source was measured and estimated based on mathematical models. Based on the results of experimental work, an optimal placement of flame heat sources (1.58 m from each tree) was proposed for orchards of semi-dwarf fruit trees. The proposed modifications of the flame heat sources to incorporate infrared radiation converters resulted in a greater increase in the temperature of the wooden surface. The analysis of the available economic and environmental data showed that the proposed method may be a competitive alternative to the standard method of protection. If the flame heat sources are filled with combustible materials derived from renewable sources, such as those produced from fats, the overall CO2 emission balance for this solution will be significantly more favourable. The use of flame heat sources does not necessitate the introduction of permanent changes in the environment, as is required in cases when irrigation infrastructure is installed.

The Australian public’s preferences for further environmental and cultural water recovery options in the Murray-Darling Basin

The Murray-Darling Basin (MDB) Plan in Australia legislated in 2012 represents the largest recovery of water, from consumptive use to environmental use in the world – with the aim of restoring rivers and ecosystems back to health. To date, although billions of dollars have been spent, the Plan’s water recovery targets have not been achieved and will not meet their original target dates for full recovery, with governments needing to continue to make difficult water policy choices and trade-offs. This study explores a survey of Australian public preferences for five different water reallocation options in the MDB (and methods to be used for recovery) and identifies individual characteristics associated with various policy options. Almost a quarter of those surveyed did not support further water recovery; 17 % favoured recovering water to current goals only; 22 % favoured recovering environmental water beyond current goals; while 38 % favoured recovering both environmental and cultural water beyond current goals. For those wanting further recovery, a third preferred using irrigation infrastructure subsidies as the main method, while the majority favoured buying water directly back from irrigators (either through voluntary buyback or compulsory acquisition). Trust levels, location, age, climate change perception and gender all played a part in influencing respondent preferences for various water recovery options.

Impact of Agriculture Corporate Farm Increase Productivity Widespread Destructive Activity on Earth Democracy in India

Agricultural productivity in India can be improved by investing in agricultural research and development, improving irrigation infrastructure, promoting farm mechanization, and strengthening agricultural extension services. Agriculture is the foundation of the civilization, culture and heritage of India. It most commonly refers to corporations that are large-scale farms, market agricultural technologies in particular pesticides, fertilizers, and GMO's, have significant economic and political influence, or some combination of the three. The large-scale corporate agriculture is more efficient than peasant farming in the country. It leads to better allocative efficiency, induces higher private investment in agriculture, and results in higher output, income and exports. During 2021-22, in the countries total exports agricultural exports contributed of to the tune of US $ 50.2 billion with a 20% increase from US $ 41.3 billion in 2020-21. In FY 2023, it is projected that the Indian agriculture sector will grow at the rate 3.5%. Agriculture in India is a complex mosaic of distinct agro-ecosystems, differentiated by climatic, soil, vegetation and other natural features. About half of the Indians derive their livelihood from agriculture and allied activities. Technology and Research Corporate farming enterprises usually invest in research and development of new agricultural technologies, seeds, and farming practices. Farmers who are part of these systems can benefit from access to cutting-edge technology and knowledge that can improve productivity and efficiency. It is one of the oldest systems of the world characterized by its diversity and heterogeneity, unorganized and stressed on account of natural and anthropogenic vagaries from ‘seed to market’. Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy, contributing to around 16.5% of India's GDP and employing over 50% of the workforce. The Indian agriculture market is valued at USD 435.9 billion as of 2022 and is expected to reach USD 580.82 billion by 2028, growing at a CAGR of around 4.9% between 2023 and 2028. Historically, stressed natural resources due to unfavourable weather, monsoon and natural calamities resulted in crop failures leading to food shortage that made serious impacts on the civilization. Post-Independence, the Indian agriculture transformed from a food-scarce to food-exporting country primarily due to science led innovations that caused multi-fold increase in the agricultural production from 135 million tons in 1950/51 to over 1300 million tons in 2021/22 in spite of increasing abiotic and biotic stresses and depleting along with deteriorating natural resources. Agriculture is one amongst the few sectors that made progressive growth after independence and marched well with the need of the country. Success in agriculture since Independence has been the backbone of India’s success.

