Irrigated Cultivation Research Articles

Study on Soil Water Resource Carrying Capacity Based on Multi-objective Model in Hebei

Based on analysis and summary of the present achievements concerned soil water resource, the conception and connotation of soil water resource were defined and its carrying capacity was given in this study. According to characteristics of soil water resource carrying capacity, the multi-objective model of soil water resource carrying capacity was established for Hebei province. In the model, objective functions consists of 4 parts, including agriculture output value, grain yield, proportion of agricultural water consumption and eco-environmental water consumption, each crop’s planting area is defined as decision variable. After changing the multiple objectives into a single objective by fuzzy binary contrast method, this multi-objective model was solved by using the method of single objective programming. The results show that the agriculture output value and grain yield could be increased steadily and agricultural water consumption is decreased contrarily by the soil water resource optimum scheme in comparison with present situation. The consumptions of soil water resource are 6.80 and 7.62 billion m3 respectively in 2020 and 2030 by developing agricultural technology of the water-saving irrigation, straw returning, film-covering planting and greenhouse cultivation. The amount of saving water for agriculture is 0.75 and 1.79 billion m3 respectively in 2020 and 2030 year.

Drought tolerance of three olive cultivars alternatively selected for rain fed or intensive cultivation

Physiological drought response was evaluated for two olive cultivars commonly grown under rain fed conditions (‘Souri’ and ‘Picual’) and another selected for intensive, irrigated cultivation (‘Barnea’). ‘Souri’ is a traditional local Israeli cultivar, ‘Picual’ originated in Spain and ‘Barnea’ is a modern Israeli cultivar.Trees in pots were alternatively provided well irrigated conditions (100% FC, field capacity) or allowed to dry, first to 33% FC and then to 10% FC. Under conditions of greatest water availability, the ‘Barnea’ cultivar had the highest stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis, significantly higher than that found in ‘Souri’. Stomatal conductance and leaf water potential of ‘Souri’ and ‘Picual’ at 33% FC were not affected relative to the well irrigated treatment but decreased significantly at 10% FC. Photosynthetic parameters of ‘Souri' and ‘Picual’ were not affected by water stress. Stem growth was also not affected by drought in ‘Souri’ but was reduced at 10% FC in ‘Picual’. In contrast, the ‘Barnea’ showed higher sensitivity to low water availability with stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis reduced at 33% FC and sharp decreases in these and leaf water potential occurring at 10% FC. At 10% FC ‘Barnea’ trees showed stem shrinkage, a phenomenon not observed in the other cultivars. These results suggest a tradeoff between selection for suitability in intensively irrigated orchards and tolerance to drought.

Critical levels for soil attributes in irrigated banana plantations in semiarid region

ABSTRACTThis study aimed to estimate the critical levels for soil chemical attributes through the criterion of reduced continuous probability distribution (NCRIz) in areas under irrigated banana cultivation and evaluate soil fertility of low-yield areas in the Apodi Plateau. A dataset composed of analysis of 60 producing areas and their respective yields was used. It was concluded that the method can be used to obtain critical levels for soil chemical attributes and the critical levels obtained for the irrigated areas under banana cultivation corresponded to 7.2 for pH, 0.91 g kg-1 for N, 0.31, 6.34, 2.63, 1.42 and 25.76 mg kg-1 for Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn and P, respectively, and 6.43, 1.14, 0.24 and 0.36 cmolc kg-1 for Ca, Mg, Na and K, respectively. In the low-yield areas, the highest deficiencies were of P and Fe, and there was an excess of Mg.

Decomposition analysis of income difference between flood and border strip method of irrigation in cultivation of wheat in the Malaprabha command area of Karnataka

Decomposition analysis of income difference between flood and border strip method of irrigation in cultivation of wheat in the Malaprabha command area of Karnataka

Decomposition analysis of income difference between border strip irrigation and flood irrigation in cultivation of chickpea in Malaprabha command area of Karnataka

The present study was conducted in the Malaprabha command area as many scientific irrigation methods were implemented by the RKVY project. The required data were collected from the 35 farmers each practicing border strip method of irrigation (scientific) and flood methods of irrigation (traditional) in the cultivation of chickpea. The study revealed that the adopters of scientific irrigation technology produced 16.89 per cent higher income from border strip method of irrigation than flood irrigation. The increase in the income was further decomposed into different sources of change such as adoption of scientific irrigation technology and changed input levels. The scientific irrigation technology alone could contribute 9.37 per cent increase in income, while the contribution of change in input levels was also found to be positive (7.52 %). Amongst the various inputs, seed (-0.04 %), fertiliser (-1.01 %) and cost of irrigation (-3.67 %) contributed negatively whereas human labour (6.35%), bullock and machine labour (5.72 %) and FYM (0.17 %) contributed positively to the income.

