Irrigation-drainage System Research Articles

Effects of paddy irrigation-drainage system on water quality and productivity of small rivers in the Himi region of Toyama, Central Japan

The aim of this study was to clarify the impact of differences between historical and recently introduced irrigation and drainage management systems on water quality in the rivers around paddy fields. We investigated the seasonal variation in nutrients concentration and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) components in single- (used for intake only) and dual-purpose (used for both intake and drainage) channels during a 4-year period in the Himi region of Toyama, Central Japan. The system of dual-purpose channel has traditionally been used in the region of this study. A total of 197 three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3DEEM) fluorescence spectra of DOM in waters were applied for the parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) modeling. Based on the 3DEEM and PARAFAC, the abundance of terrestrial humic-like components in the dual-purpose channel was significantly higher than that in the single-purpose channel. The even long-chain n-fatty acids derived associated with rice cropping in sediments of the dual-purpose channels were 22−30-fold higher than that of the single-purpose channel. In addition, the turbidity values of the river waters had significantly positive linear correlations with concentrations of K+, DOC, and humic-like components. These observations indicate that the dissolved nutrient concentrations in the river water were higher in the dual-purpose channel compared to those of the single-purpose channel, which may be supplied by leaching from the inflow of soil particles from the paddy fields. During the mid-irrigation period, the quantity of epiphytic chlorophyll a on artificial substrate tiles in the dual-purpose channel were 3.1–4.1-fold higher than that in the single-purpose channel. This study clear that the input of paddy drainage during the irrigation season significantly changes the DOC components in river waters and irrigation management is strongly linked to the primary production in agricultural channels. Therefore, it is important to consider the impact of the introduction of different irrigation and drainage management systems on water quality and productivity in order to maintain the riverine ecosystems around rice paddies, which are based on historical water use systems.

Spatial analysis in decision-making on agriculture activities

Geoinformation technologies (GIS) play an important role in precision agriculture and the organization of smart agriculture. This can impact deeply the analysis of the state of agricultural lands, mainly irrigated lands, and find a positive solution to the problem based on digital data consisting of different thematic layers. In this research, spatial analysis of agro-ecological conditions was carried out in order to establish effective precision agriculture in the Pakhtazor massive of the Mirzachul district of the Jizzakh region. Representing agro-ecological (soil, climate, groundwater, weather) and social (population, settlements, roads for transport) factors that directly affect the efficient production in agriculture through geospatial analysis and thematic maps were developed. In the process of creating thematic maps and analysing the data, spatial analyses such as IDW, Euclidean distance, and Kernel density were performed using ArcGIS software. As a result of spatial analysis, soil quality was assessed with an average value. Groundwater level and mineralization were in normal condition with 2-2.5 meters and 0-3 gr/l respectively. Infrastructure, irrigation-drainage system, and weather are sufficient to carry out effective agricultural activities, especially crop cultivation.

Blue, green, and grey water footprints assessment for paddy irrigation-drainage system

Water footprint (WF) quantifies the impact of paddy field evapotranspiration (ET) and non-point source pollution on water resources and is an evaluation index for water sustainability. However, it is difficult to measure accurately using the existing method, which is based on parameter assumption without considering the field water conditions. In this study, a generic and physically based method for blue, green, and grey water accounting in paddy rice cultivation is introduced. We conducted field experiments using the common flood irrigation (CFI) and water-saving irrigation (SWI) modes in Nanjing, East China. By tracing the sources of ET and the migration process of multiple pollutants (TN, TP, NH4+-N, and NO3−-N), the characteristics of blue-green water consumption and the actual amount of water required to dilute pollutants at different growth stages of rice under CFI and SWI were analyzed. The WF of paddy rice was 1000 m3/t (49% WFgreen, 17% WFblue, 34% WFgrey) and 910 m3/t (50% WFgreen, 10% WFblue, 40% WFgrey) for CFI and SWI, respectively. The WF for paddy rice production was reduced by approximately 9% under SWI compared to CFI, with declines of 47% for WFblue and 8% for WFgreen. The SWI mode changed the ratio of blue to green water fluxes in field water by reducing irrigation during non-critical periods, and green water was used preferentially to enhance its utility. This conceptual method is the first to describe the formation mechanism of blue, green, and grey WFs in paddy systems. It can be extended to different scales and agro-ecosystems that show the influence of crop cultivation on water resources.