Rice Self-Sufficiency and Optimization of Irrigation by Using System Dynamic

This research intends to optimize the results of irrigation canals with the conversion of function to fisheries without reducing rice self-sufficiency regionally. However, irrigation is an infrastructure asset that needs to be used optimally. It is due to the water; water sources and irrigation infrastructure can provide more benefits to rice fields, which are to function as fisheries in the study location (West Sumatra Province). The aim of this research is to propose the optimal combinations of irrigated land planted with rice and those in the form of fisheries. The methodology uses System Dynamics due to the official BPS data. There are many tools that are used in this system dynamics approach, such as causal diagrams, archetype systems, diagrams of stock and flow, and the behavior of over-time graphs. The DSS generator for simulating the program in this study uses Stella, which is a new paradigm in the water resources system approach. The result shows that the potential increase in income that could be obtained by converting the rice fields to tilapia fisheries is about 126 million Rupiah per year per hectare. West Sumatra Province, as a national rice granary, has many districts that are more self-sufficient in rice, so it can be considered to utilize irrigation to become the irrigation for fisheries. The potential of rice fields that can be converted into fisheries while maintaining self-sufficiency in rice at the district/city level of West Sumatra Province is more than 61 thousand hectares, and it generates an increase in income of about 7.7 trillion per year. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-02-010 Full Text: PDF

The Duty of Water: Land, Labour, and the Racialisation of Waste in Colonial and Contemporary Punjab

AbstractIn our present changing climate, water governance is fast becoming a matter of concern everywhere, but especially in the Global South, which has long been the object of (mis)understandings of state failure and dysfunction. A common characterisation of “bad” water governance calls attention to the waste of water. In this article I show how contemporary development discourse and practice around the waste of water articulate conceptions of bureaucratic labour, farmer capability, and the suitability of irrigation practices, recalling a prior moment in colonial water governance. Examining the development of the “duty of water” in the context of canal irrigation infrastructure in colonial Punjab, I argue that seemingly “technical” measures and metrics of water governance are rooted in a colonial grammar, and show how the duty of water articulated racialised classifications of natives as wasteful, their places as waste, and of their labour, both agricultural and bureaucratic. While the tendency has been to view colonial irrigation as a battle with nature, I emphasise it instead as a battle of British with native labour to contribute to conceptualisations of environment and bureaucracy inseparable from, and incomplete without, an understanding of racialised labour. Today, figurations of labour have changed, but the underlying view of labour impeding, not enabling, governance, continues.

Participant approach model in a basin: A case study from Turkey

Abstract The Beyşehir Lake Basin, which is the study area, is the second largest sub-basin within the Konya province, located southwest of the Konya Closed Basin in terms of surface by 7,308 km2. Some basin characteristics such as slope, elevation classes, land use, aspect groups, land capability class, erosion status were examined by a Geographic Information System. The aims of the study were to determine the problems and the requests and suggestions of the people living in the basin, and to reveal the needs and deficiencies. For these purposes, the current and potential situation of the basin was evaluated using a holistic evaluation approach, which represents the most important of the watershed management principles, and the solutions were concluded in the light of the findings of the study. Migration, inadequacy of agricultural activities, lack of pasture areas for livestock activities, lack and neglect of irrigation water and irrigation infrastructure, lack of basic infrastructure such as village roads, and soil losses due to lack of erosion structures were the most obvious problems of the basin based on the results of the Ask–Find–Resolve analyses.

Water scarcity and local economic activity: Spatial spillovers and the role of irrigation

This paper explores the spatial spillover effects of water scarcity on local economic activity and examines the role of irrigation in modulating these effects. Utilizing a newly assembled global geospatial data set that combines information on seasonal water availability and economic activity measured by nighttime luminosity, I conduct a spatial econometric analysis at the granular level of 0.25°×0.25° grid cells worldwide. My results reveal that agricultural water scarcity in rainfed grid cells has negative spatial spillover effects on economic activity, extending up to 300 kilometers away. However, the presence of irrigation infrastructure effectively mitigates both the direct negative impacts and the negative spatial spillover effects of agricultural water scarcity on economic activity. These results suggest that the benefits of certain climate adaptation measures may not be confined locally, but are observable at a larger scale. This paper emphasizes the importance of considering spatial dynamics and irrigation in understanding the effects of water scarcity on economic activity, providing valuable insights for water resource management policies targeted at promoting climate-resilient development.

Assessing the Influence of Climate Change on Agricultural Yields and Crafting Farmer-Centric Adaptation Strategies: A Policy-oriented Agricultural Analysis