Decomposition analysis of income difference between furrow and border strip method of irrigation in cultivation of wheat in the Malaprabha Command Area of Karnataka

The present study was conducted in the Malaprabha Command Area as many scientific irrigation methods were implemented by the RKVY project. The required data were collected from the 35 farmers each practicing border strip method of irrigation (scientific) and furrow method of irrigation (traditional) in the cultivation of wheat. The data were analysed using the output decomposition model developed by Bisaliah (1977). The study revealed that the adopters of scientific irrigation technology produced 24.87 per cent higher income from border strip method of irrigation than furrow irrigation. The increase in the income was further decomposed into different sources of change such as adoption of scientific irrigation technology and changed input levels. The scientific irrigation technology alone could contribute 23.65 per cent increase in income, while the contribution of change in input levels was found to be positive (1.22 %). Amongst the various inputs, seed (-0.18 %), fertiliser (-0.53 %) and cost of irrigation (-2.34 %) contributed negatively where as human labour (1.41 %), bullock and machine labour (2.75 %) and FYM (0.11) contributed positively to the income.

The Diversity in Performance of Commercial Olive Clones Selected from the Autochthonous cv. Souri Population for Intensive Irrigated Cultivation

The performance of five cv. Souri selections designated as “clones” were compared in two consecutive plots for ≈20 years each and three additional ones for 18 years. Fruit morphology, yield, oil production, and tree growth were monitored. The major results are presented as mean values of five sequential “on” years as well as the characteristic production of young and mature trees. The DNA identity was determined using both simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The performance of two “clones,” SLO and SBU, showed stable diverse production characteristics and could be designated as defined clones, although no clear differences of the DNA between them or the other “clones” were apparent. Another “clone,” SGS, was also designated as a true clone as a result of both unique fruit morphology and DNA markers. The differences between the other “clones” were minute in fruit production morphology and oil production as well as on a DNA basis and their designation as being true clones is doubtful.

English

In Brazil, the stillage is mainly used in fertigation of sugarcane plantations, however, little is known about its effect on the nutritional supplementation and irrigation cultivation of linseed. Because of the shortage of work in the area, the present study aimed to evaluate the development of the culture of brown and golden linseed submitted to fertigation of stillage. The experiment was conducted in the field, at the Federal University of Paraná in Palotina/PR in the agricultural year of 2013, on a eutrophic Red Latosol. The adopted lineation was completely randomized in split plots, where the plots were composed by the two varieties (brown and gold), and the sub-plots by the ratios (100% stillage; 50% stillage and 50% water; 100% control water). Fertigation of stillage in the culture of brown and golden linseed presents positive results on plant height, dry and fresh weight, capsules number and productivity; except for the number of branches (100% is higher). It was observed that between the two varieties, the golden linseed showed better development with the applied treatment.   Key words: Fertigation, energy crops, agro industrial residues.

Effects of plastic film mulching with drip irrigation on N2O and CH4 emissions from cotton fields in arid land

SUMMARYTo evaluate the effects of a modern cultivation system of plastic film mulching with drip irrigation (MD) on soil greenhouse gas fluxes, methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes were quantified and contrasted in an MD system and a traditional system of mulch-free flood-irrigated (MFF) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in fields of northwest China. The results showed that soil N2O flux and the absorption rate of CH4 were lower in the MD than the MFF sites. A possible reason for the higher CH4 emissions at MD sites was that the relatively low gaseous oxygen (O2) availability and high ammonium (NH4+) content in the MD soil increased CH4 generation by methanogens and decreased CH4 oxidation by methanotrophs. The lower N2O in the MD sites may be due to an increase of soil denitrification by Thiobacillus denitrificans that reduced some nitrous compounds further into nitrogen gas (N2). Taking into account the global warming potentials of CH4 and N2O in a 100-year time horizon, during the entire growth period, the contribution of CH4 to the greenhouse effect was significantly lower than N2O in these two treatments. Considering these two greenhouse gas fluxes together, a transition from non-mulching cultivation to mulching cultivation could reduce atmospheric emissions by c. 20 g CO2 e m2/season. Based on these findings and previous studies, it can be concluded that mulched-drip irrigation cultivation is a good way to decrease the emission of greenhouse gases and reduce the global warming impact of arid farmlands.