A comprehensive analysis of water productivity in natural vegetation and various crops coexistent agro-ecosystems

Water productivity (WP) expressed as the yield produced per unit volume of water is an important indicator of water use in arid and semi-arid areas. Due to complex plant cover and hydrological processes, the quantification and assessment of WP are usually difficult to determine, especially at the regional scale. In this study, an arid irrigated agro-ecosystem in the upper Yellow River basin was selected as a case study area. Based on field observation and model simulation results, the WP of irrigation water (WPI), water applied (WP(I+P)) and evapotranspiration (WPET) were calculated. Equivalent water productivity (EWP) of irrigation water (EWPI), water applied (EWP(I+P)) and evapotranspiration (EWPET) were proposed and calculated to unify the disparate WP for various crops and natural vegetation. Results showed WPI and WP(I+P) decreased with the increase of water application for all plants except watermelon, indicating supplemental irrigation to watermelon is urgent to improve its production and WP(I+P). The spatially averaged WPET (kg m−3) was 2.47 for maize, 0.80 for sunflower, 12.3 for watermelon, 1.39 for wheat and 0.65 for natural vegetation. WPET for natural vegetation was usually lower in this salt stressed area compared with other water stressed areas. The EWP revealed the rank order of WP for different crops and natural vegetation: watermelon > wheat > maize > sunflower for EWPI; natural vegetation > wheat > watermelon > maize > sunflower for EWP(I+P); and wheat > sunflower > watermelon > maize > natural vegetation for EWPET. The relationship between EWP(I+P) and EWPET was scale dependent due to the water reuse phenomena among different land cover types and the canals through the shallow groundwater system. Ignoring natural vegetation will result in considerable bias in the estimation of the regional scale water productivity (16 % in this study). WP improvement strategies such as transferring irrigation water from less productive (sunflower) areas to productive (vegetable and natural vegetation) areas, reducing bare soil evaporation and constructing a timely and accurate irrigation-drainage system were provided.

Presentation and surgical management of leaks after mini–gastric bypass for morbid obesity

BackgroundFew data exist about the characteristics and management of enteric leaks after mini–gastric bypass (MGB). ObjectivesWe aimed to describe the incidence, presentation, and surgical management of enteric leaks in patients who underwent laparoscopic MGB for morbid obesity. SettingPrivate practice. MethodsAn 8-year, 9-month retrospective chart review was performed on patients who had enteric leak requiring reoperation after MGB at a single institution. ResultsThirty-five of 2321 patients were included. Ninety-seven percent had symptoms. Arterial hypertension and heavy smoking were predicting factors of leaks occurrence post-MGB (P<.01). Enteric leak was diagnosed by systematic upper gastrointestinal series in 4 pts (11.4%) and by computed tomography with oral water soluble contrast in 4 of 31 pts (13%). In the other 27 patients, diagnosis of the leak was made intraoperatively. Eleven patients (32%) had leak arising from the gastric stapler line (type 1), 4 (11%) from the gastrojejunal anastomosis (type 2), and 20 (57%) from undetermined origin. The most common presentation was intra-abdominal abscess in type 1 and leaks of undetermined origin and generalized peritonitis in type 2. One third of the patients who underwent reoperation developed well-drained chronic fistula into the irrigation-drainage system, with complete healing in all patients without any further procedure. The mean hospital stay was 19 days with no mortality reported. ConclusionEnteric leak leading to intra-abdominal sepsis post-MGB is rare (1.5%) An operative aggressive management based on clinical symptoms is the treatment of choice allowing no postoperative leak-related mortality and complete healing.

Use of Habitat During Drought by the Common Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) in Southwestern Oklahoma

Status of the common muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) in the southern High Plains and western Rolling Plains has remained uncertain due to a scarcity of records. I examined diversity of riparian habitats, frequency of occurrence of habitats, availability of habitats, and use of habitats by muskrats within an irrigation drainage system in southwestern Oklahoma during prolonged drought. Six major habitats were supported in 31 km of drainage channels. These included, in order of descending frequency, emergent cattails, prairie sedge meadow, cattail-forested transition, forest, turf grass, and pioneer mudflat. Of habitats in drainage systems, 60% were available for muskrats as defined by presence of water. Availability differed among habitats; prairie sedge meadow had highest availability and emergent cattails was the lowest in availability. Use of habitats differed significantly among habitats and was driven by availability.