This journal article critically examines the influence of climate change on agricultural yields and proposes farmer-centric adaptation strategies through a policy-oriented agricultural analysis. The research employs a comprehensive approach, integrating climate science, agricultural economics, and policy studies to assess the multifaceted impacts of climate change on global agricultural productivity.
 The study analyzes empirical data on changing climate patterns, extreme weather events, and temperature variations, emphasizing their significant consequences for agricultural yields. By utilizing statistical models and econometric techniques, the research quantifies the extent of yield variations across diverse crops, providing a nuanced understanding of the challenges faced by farmers.
 In response to these challenges, the research proposes adaptation strategies centered on the needs and capacities of farmers. These strategies encompass the development and dissemination of climate-resilient crop varieties, the enhancement of irrigation infrastructure, and the implementation of precision agriculture techniques. Moreover, the study investigates the role of agricultural policies in promoting adaptive practices and explores potential policy frameworks to incentivize climate-smart agriculture.
 The findings highlight the importance of tailoring adaptation strategies to local contexts and engaging farmers in the decision-making process. The research underscores the need for policies that empower farmers, providing them with the knowledge, resources, and incentives to adapt to changing climatic conditions effectively.
 In conclusion, this article contributes to the discourse on climate change adaptation in agriculture by offering a policy-oriented perspective. It advocates for a holistic approach that integrates scientific insights, economic considerations, and farmer participation, aiming to enhance the resilience of agricultural systems in the face of climate change.

Random Forest Analysis of Exogenous Variables Impacting Rice Production in the Philippines

This research examines the relationship of rice production as the endogenous variable in a production function theory that considers key exogenous factors such as fertilizer consumption, irrigation water use, agricultural machinery, poverty rate, and agricultural land area. The study reveals the interdependencies shaping rice production in the Philippines. Applying the Cobb- Douglas function enhanced through the random forest regression algorithm establishes fertilizer consumption's focal role, focusing its essential impact on rice yields. Proper allocation of irrigation, access to agriculture machinery, poverty alleviation, and effective land use appear as significant contributors to overall production, defining 98% of the variability in rice production in random forests in both the in-sample and out-of-sample results. The findings emphasize the necessity for holistic strategies in agricultural planning, aiming for targeted interventions in fertilizer management, irrigation infrastructure, mechanized farming, poverty alleviation, and land-use.

Geospatial Tools and Remote Sensing Strategies for Timely Humanitarian Response: A Case Study on Drought Monitoring in Eswatini

This article explores the escalating impact of natural disasters, particularly droughts, in the Southern African Development Community (SADC), with a specific focus on Eswatini. Over the last century, approximately 63 million people in SADC countries have been affected by droughts, leading to challenges in agriculture, livestock losses, and severe food and water shortages. Despite being the smallest SADC nation, the Kingdom of Eswatini faces disproportionate consequences due to its susceptibility to climate variability, particularly drought. The inadequacy and unreliability of rainfall have resulted in a drastic reduction in food production, with maize, a staple crop, experiencing a 70% decline. This adverse trend, spanning three decades, has heightened the vulnerability of farmers to climatic shocks, hindering sustainable agricultural development and impeding poverty alleviation efforts. To address the growing threat of drought in the kingdom, a comprehensive approach is imperative, involving coordinated plans and the development of swift humanitarian relief strategies. This study utilized remote sensing technologies to monitor drought and assess its repercussions, evaluating the impact on agricultural production. Additionally, geospatial tools, including Open Route Service (ORS) and Near Neighbor Analysis algorithms, were employed to optimize humanitarian supply chain logistics. Results from the analysis, including Vegetation Health Index (VHI) fluctuations and drought severity mapping, reveal that 1990 was the year the kingdom was most severely hit by drought. This study also found that smallholder farmers practicing rainfed agriculture in vulnerable regions, such as the lower Middleveld and western Lowveld, suffered the severe socioeconomic consequences of agricultural drought, including income loss, food insecurity, and migration patterns. Through this integrated approach, decision makers can engage in targeted interventions, focusing on farming areas needing irrigation infrastructures or populated areas requiring a coordinated humanitarian response amidst climate variability.

A Logistic Regression Analysis for Problems Faced by the Farmers in Sambalpur

The primary objective of this paper is to recognize the issues facing farmers in the agriculture industry. Food things are the most great to guarantee the quality of life. Logistic regression is a suitable analytical technique for this kind of study, since it can be applied to investigate the variables influencing Sambalpur farmers and identify the causes of the issues they face. According to the results, a subset of the model’s variables is determined to have the biggest impact on a farmer's decision to continue using their traditional farming methods. Production-related problems, a manpower shortage, a lack of pesticides and fertiliser, a lack of technical know-how, poor irrigation infrastructure, a lack of marketing resources, and technology and equipment and machinery related to marketing, financial concerns, and a lack of soil fertility problems are some of these variables. The factors including some issues of farmers have encountered with production, marketing, and financing. This study contributes to the encouragement of farmers to enhance productivity and generate more items. It was decided that an intriguing report with pertinent details would be appropriate to investigate the locations. Using a meeting schedule that was specifically created for the purpose, the necessary information was obtained from the farmers. The utmost care was made to provide crucial clarifications in colloquial language so that the respondents may react as accurately and unequivocally as possible.