Mitigasi Perubahan Iklim dalam Mempertahankan Produktivitas Tanah Padi Sawah (Studi kasus di Kabupaten Indramayu)

Impact of Climate Change (DPI) in West Java, especially the agricultural sector (food) are strongly influenced by the shift early growing season occurs 2 to 4 weeks since last 5 years. Some areas on the North Coast (North Coast of Java) early season retreat 1 to 2 months. As a result it affects the decline in production and productivity of rice, the price fluctuations of agricultural products and food insecurity disturbing. Purpose of the study looked at the impact of climate change on the productivity of rice paddy fields at the time of drought and floods and how the wisdom of farmers to cope with climate change. The research location Indramayu regency, as it is the central areas of rice-based food production, and the area has the insecurity of the impacts of climate change. The results showed the presence of DPI on the applied local wisdom flooded farmers (a) using the short-lived rice varieties, (b) rice varieties resistant varieties will be flooded and planted in one stretch with monoculture cropping systems. (C) use a pump to remove water . Dry season activities were implemented: (a) promote the planting schedule, (b) create a nursery, (c) use early maturing varieties, (d) cross dams, (e) motion to eradicate rats, (f) spray white butterfly pests (borers rods), (g) irrigation cultivation rationed sleigh, (h) conduct ceremonies (salvation alms earth), (i) and down motion field simultaneously. Productivity of rice under normal conditions GKP 5 tons gkp / ha (R / C 2.21). While the impact of flooded rice productivity on average only up to 3.5 tonnes gkp/ ha (R / C 1.01). Impact of drought rice productivity was only 4 quintals / ha (R / C 0:24). To overcome this required specific technologies and institutional development, and agricultural infrastructure, to support sustainable food self-sufficiency. Keywords: Mitigation. Climate Change, Productivity. wetland

Componentes de produção e suas correlações em genótipos de feijão-caupi em cultivo de sequeiro e irrigado

Experimentos realizados com feijão-caupi, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., indicam a possibilidade de obtenção de genótipos estáveis com adaptação ampla ao clima e solo, e elevada produtividade, principalmente com o uso de irrigação. Neste experimento, objetivou-se avaliar 20 genótipos de feijão-caupi quanto ao potencial de rendimento e seus componentes. Dezessete linhagens e três cultivares de feijão-caupi, foram avaliadas em cultivo de sequeiro e irrigado, em dois experimentos, no campo experimental do Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Meio-Norte (CPAMN) da Embrapa Meio-Norte, em Teresina-Piauí, no período de abril a dezembro de 2006. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados os caracteres: Valor de cultivo (VC), Comprimento da vagem (COMPV), Número de grãos por vagem (NGV), Peso de cem grãos (P100G), Índice de grãos (IG) e Produtividade (PROD). As linhagens MNC99-541F-15, TE96290-12G, MNC99-547F-2, MNC99-510F-16 e TE97-304G-12 e as cultivares BRS-Marataoã e BR-17 Gurguéia apresentaram as maiores produtividades em cultivo de sequeiro. Por outro lado as linhagens MNC99-542F-5, TE96-290-12G, TE97-304G-12, MNC99-541F-18, TE97-309G-24, MNC99510F-16, TE97-304G-4, MNC99-547F-2, MNC99-510F-16 e a cultivar BRS Paraguaçu se destacaram no cultivo irrigado. As linhagens TE96-290-12G, MNC99-510F-16 e TE97-304G-4 apresentaram produtividade adequada em ambos os sistemas de cultivo.

Produção de feijão-caupi semi-prostrado em cultivos de sequeiro e irrigado

Seventeen lineages and three cultivars of cowpea bean, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., were evaluated in dry and irrigated cultivations, in two assays, in the experimental field of the Middle-north Agricultural Research Center (CPAMN) of Embrapa Middle-North (Brazilian Company of Agricultural Research), in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil (located at 5º 5’ 12" S and 42º 48’ 42" W, with 72 m of altitude) in the period from April to December 2006. The experiment was  made with a completely randomized block design with four replications. The evaluated characters were: the agronomic value (VC), pod length (COMPV), number of grains per pod (NGV), one hundred grains weight (P100G), grains index (IG) and yield (PROD). The MNC99-541F-15, TE96290-12G, MNC99-547F-2, MNC99-510F-16 and TE97-304G-12 lineages, and the BRS-Marataoã and BR-17 Gurguéia cultivars showed the highest yields in the dry cultivation. From another standpoint, the MNC99-542F-5, TE96-290-12G, TE97-304G-12, MNC99-541F-18, TE97-309G-24, MNC99510F-16, TE97-304G-4, MNC99-547F-2, MNC99-510F16 lineages and the BRS Paraguaçu cultivar stood out in the irrigated cultivation. The lineages TE96-290-12G, MNC99-510F-16 and TE97-304G-4 showed good yield levels in both cultivation systems. These results, besides identifying the genotypes with the highest yield potential, suggest that it is possible to select genotypes for dry cultivation, irrigated cultivation and for both of them.