Contaminantes en los cuerpos de agua del sur de Sonora

To contribute to the knowledge on the impact of human productive activities on the environment, human health, and the survival of animal species. A study case of water bodies in the south of Sonora was conducted in 1996. The software Decision Support System for Industrial Pollution Control DSS-IPC (IPC)IPC developed by the World Bank and the Pan American Health Organization was used to analyze data. At least three factors have contributed to the loss of fish and shrimp hatcheries in the municipality of Huatabampo: the filtration of fertilizers and pesticides into the irrigation drainage system, blockage produced by the continuous disposal of industrial waste water, and the discharge of sewer water into the drainage system. Study findings provide evidence that environmental deterioration resulting from human activity is decimating the population of fish and shrimp in the area. The English version of this paper is available at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html

Geoelectrical and Hydrogeochemical Studies for Delineating Ground‐Water Contamination Due to Salt‐Water Intrusion in the Northern Part of the Nile Delta, Egypt

AbstractA resistivity survey was conducted in the Nile Delta area to delineate ground‐water contamination caused by an improper sewage and irrigation drainage system, leaching from old lagoonal deposits, and salt‐water intrusion. Existing monitoring wells were used to measure the horizontal and vertical variations in water salinity. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) data for sounding points located near monitoring wells, together with the water salinity data of these wells, were used to obtain an empirical relationship between the inferred earth resistivity and the amount of total dissolved solids. This relationship was used together with the constructed apparent resistivity depth and geoelectric longitudinal sections to identify three zones of water‐bearing formation (fresh‐, brackish‐, and salt‐water zones). Along the studied profile, depth to the fresh‐brackish interface exceeds 150 m at Tanta City and decreases northward to 40 m or less between Qutor and Kafr El‐Sheikh. Depth to the brackish‐saline interface exceeds 180 m south of Kafr‐El‐Sheikh and decreases northward to 70 m near Hadadi village.

Field Strategy for Agricultural Drainage and Water-Quality Management

An integrated irrigation-drainage design and management system is developed and applied to a hypothetical farm representative of the field conditions of the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), Calif. through computer simulations. The system is a departure from the traditional ways in which irrigation-drainage systems are designed and managed to satisfy not only the traditional agricultural objective (i.e., crop productivity), but also water-quality protection. The strategy is composed of a series of no-drainage and drainage cycles in which the former is an extended period in which drains are not operated; the latter is a limited period in which drains are allowed to release drainage water. The results of the computer simulations show that the integrated system can sustain crop productivity while reducing drainage water by 50–58% over a simulated eight-year period. It also leads to the overall improvement of the efficiency of the drains to intercept salt, thereby preserving current salt balance of traditional system...

Field studies on controlled drainage and recycling irrigation drainage for reduction of nutrient loading from Arable land

Three on-farm trials were established to evaluate the suitability of water table management for Finnish growing conditions. The sites differed in soil texture, topography and cultivation. Drainage control was managed through specific wells in collector pipes. In recycling, a reservoir stored drainage water discharging from the fields. This water was used for subirrigation through conventional drainage or a dual level irrigation-drainage system. Hydro-meteorological variables were monitored continuously and real time transfer of the data was carried out via radiolink and microcomputers. Quality of surface and subsurface waters was surveyed by manual sampling from the weirs, piezometers and reservoirs. Physical soil properties and mineral nitrogen (N) from several soil profiles were determined. Furthermore, above ground biomass, and N content and yield of crop were observed. In fine sand/loamy sand, subirrigation and controlled drainage raised groundwater table on average 80 cm compared to the reference areas. N concentration in the reservoirs declined significantly during May-August. Nitrogen in the piezometers and soil showed considerable spatial and temporal variation within a single field. Evidence of the relationship between groundwater level and N concentration was observed. However, no unique correlation from the existing data could be detected. N yield of cereals was 10–50% higher in the controlled drainage and subirrigation areas compared to the reference areas. Most of this extra N was allocated to grains and removed from the fields reducing N load into the environment.

Field studies on controlled drainage and recycling irrigation drainage for reduction of nutrient loading from Arable Land

šThree on-farm trials were established to evaluate the suitability of water table management for Finnish growing conditions. The sites differed in soil texture, topography and cultivation. Drainage control was managed through specific wells in collector pipes. In recycling, a reservoir stored drainage water discharging from the fields. This water was used for subirrigation through conventional drainage or a dual level irrigation-drainage system. Hydro-meteorological variables were monitored continuously and real time transfer of the data was carried out via radiolink and microcomputers. Quality of surface and subsurface waters was surveyed by manual sampling from the weirs, piezometers and reservoirs. Physical soil properties and mineral nitrogen (N) from several soil profiles were determined. Furthermore, above ground biomass, and N content and yield of crop were observed. In fine sand/loamy sand, subirrigation and controlled drainage raised groundwater table on average 80 cm compared to the reference areas. N concentration in the reservoirs declined significantly during May–August. Nitrogen in the piezometers and soil showed considerable spatial and temporal variation within a single field. Evidence of the relationship between groundwater level and N concentration was observed. However, no unique correlation from the existing data could be detected. N yield of cereals was 10–50% higher in the controlled drainage and subirrigation areas compared to the reference areas. Most of this extra N was allocated to grains and removed from the fields reducing N load into the environment.

Diagnosis and results of different treatment regimens in patients with spinal abscesses.

Bacterial abscesses involving the spinal canal are associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Most frequently, these lesions are found in the epidural, rarely in the subdural space. In this report, our clinical material consists of a series of 16 patients treated during the last seven years. The clinical presentation included local neurological signs (back pain, para-/tetraparesis, bladder dysfunction), disturbances of consciousness (ranging from drowsiness to deep coma) and general inflammatory signs (meningism, fever). All patients presented with risk factors (septic foci, chronic diseases, and iatrogenic causes). Laboratory investigations revealed typically pathological blood sedimentation rate, leucocytosis and CSF-pleocytosis. Radiologically, the diagnosis was confirmed by myelography, CT and preferably MRI. The abscesses were located epidurally in 14 and subdurally in 2 cases. The surgical treatment included laminectomy, or multiple flavectomies in extensive lesions. Drainage systems (either simple silicon outflow drains or suction-/irrigation systems) were installed in all cases, as well as antibiotic treatment. Results of treatment: Following an observation period of 0.5-6 years, we found complete recovery in six (38%) cases, six (38%) others were mildly disabled and four (25%) patients died. Focussing on the results of the two different drainage systems, we found a statistically significant superiority of the inflow-/outflow system. Complications included mandatory re-exploration, post-inflammatory hydrocephalus, syringomyelia, spinal instability, surgical treatment of peripheral septic foci and therapy resistant septicaemia. In conclusion, we propose that spinal epi- or subdural abscesses require surgical evacuation, using a suction-/irrigation drainage system, as well as antibiotic and intensive care treatment.

Leaching fraction, soil salinity, and drainage efficiency

Measuring the efficiency of a subsurface irrigation drainage system is complicated by a number of factors, including the irrigation water's salinity, the soil's inherent salinity, and the degree to which saline drainwater migrates laterally in a shallow water table.

Irrigation, Drainage and Soil Salinity in Cracking Soils

ABSTRACT A field evaluation of the impact of soil cracking on irrigation, drainage and soil salinity was conducted on a heavy clay soil in the Imperial Valley of California. Results of the evaluations identified that water movement within soil cracks controls the water application uniformity, soil profile wetting, salt leaching, and drain system response to irrigation. From observations of a linear advance trajectory of the border irrigated field, crack volume was estimated as 1600 m^/ha. Maximum water contents at depths of approximately 0.7 m immediately following irrigation appeared to correspond with the effective crack depth. Drain response to applied water occurred during the irrigation event despite extremely low permeability of the soil. Soil salinity exceeded drainwater salinity implying occurrence of minimal leaching. Impacts of soil cracking on irrigation-drainage system design are discussed in the context of future research.

Irrigation drainage with intracatheter in severe infections of the hand

Severe infections of the hand and fingers still challenge the surgeon's skill in spite of modern antibiotics. Very often patients are referred too late, with inadequate incisions and insufficient drainage. In addition, wound edges tend to seal up rapidly, even if no sutures are inserted. In the management of such infections we have successfully introduced an irrigation drainage system, using a common intracather (I-Cath). The method described here is simple, atraumatic and shortens the time of treatment.

Optimal Drain Design for Arid, Irrigated Areas

ABSTRACT A methodology and computer model are presented that can be used to identify economically optimum subsurface drainage systems in arid, irrigated regions. A simple optimization scheme is used to determine the least cost drain layout which will satisfy a specified design requirement. This optimization routine is imbedded in a larger simulation model of an irrigation-drainage system that evaluates the physical effects of installing this least cost drain system and predicts the resulting crop yield. By varying the design requirement systematically and comparing drain costs with the predicted values of increased crop yields, an optimum level of drainage and the minimum cost drain layout corresponding to this optimum level are determined.

Closed postprostatectomy irrigation-drainage system: Part I. Description and Rationale

A sterile, closed drainage system described by Miller 1 and this report, will enable the urologic surgeon to utilize vesical irrigation when necessary without breaking continuity of the system and, therefore, without increasing the risk of postoperative infection to the patient.

Closed postprostatectomy irrigation-drainage system: Part II. Comparison of intravesical pressure using three different modalities of Higginson bulb, Toomey syringe and bulb syringe

The intravesical pressures caused by the Cysto-Pump with a Higginson bulb, Toomey syringe, and bulb syringe were studied in thirty patients. The pressures were recorded with a Lewis cystometer and analyzed for significant differences.