Essential Oil Constituents of Peppermint, Pennyroyal, and Apple Mint Grown in a Desert Agrosystem

Species of mint are primarily cultivated for their essential oils used by the perfumery, flavoring, and pharmaceutical industries. Peppermint (Mentha x piperita L.), pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.), and apple mint (Mentha suaveolens Ehrh.) were grown in this study in a desert agrosystem of the Nubaria region, west of the Nile Delta, to determine the essential oil constituency within this region of Egypt. The plants were grown using drip irrigation and common cultivation practices for the area. Essential oils were extracted and the chemical composition determined by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Oil yields were 0.12%, 0.19%, and 0.17% for peppermint, pennyroyal, and apple mint, respectively. The major components of peppermint essential oil were menthol (34.29%), isomenthyl acetate (30.47%), and ρ-menthone (15.61%). Pulegone (88.05%) and isomenthone (5.75%) were the major components of pennyroyal. In apple mint, the major constituents were linalool (35.32%), ρ-menth-1-en-8-ol, (11.08%), and geranyl acetate (10.86%).

DESIGNING STRATEGIES TO CONTROL GREY MOULD IN STRAWBERRY CULTIVATION USING DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS

Grey mould is one of the major diseases in strawberry cultivation. Fungicides to control Botrytis cinerea are applied frequently during flowering and sometimes at harvest. Reduction of pesticide use is one of the major aims of the Dutch government. Implementation of a Decision Support System (DSS) helps to achieve this goal. Pin point timing of fungicide application can possibly improve the efficacy of the treatment and reduce the number of spray applications. Predicted weather data to forecast infection risks are used by most DSS’s. However in strawberry cultivation irrigation is a daily practice. The effect of overhead irrigation on the Botrytis infection risk is unknown. This is one of the reasons that strawberry growers infrequently use DSS’s. Therefore adaptation of the model to agricultural management is necessary. Under low disease pressure DSS BoWaS controlled Botrytis fruit rot 62% better then routine applications of fungicides, with a 50% reduction of fungicide input. Adding an irrigation or a disease pressure sub-routine did not improve the model under low disease pressure. BoWaS based on disease pressure and weather resulted in better control of grey mould then the weather based BoWaS, under high disease pressure. Adding an irrigation rule did not improve the model further. Using the modified BoWaS reduced fungicide input with 36% compared to routine applications with the same efficacy.

Produtividade e qualidade fisiológica de sementes de duas cultivares de arroz de terras altas em dois sistemas de cultivo

A deficiência hídrica tem sido um dos principais fatores responsáveis pela baixa produtividade e qualidade de sementes de arroz de terras altas, impulsionando o cultivo no sistema irrigado por aspersão. Dessa forma, foram conduzidos experimentos nas safras 1994/95 e 1995/96 em áreas pertencentes à Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Campus de Ilha Solteira, Selvíria - Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, com o objetivo de avaliar a produtividade e a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de arroz, Oryza sativa L. (Poaceae), de duas cultivares, Carajás e IAC 201, sob dois sistemas de cultivo, sequeiro e irrigado. Foram determinados a produtividade, a massa de mil sementes e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. O sistema irrigado por aspersão mostrou-se superior ao de sequeiro em todas as determinações realizadas nos dois anos de experimentação. A cultivar Carajás, independente do ano e sistema de cultivo, apresentou melhor desempenho em relação a IAC 201

Influence of Unflooded Mulching Cultivation on Nitrogen Uptake and Utilization of Fertilizer Nitrogen by Rice

Through unflooded mulching in field plots and 15nitrogen microplot tracer experiments, nitrogen (N) uptake of rice and N utilization have been studied compared with normal irrigation cultivation. The results showed that N uptake of unflooded rice and N derived from fertilizer (NDFF) of root, stem, and grain under mulching cultivation were lower than that under cultivation without mulching. However, the NDFF of rice under unflooded cultivation was higher than that under normal irrigation cultivation. The N utilization has been greatly enhanced under unflooded cultivation without mulching and unflooded plastic film cultivation with mulching as compared with normal irrigation. At the same time, there was no significant difference on the N uptake of unflooded rice among different ways of mulching cultivations. During the growth period of rice, no prominent differences were found in the soil residue, recovery, and N losses of fertilizer except the N uptake of rice between unflooded mulching and normal irrigation. The yield of rice under film mulching and straw mulching cultivation was higher than that of cultivation without mulching in the condition of unflooded cultivation, whereas the yield of rice under irrigation cultivation was higher than that under unflooded cultivation.

Coupled hydrological–economic modelling for optimised irrigated cultivation in a semi-arid catchment of West Africa

A coupled model system, consisting of a distributed hydrological model and an economic optimisation model, communicating via model interfaces, is developed and applied to investigate regional interdependencies between irrigated agriculture and regional water balance and to identify optimised cultivation strategies. The coupled model is employed in the context of a case study in the Atankwidi catchment in the northern Guinea Sudan zone of West Africa. The physically based hydrologic model WaSiM [Schulla, J., Jasper, K., 2001] is used to simulate the water balance of this catchment including a small reservoir–irrigation system complex. The economics of irrigated crop cultivation are optimized under hydrological constraints using the non-linear optimisation model GAMS-ECIM, encoded in GAMS (General Algebraic Modelling System). The coupled model system is utilized for empirical model testing under fictitious scenarios involving variable water availability for irrigation. Interdependencies between irrigation water application quantities and the water balance were identified and maximum agricultural profit was calculated using the coupled model system. The coupled model system is designed as decision-support tool for local authorities and agricultural stakeholders in the Ghanaian Upper East Region (UER).

Some thoughts on prospects for achieving food security in Ethiopia: resource and policy aspects

This paper has attempted to examine prospects for attaining food security in Ethiopia in the area of crop production excluding livestock. Possible areas of intervention of food production we have considered are physical resources, human resources, policy issues, and the management of the agricultural sector. In each case merits and demerits are identified. Among the merits of physical resources are land area, diverse climate, and relatively abundant water. The possibility of bringing more area of land under rain-fed and irrigated cultivation, benefiting from the climatic variations the country is characterized with, exploiting more water resources, and raising productivity are examined. At the same time, the need to overcome certain difficulties that may arise in the process of expanding food production is indicated. As regards the human resource, the large population size the country has, and the presence of unemployed and underemployed population in rural Ethiopia are considered useful pools to draw labor force from to the proposed expansion of agriculture. However, that appropriate use of the labor force requires expanding education, training, and health care is also noted. The need to re-examine our land tenure policy, internal mobility of people, and diversifying our economy as part of our strategy of achieving food security is suggested. br> Ethiopian Journal of the Social Sciences and Humanities Vol. 3 (1) 2005: pp. 21-48

PERAN MEDIA DALAM PENDIDIKAN MULTIKULTUR

The Role of Massmedia in Multiculture Education.Many people in Indonesia always ask that one culture is a one ethnic group, whereas oneethnic group could insist of many cultures. This condition cause of that many people living indifferent area, such as in city, periphery, country side, inside the forest, swamp area, beach, and so on. This also we always ask that culture as same as civilization, those definition and meaning are very different, culture is point to abstract value, and civilization is point to behavior, there are pattern for living, such as hunting and gathering, slash and burned cultivation, irrigation cultivation, industrial and modem industry. This article try to explain that how the people in plural society could living together as a nation, and how the mass media could roles as a red yam for uniting people in different culture, ethnic group and civilization.

Efeito de sistemas de uso e manejo nas propriedades físico-hídricas de um argissolo amarelo de tabuleiro costeiro

Os diferentes sistemas de manejo com cana-de-açúcar em solos de tabuleiros costeiros podem causar alterações na estrutura original do solo. Os efeitos de diferentes sistemas de manejo com cana-de-açúcar nas propriedades físico-hídricas de um Argissolo Amarelo coeso foram estudados em quatro áreas selecionadas na usina Triunfo, no Estado de Alagoas. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma área não irrigada, uma área irrigada, uma com aplicação de vinhaça e uma sob floresta nativa como condição original. As amostras foram retiradas das profundidades de 0-0,2, 0,2-0,4 e 0,4-0,8 m, para determinar as alterações na densidade do solo, distribuição de diâmetro dos poros, curvas de retenção de água no solo e condutividade hidráulica saturada. O maior grau de dispersão de argila nos solos cultivados com cana-de-açúcar promoveu maior acúmulo desta partícula nas camadas subsuperficiais do solo. Os sistemas de manejo com cana-de-açúcar aumentaram a compactação do solo, com conseqüente redução da macroporosidade e condutividade hidráulica saturada, e aumento da retenção de água disponível do solo.